{"id":4534,"date":"2017-07-31T18:47:35","date_gmt":"2017-07-31T18:47:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4534"},"modified":"2017-09-28T14:59:56","modified_gmt":"2017-09-28T14:59:56","slug":"36-2-3-peronism","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/chapter\/36-2-3-peronism\/","title":{"raw":"Peronism","rendered":"Peronism"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 id=\"concept_1555\">36.2.3: Peronism<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"brief\">\r\n\r\nThe Argentinian political movement Peronism is based on three main principles: social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\r\nOutline the key characteristics of Peronism\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Peronism, or Justicialism, is an Argentine political movement based on the political legacy of former President Juan Domingo Peron and his second wife, Eva Peron.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The pillars of the Peronist ideal, known as the \u201cthree flags,\" are social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Peron\u2019s ideas were widely embraced by a variety of groups in Argentina across the political spectrum, and since its inception in 1946, Peronist candidates have won nine out of 12 presidential elections from which they have not been banned.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Defenders of Peronism describe the doctrine as populist in the sense that they believe it embodies the interests of the masses, and in particular, the most vulnerable members of society.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Peron\u2019s opponents, however, view Peronism was an authoritarian ideology, compare Juan Peron to fascist dictators, accuse him of demagoguery, and deride his policies as too populist.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Eva Peron, popularly known as Evita, was instrumental as a symbol of hope to the common laborer during her husband\u2019s first five-year plan. Her strong ties to the poor lent credibility to Juan Peron\u2019s first presidential term and ushered in a new wave of supporters to his regime.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Evita established the Eva Peron Foundation in 1948 and ran as the vice presidential candidate with Juan Peron during the 1951 election.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\r\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\r\n \t<dt><strong>third position ideology<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>A political ideology that emphasizes opposition to both communism and capitalism. Proponents typically depict themselves as beyond the left or right wings of politics while borrowing ideas from each end of the spectrum.<\/dd>\r\n \t<dt><strong>corporatism<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>Also known as corporativism, corporatism is the sociopolitical organization of society by major interest, or corporate, groups.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\nPeronism, or Justicialism, is an Argentine political movement based on the political legacy of former President Juan Domingo Peron and his second wife, Eva Peron. The Justicialist Party derives its name from the concept of social justice. Since its inception in 1946, Peronist candidates have won nine out of 12 presidential elections from which they have not been banned. As of 2016, Peron was the only Argentinian to have been elected president three times.\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18195259\/media_34815_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Juan Peron wearing the presidential sash\" width=\"340\" height=\"387\" \/> Juan Peron wearing the presidential sash: President Peron at his 1946 inaugural presidential parade.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1>Ideology<\/h1>\r\nThe pillars of the Peronist ideal, known as the \u201cthree flags,\u201d are social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty. Peronism is considered a third-position ideology because it rejects both capitalism and communism. Peronism advocates corporatism as a means for mediating tensions within society, with the state responsible for negotiating compromises if conflicts arise. Traditionally, its adherents come primarily from the working class and unions, and the ideology has been described as proletarian in nature. Peronism, however, is a generally ill-defined ideology, with contradictory statements sometimes expressed in its name. The legacy of Peron is thought to transcend the confines of any political party in modern times and blend into the broader political landscape of Argentina.\r\n\r\nPeron\u2019s ideas were widely embraced by a variety of groups in Argentina across the political spectrum. Peron\u2019s personal views later became a burden on the ideology, however. For example, his anti-clericalism did not strike a sympathetic chord with upper-class Argentinians. Peron\u2019s public speeches were consistently nationalist and populist. In fact, Peronism draws many parallels with corporate nationalism due to the nationalization of many Argentinian corporations during Peron\u2019s administrations. At the same time, labor unions became more corporate in nature, ceding the right to strike in the early to mid-1940s.\r\n\r\nDefenders of Peronism describe the doctrine as populist in that they believe it embodies the interests of the masses, especially the most vulnerable members of society. Admirers hold Peron in esteem for his administration\u2019s anti-imperialism, non-alignment, and socially progressive initiatives. Peron\u2019s governments made social security universal, education free for all who qualified, and provisions for one paid week off before every major examination for working students. Vast low-income housing projects were created and paid vacations became standard. All workers were guaranteed free medical care and mothers were given three paid months off prior to and after giving birth. Workers\u2019 recreation centers were constructed all over the country , including a vast resort in the lower Sierras de Cordoba that included eight hotels, riding stables, swimming pools, movie theaters, and scores of cabins.\r\n\r\nFrom the perspective of Peron\u2019s opponents, however, Peronism was an authoritarian ideology. Peron was often compared to fascist dictators, accused of demagoguery, and his policies derided as too populist. Claiming to be an embodiment of Argentinian nationality, Peron\u2019s government often silenced dissent by accusing opponents of being unpatriotic. Peron\u2019s corporatism also drew attack from socialists who accused his administration of preserving capitalist exploitation and class division. Conservatives, on the other hand, rejected his modernist ideology and felt their status was threatened by the ascent of Peron\u2019s governing officials. Liberals condemned Peron for his regime\u2019s arbitrariness and dictatorial tendencies.\r\n<h1>Influence and Contributions of Eva Peron<\/h1>\r\nEva Peron, popularly known as Evita, was instrumental as a symbol of hope to the common laborer during her husband\u2019s first five-year plan. Her strong ties to the poor lent credibility to Juan Peron\u2019s first presidential term and ushered in a new wave of supporters to his regime. She was loathed by the elite due to her humble origins, but adored by the poor for her work with the sick, elderly, and orphans. She was involved in behind-the-scenes work to secure women\u2019s suffrage in 1947 and supported a women\u2019s movement that concentrated on the rights of women, the poor, and the disabled. The extent of her role in her husband\u2019s first term remains disputed, although it is clear that she was responsible for introducing social justice and equality into the national discourse. It is speculated that Eva\u2019s influence on her husband led to the stipulations within the five-year plans that called for full employment, public healthcare and housing, labor benefits, raises, and humanitarian relief efforts.\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18195300\/media_34816_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Eva Peron\" width=\"340\" height=\"453\" \/> Eva Peron: Eva Peron, known as Evita, worked to secure women's suffrage, which was granted in 1947.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nEvita established the Eva Peron Foundation in 1948. Enjoying an annual budget of approximately USD 50 million, which was nearly equivalent to one percent of Argentinian GDP at the time, the Foundation had 14,000 employees and founded hundreds of new schools, clinics, old-age homes, and holiday facilities. It also distributed hundreds of thousands of household necessities, physicians\u2019 visits, scholarships, and other benefits. During the 1951 presidential campaign, Evita replaced Juan Peron\u2019s ailing running mate, Hortensio Quijano, to become the official candidate for vice president. Her political hopes, however, were defeated by her own health problems and opposition to the Peron-Evita ticket from within the military. On September 28 of the same year, an attempted coup was launched against Peron by General Benjamin Andres Menendez and elements within the Argentine Army. Though they were unsuccessful, they proved the final nail in the coffin of the first lady\u2019s political ambitions. She died the following July.\r\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Peronism\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Corporatism.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporatism\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporatism<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Third Position.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Position\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Position<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Peronism.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peronism\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peronism<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Juan Peron.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan_Per%C3%B3n\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan_Per%C3%B3n<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Eva_PerC3B3n_Discurso.jpg.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eva_Per%C3%B3n_Discurso.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eva_Per%C3%B3n_Discurso.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2 id=\"concept_1555\">36.2.3: Peronism<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>The Argentinian political movement Peronism is based on three main principles: social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Outline the key characteristics of Peronism<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Peronism, or Justicialism, is an Argentine political movement based on the political legacy of former President Juan Domingo Peron and his second wife, Eva Peron.<\/li>\n<li>The pillars of the Peronist ideal, known as the \u201cthree flags,&#8221; are social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty.<\/li>\n<li>Peron\u2019s ideas were widely embraced by a variety of groups in Argentina across the political spectrum, and since its inception in 1946, Peronist candidates have won nine out of 12 presidential elections from which they have not been banned.<\/li>\n<li>Defenders of Peronism describe the doctrine as populist in the sense that they believe it embodies the interests of the masses, and in particular, the most vulnerable members of society.<\/li>\n<li>Peron\u2019s opponents, however, view Peronism was an authoritarian ideology, compare Juan Peron to fascist dictators, accuse him of demagoguery, and deride his policies as too populist.<\/li>\n<li>Eva Peron, popularly known as Evita, was instrumental as a symbol of hope to the common laborer during her husband\u2019s first five-year plan. Her strong ties to the poor lent credibility to Juan Peron\u2019s first presidential term and ushered in a new wave of supporters to his regime.<\/li>\n<li>Evita established the Eva Peron Foundation in 1948 and ran as the vice presidential candidate with Juan Peron during the 1951 election.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt><strong>third position ideology<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A political ideology that emphasizes opposition to both communism and capitalism. Proponents typically depict themselves as beyond the left or right wings of politics while borrowing ideas from each end of the spectrum.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>corporatism<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>Also known as corporativism, corporatism is the sociopolitical organization of society by major interest, or corporate, groups.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>Peronism, or Justicialism, is an Argentine political movement based on the political legacy of former President Juan Domingo Peron and his second wife, Eva Peron. The Justicialist Party derives its name from the concept of social justice. Since its inception in 1946, Peronist candidates have won nine out of 12 presidential elections from which they have not been banned. As of 2016, Peron was the only Argentinian to have been elected president three times.<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18195259\/media_34815_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Juan Peron wearing the presidential sash\" width=\"340\" height=\"387\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juan Peron wearing the presidential sash: President Peron at his 1946 inaugural presidential parade.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Ideology<\/h1>\n<p>The pillars of the Peronist ideal, known as the \u201cthree flags,\u201d are social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty. Peronism is considered a third-position ideology because it rejects both capitalism and communism. Peronism advocates corporatism as a means for mediating tensions within society, with the state responsible for negotiating compromises if conflicts arise. Traditionally, its adherents come primarily from the working class and unions, and the ideology has been described as proletarian in nature. Peronism, however, is a generally ill-defined ideology, with contradictory statements sometimes expressed in its name. The legacy of Peron is thought to transcend the confines of any political party in modern times and blend into the broader political landscape of Argentina.<\/p>\n<p>Peron\u2019s ideas were widely embraced by a variety of groups in Argentina across the political spectrum. Peron\u2019s personal views later became a burden on the ideology, however. For example, his anti-clericalism did not strike a sympathetic chord with upper-class Argentinians. Peron\u2019s public speeches were consistently nationalist and populist. In fact, Peronism draws many parallels with corporate nationalism due to the nationalization of many Argentinian corporations during Peron\u2019s administrations. At the same time, labor unions became more corporate in nature, ceding the right to strike in the early to mid-1940s.<\/p>\n<p>Defenders of Peronism describe the doctrine as populist in that they believe it embodies the interests of the masses, especially the most vulnerable members of society. Admirers hold Peron in esteem for his administration\u2019s anti-imperialism, non-alignment, and socially progressive initiatives. Peron\u2019s governments made social security universal, education free for all who qualified, and provisions for one paid week off before every major examination for working students. Vast low-income housing projects were created and paid vacations became standard. All workers were guaranteed free medical care and mothers were given three paid months off prior to and after giving birth. Workers\u2019 recreation centers were constructed all over the country , including a vast resort in the lower Sierras de Cordoba that included eight hotels, riding stables, swimming pools, movie theaters, and scores of cabins.<\/p>\n<p>From the perspective of Peron\u2019s opponents, however, Peronism was an authoritarian ideology. Peron was often compared to fascist dictators, accused of demagoguery, and his policies derided as too populist. Claiming to be an embodiment of Argentinian nationality, Peron\u2019s government often silenced dissent by accusing opponents of being unpatriotic. Peron\u2019s corporatism also drew attack from socialists who accused his administration of preserving capitalist exploitation and class division. Conservatives, on the other hand, rejected his modernist ideology and felt their status was threatened by the ascent of Peron\u2019s governing officials. Liberals condemned Peron for his regime\u2019s arbitrariness and dictatorial tendencies.<\/p>\n<h1>Influence and Contributions of Eva Peron<\/h1>\n<p>Eva Peron, popularly known as Evita, was instrumental as a symbol of hope to the common laborer during her husband\u2019s first five-year plan. Her strong ties to the poor lent credibility to Juan Peron\u2019s first presidential term and ushered in a new wave of supporters to his regime. She was loathed by the elite due to her humble origins, but adored by the poor for her work with the sick, elderly, and orphans. She was involved in behind-the-scenes work to secure women\u2019s suffrage in 1947 and supported a women\u2019s movement that concentrated on the rights of women, the poor, and the disabled. The extent of her role in her husband\u2019s first term remains disputed, although it is clear that she was responsible for introducing social justice and equality into the national discourse. It is speculated that Eva\u2019s influence on her husband led to the stipulations within the five-year plans that called for full employment, public healthcare and housing, labor benefits, raises, and humanitarian relief efforts.<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18195300\/media_34816_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Eva Peron\" width=\"340\" height=\"453\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eva Peron: Eva Peron, known as Evita, worked to secure women&#8217;s suffrage, which was granted in 1947.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Evita established the Eva Peron Foundation in 1948. Enjoying an annual budget of approximately USD 50 million, which was nearly equivalent to one percent of Argentinian GDP at the time, the Foundation had 14,000 employees and founded hundreds of new schools, clinics, old-age homes, and holiday facilities. It also distributed hundreds of thousands of household necessities, physicians\u2019 visits, scholarships, and other benefits. During the 1951 presidential campaign, Evita replaced Juan Peron\u2019s ailing running mate, Hortensio Quijano, to become the official candidate for vice president. Her political hopes, however, were defeated by her own health problems and opposition to the Peron-Evita ticket from within the military. On September 28 of the same year, an attempted coup was launched against Peron by General Benjamin Andres Menendez and elements within the Argentine Army. Though they were unsuccessful, they proved the final nail in the coffin of the first lady\u2019s political ambitions. She died the following July.<\/p>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Peronism\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Corporatism.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporatism\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporatism<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Third Position.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Position\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Position<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Peronism.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peronism\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peronism<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Juan Peron.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan_Per%C3%B3n\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan_Per%C3%B3n<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Eva_PerC3B3n_Discurso.jpg.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eva_Per%C3%B3n_Discurso.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eva_Per%C3%B3n_Discurso.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4534\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boundless World History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23437,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Boundless World History\",\"author\":\"Boundless\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4534","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3226,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23437"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4534\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5797,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4534\/revisions\/5797"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3226"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4534\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4534"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4534"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4534"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}