{"id":3832,"date":"2017-07-26T18:01:13","date_gmt":"2017-07-26T18:01:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3832"},"modified":"2017-09-19T16:13:37","modified_gmt":"2017-09-19T16:13:37","slug":"26-1-3-gran-colombia","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/chapter\/26-1-3-gran-colombia\/","title":{"raw":"Gran Colombia","rendered":"Gran Colombia"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 id=\"concept_1257\">26.1.3: Gran Colombia<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"brief\">\r\n\r\nGran Colombia, a state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America, was created in 1819 by Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar as part of his vision for a unified Latin America, but was fraught with political instability and collapsed in 1831.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\r\nIdentify Gran Colombia and the modern states it later became\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the wars of independence in Latin America were being fought, Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar developed a vision for a unified Latin America to protect the new independence from European interests.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Out of this vision, Gran Colombia was formed in 1819 following Bol\u00edvar's victory against the Spanish at the Battle of Carabobo; he was elected the president.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In its first years, Gran Colombia helped other provinces still at war with Spain become independent, adding more territories to its federation; by 1824 it had 12 administrative departments.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The history of Gran Colombia was marked by a struggle between those who supported a centralized government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized, federal form of government.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>After years of struggle between the centralists and federalists, in 1828 delegates met to create a new constitution which Bol\u00edvar proposed to base on Bolivia's, but it was unpopular and the constitutional convention fell apart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In two years, Bol\u00edvar resigned as president and within a year, Gran Colombia dissolved, forming the independent states of Venezuela, Ecuador, and New Granada.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gran Colombia included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana, and northwest Brazil.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\r\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\r\n \t<dt><strong>Battle of Carabobo<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>A battle fought between independence fighters led by Venezuelan General Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar and the Royalist forces led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre. Bol\u00edvar's decisive victory at Carabobo led to the independence of Venezuela and establishment of the Republic of Gran Colombia.<\/dd>\r\n \t<dt><strong>federation<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>A political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central government. Typically, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party.<\/dd>\r\n \t<dt><strong>New Granada<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>The name given on May 27, 1717, to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\nGran Colombia is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. It included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana, and northwest Brazil.\r\n\r\nThe first three were the successor states to Gran Colombia at its dissolution. Panama was separated from Colombia in 1903. Since Gran Colombia's territory corresponded more or less to the original jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada, it also claimed the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, the Mosquito Coast.\r\n\r\nIts existence was marked by a struggle between those who supported a centralized government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized, federal form of government.\r\n\r\nAt the same time, another political division emerged between those who supported the Constitution of C\u00facuta and two groups who sought to do away with the Constitution, either in favor of breaking up the nation into smaller republics or maintaining the union but creating an even stronger presidency. The faction that favored constitutional rule coalesced around Vice-President Francisco de Paula Santander, while those who supported the creation of a stronger presidency were led by President Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar. The two men had been allies in the war against Spanish rule, but by 1825, their differences became public and contributed to the political instability from that year onward. Gran Columbia broke apart in 1831.\r\n<h1><\/h1>\r\n<h1>History of Gran Colombia<\/h1>\r\nAs Bol\u00edvar made advances against the royalist forces during the Venezuelan war of independence, he began to propose the creation of various large states and confederations, inspired by Francisco de Miranda's idea of an independent state consisting of all of Spanish America, called \"Colombia,\" the \"American Empire,\" or the \"American Federation.\" The aim was to ensure the independence of Spanish America and protect the area's newly won autonomy. In 1819 Bol\u00edvar was able to successfully create a nation called \"Colombia\" (today referred to as Gran Colombia) out of several Spanish American provinces.\r\n\r\nSince the new nation was quickly proclaimed after Bol\u00edvar's unexpected victory in New Granada, its government was temporarily set up as a federal republic, made up of three departments headed by a vice-president and with capitals in the cities of cities of Bogot\u00e1 (Cundinamarca Department), Caracas (Venezuela Department), and Quito (Quito Department).\r\n\r\nThe Constitution of C\u00facuta was drafted in 1821 at the Congress of C\u00facuta, establishing the republic's capital in Bogot\u00e1. Bol\u00edvar and Santander were elected as the nation's president and vice-president. A great degree of centralization was established by the assembly at C\u00facuta, since several New Granadan and Venezuelan deputies of the Congress who were formerly ardent federalists now came to believe that centralism was necessary to successfully manage the war against the royalists. The departments created in 1819 were split into 12 smaller departments, each governed by an intendant appointed by the central government. Since not all of the provinces were represented at C\u00facuta because many areas of the nation remained in royalist hands, the congress called for a new constitutional convention to meet in ten years.\r\n\r\nIn its first years, Gran Colombia helped other provinces still at war with Spain to become independent: all of Venezuela except Puerto Cabello was liberated at the Battle of Carabobo, Panama joined the federation in November 1821, and the provinces of Pasto, Guayaquil, and Quito in 1822. The Gran Colombian army later consolidated the independence of Peru in 1824. Bol\u00edvar and Santander were re-elected in 1826.\r\n\r\nAs the war against Spain came to an end in the mid-1820s, federalist and regionalist sentiments that were suppressed for the sake of the war arose once again. There were calls for a modification of the political division, and related economic and commercial disputes between regions reappeared. Ecuador had important economic and political grievances. Since the end of the 18th century, its textile industry suffered because cheaper textiles were being imported. After independence, Gran Colombia adopted a low-tariff policy, which benefited agricultural regions such as Venezuela. Moreover, from 1820 to 1825, the area was ruled directly by Bol\u00edvar because of the extraordinary powers granted to him. His top priority was the war in Peru against the royalists, not solving Ecuador's economic problems.\r\n\r\nThe strongest calls for a federal arrangement came from Venezuela, where there was strong federalist sentiment among the region's liberals, many of whom had not fought in the war of independence but supported Spanish liberalism in the previous decade and now allied themselves with the conservative Commandant General of the Department of Venezuela, Jos\u00e9 Antonio P\u00e1ez, against the central government.\r\n\r\nIn 1826, Venezuela came close to seceding from Gran Colombia. That year, Congress began impeachment proceedings against P\u00e1ez, who resigned his post on April 28 but reassumed it two days later in defiance of the central government.\r\n\r\nIn November, two assemblies met in Venezuela to discuss the future of the region, but no formal independence was declared at either. That same month, skirmishes broke out between the supporters of P\u00e1ez and Bol\u00edvar in the east and south of Venezuela. By the end of the year, Bol\u00edvar was in Maracaibo preparing to march into Venezuela with an army, if necessary. Ultimately, political compromises prevented this. In January, Bol\u00edvar offered the rebellious Venezuelans a general amnesty and the promise to convene a new constitutional assembly before the ten-year period established by the Constitution of C\u00facuta, and P\u00e1ez backed down and recognized Bol\u00edvar's authority. The reforms, however, never fully satisfied the different political factions in Gran Colombia, and no permanent consolidation was achieved. The instability of the state's structure was now apparent to all.\r\n\r\nIn 1828, the new constitutional assembly, the Convention of Oca\u00f1a, began its sessions. At its opening, Bol\u00edvar again proposed a new constitution based on the Bolivian one, but this suggestion continued to be unpopular. The convention fell apart when pro-Bol\u00edvar delegates walked out rather than sign a federalist constitution. After this failure, Bol\u00edvar believed that by centralizing his constitutional powers he could prevent the separatists from bringing down the union. He ultimately failed to do so. As the collapse of the nation became evident in 1830, Bol\u00edvar resigned from the presidency. Internal political strife between the different regions intensified even as General Rafael Urdaneta temporarily took power in Bogot\u00e1, attempting to use his authority to ostensibly restore order but actually hoping to convince Bol\u00edvar to return to the presidency and the nation to accept him. The federation finally dissolved in the closing months of 1830 and was formally abolished in 1831. Venezuela, Ecuador, and New Granada came to exist as independent states.\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18194519\/media_35322_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"A map of Gran Colombia showing the 12 departments created in 1824 and territories disputed with neighboring countries\" width=\"340\" height=\"278\" \/> Gran Colombia A map of Gran Colombia showing the 12 departments created in 1824 and territories disputed with neighboring countries.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"image_35322_text_equivalent\" class=\"atom__components__figure__text_equivalent\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Gran Colombia\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Latin American integration.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_American_integration\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_American_integration<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Gran Colombia.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Colombia\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Colombia<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Bolivar\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Bolivar<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Gran_Colombia_map_1824.jpg.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gran_Colombia_map_1824.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gran_Colombia_map_1824.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2 id=\"concept_1257\">26.1.3: Gran Colombia<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>Gran Colombia, a state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America, was created in 1819 by Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar as part of his vision for a unified Latin America, but was fraught with political instability and collapsed in 1831.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify Gran Colombia and the modern states it later became<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>As the wars of independence in Latin America were being fought, Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar developed a vision for a unified Latin America to protect the new independence from European interests.<\/li>\n<li>Out of this vision, Gran Colombia was formed in 1819 following Bol\u00edvar&#8217;s victory against the Spanish at the Battle of Carabobo; he was elected the president.<\/li>\n<li>In its first years, Gran Colombia helped other provinces still at war with Spain become independent, adding more territories to its federation; by 1824 it had 12 administrative departments.<\/li>\n<li>The history of Gran Colombia was marked by a struggle between those who supported a centralized government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized, federal form of government.<\/li>\n<li>After years of struggle between the centralists and federalists, in 1828 delegates met to create a new constitution which Bol\u00edvar proposed to base on Bolivia&#8217;s, but it was unpopular and the constitutional convention fell apart.<\/li>\n<li>In two years, Bol\u00edvar resigned as president and within a year, Gran Colombia dissolved, forming the independent states of Venezuela, Ecuador, and New Granada.<\/li>\n<li>Gran Colombia included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana, and northwest Brazil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt><strong>Battle of Carabobo<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A battle fought between independence fighters led by Venezuelan General Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar and the Royalist forces led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre. Bol\u00edvar&#8217;s decisive victory at Carabobo led to the independence of Venezuela and establishment of the Republic of Gran Colombia.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>federation<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central government. Typically, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>New Granada<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>The name given on May 27, 1717, to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>Gran Colombia is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. It included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana, and northwest Brazil.<\/p>\n<p>The first three were the successor states to Gran Colombia at its dissolution. Panama was separated from Colombia in 1903. Since Gran Colombia&#8217;s territory corresponded more or less to the original jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada, it also claimed the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, the Mosquito Coast.<\/p>\n<p>Its existence was marked by a struggle between those who supported a centralized government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized, federal form of government.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, another political division emerged between those who supported the Constitution of C\u00facuta and two groups who sought to do away with the Constitution, either in favor of breaking up the nation into smaller republics or maintaining the union but creating an even stronger presidency. The faction that favored constitutional rule coalesced around Vice-President Francisco de Paula Santander, while those who supported the creation of a stronger presidency were led by President Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar. The two men had been allies in the war against Spanish rule, but by 1825, their differences became public and contributed to the political instability from that year onward. Gran Columbia broke apart in 1831.<\/p>\n<h1><\/h1>\n<h1>History of Gran Colombia<\/h1>\n<p>As Bol\u00edvar made advances against the royalist forces during the Venezuelan war of independence, he began to propose the creation of various large states and confederations, inspired by Francisco de Miranda&#8217;s idea of an independent state consisting of all of Spanish America, called &#8220;Colombia,&#8221; the &#8220;American Empire,&#8221; or the &#8220;American Federation.&#8221; The aim was to ensure the independence of Spanish America and protect the area&#8217;s newly won autonomy. In 1819 Bol\u00edvar was able to successfully create a nation called &#8220;Colombia&#8221; (today referred to as Gran Colombia) out of several Spanish American provinces.<\/p>\n<p>Since the new nation was quickly proclaimed after Bol\u00edvar&#8217;s unexpected victory in New Granada, its government was temporarily set up as a federal republic, made up of three departments headed by a vice-president and with capitals in the cities of cities of Bogot\u00e1 (Cundinamarca Department), Caracas (Venezuela Department), and Quito (Quito Department).<\/p>\n<p>The Constitution of C\u00facuta was drafted in 1821 at the Congress of C\u00facuta, establishing the republic&#8217;s capital in Bogot\u00e1. Bol\u00edvar and Santander were elected as the nation&#8217;s president and vice-president. A great degree of centralization was established by the assembly at C\u00facuta, since several New Granadan and Venezuelan deputies of the Congress who were formerly ardent federalists now came to believe that centralism was necessary to successfully manage the war against the royalists. The departments created in 1819 were split into 12 smaller departments, each governed by an intendant appointed by the central government. Since not all of the provinces were represented at C\u00facuta because many areas of the nation remained in royalist hands, the congress called for a new constitutional convention to meet in ten years.<\/p>\n<p>In its first years, Gran Colombia helped other provinces still at war with Spain to become independent: all of Venezuela except Puerto Cabello was liberated at the Battle of Carabobo, Panama joined the federation in November 1821, and the provinces of Pasto, Guayaquil, and Quito in 1822. The Gran Colombian army later consolidated the independence of Peru in 1824. Bol\u00edvar and Santander were re-elected in 1826.<\/p>\n<p>As the war against Spain came to an end in the mid-1820s, federalist and regionalist sentiments that were suppressed for the sake of the war arose once again. There were calls for a modification of the political division, and related economic and commercial disputes between regions reappeared. Ecuador had important economic and political grievances. Since the end of the 18th century, its textile industry suffered because cheaper textiles were being imported. After independence, Gran Colombia adopted a low-tariff policy, which benefited agricultural regions such as Venezuela. Moreover, from 1820 to 1825, the area was ruled directly by Bol\u00edvar because of the extraordinary powers granted to him. His top priority was the war in Peru against the royalists, not solving Ecuador&#8217;s economic problems.<\/p>\n<p>The strongest calls for a federal arrangement came from Venezuela, where there was strong federalist sentiment among the region&#8217;s liberals, many of whom had not fought in the war of independence but supported Spanish liberalism in the previous decade and now allied themselves with the conservative Commandant General of the Department of Venezuela, Jos\u00e9 Antonio P\u00e1ez, against the central government.<\/p>\n<p>In 1826, Venezuela came close to seceding from Gran Colombia. That year, Congress began impeachment proceedings against P\u00e1ez, who resigned his post on April 28 but reassumed it two days later in defiance of the central government.<\/p>\n<p>In November, two assemblies met in Venezuela to discuss the future of the region, but no formal independence was declared at either. That same month, skirmishes broke out between the supporters of P\u00e1ez and Bol\u00edvar in the east and south of Venezuela. By the end of the year, Bol\u00edvar was in Maracaibo preparing to march into Venezuela with an army, if necessary. Ultimately, political compromises prevented this. In January, Bol\u00edvar offered the rebellious Venezuelans a general amnesty and the promise to convene a new constitutional assembly before the ten-year period established by the Constitution of C\u00facuta, and P\u00e1ez backed down and recognized Bol\u00edvar&#8217;s authority. The reforms, however, never fully satisfied the different political factions in Gran Colombia, and no permanent consolidation was achieved. The instability of the state&#8217;s structure was now apparent to all.<\/p>\n<p>In 1828, the new constitutional assembly, the Convention of Oca\u00f1a, began its sessions. At its opening, Bol\u00edvar again proposed a new constitution based on the Bolivian one, but this suggestion continued to be unpopular. The convention fell apart when pro-Bol\u00edvar delegates walked out rather than sign a federalist constitution. After this failure, Bol\u00edvar believed that by centralizing his constitutional powers he could prevent the separatists from bringing down the union. He ultimately failed to do so. As the collapse of the nation became evident in 1830, Bol\u00edvar resigned from the presidency. Internal political strife between the different regions intensified even as General Rafael Urdaneta temporarily took power in Bogot\u00e1, attempting to use his authority to ostensibly restore order but actually hoping to convince Bol\u00edvar to return to the presidency and the nation to accept him. The federation finally dissolved in the closing months of 1830 and was formally abolished in 1831. Venezuela, Ecuador, and New Granada came to exist as independent states.<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18194519\/media_35322_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"A map of Gran Colombia showing the 12 departments created in 1824 and territories disputed with neighboring countries\" width=\"340\" height=\"278\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gran Colombia A map of Gran Colombia showing the 12 departments created in 1824 and territories disputed with neighboring countries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"image_35322_text_equivalent\" class=\"atom__components__figure__text_equivalent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Gran Colombia\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Latin American integration.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_American_integration\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_American_integration<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Gran Colombia.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Colombia\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Colombia<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Bolivar\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Bolivar<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Gran_Colombia_map_1824.jpg.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gran_Colombia_map_1824.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gran_Colombia_map_1824.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3832\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boundless World History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23437,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Boundless World History\",\"author\":\"Boundless\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3832","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3216,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3832","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23437"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3832\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5400,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3832\/revisions\/5400"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3216"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3832\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3832"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3832"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3832"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3832"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}