{"id":4706,"date":"2017-07-31T20:21:36","date_gmt":"2017-07-31T20:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4706"},"modified":"2017-10-03T15:09:50","modified_gmt":"2017-10-03T15:09:50","slug":"38-5-4-mexicos-transition-to-true-democracy","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/chapter\/38-5-4-mexicos-transition-to-true-democracy\/","title":{"raw":"Mexico's Transition to True Democracy","rendered":"Mexico&#8217;s Transition to True Democracy"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 id=\"concept_1632\">38.5.4: Mexico's Transition to True Democracy<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"brief\">\r\n\r\nThe <em>Partido Revolucionario Institucional<\/em> (PRI), the political party that controlled national and state politics in Mexico since 1929, was finally voted out of power in 2000 with the election of Vicente Fox Quesada, the candidate of the National Action Party (PAN).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\r\nDetermine to what extent Mexico has achieved a democratic political system\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A new era began in Mexico following the fraudulent 1988 presidential elections.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Institutional Revolutionary Party barely won the presidential election, and President Carlos Salinas de Gortari began implementing sweeping neoliberal reforms in Mexico.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These reforms required the amendment of the Constitution, especially curtailing the power of the Mexican state to regulate foreign business enterprises, but also lifted the suppression of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mexico's economy was further integrated with that of United States and Canada after the North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA agreement began lowering trade barriers in 1994.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Seven decades of PRI rule ended in 2000 with the election of Vicente Fox of the Partido Acci\u00f3n Nacional (PAN).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>His successor, Felipe Calder\u00f3n, also of the PAN, embarked on a war against drug mafias in Mexico, one which has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the face of extremely violent drug wars, the PRI returned to power in 2012, promising that it had reformed itself.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\r\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\r\n \t<dt><strong>North American Free Trade Agreement<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>An agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada\u2013United States Free Trade Agreement between the Canada and the United States. The goal of the agreement was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The implementation of the agreement on January 1, 1994 brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexico's exports to the United States and more than one-third of U.S. exports to Mexico.<\/dd>\r\n \t<dt><strong>Zapatista Army of National Liberation<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>A revolutionary leftist political and militant group based in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Since 1994 the group has been in a declared war \"against the Mexican state\" and against military, paramilitary, and corporate incursions into Chiapas. This war has been primarily defensive. In recent years, it has focused on a strategy of civil resistance. The group's main body is made up of mostly rural indigenous people, but includes some supporters in urban areas and internationally.<\/dd>\r\n \t<dt><strong>Institutional Revolutionary Party<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>A Mexican political party founded in 1929 that held power uninterruptedly in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Background: Decline of the PRI<\/h1>\r\nA phenomenon of the 1980s in Mexico was the growth of organized political opposition to de facto one-party rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: <em>Partido Revolucionario Institucional <\/em>or PRI), which held power uninterruptedly in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000. The National Action Party (PAN), founded in 1939 and until the 1980s a marginal political party and not a serious contender for power, began to gain voters, particularly in Mexico's north. They made gains in local elections initially, but in 1986 the PAN candidate for the governorship of Chihuahua had a good chance of winning.\r\n\r\nThe 1988 Mexican general election was pivotal in Mexican history. The PRI's candidate was Carlos Salinas de Gortari, an economist who was educated at Harvard and who had never held an elected office. Cuauhtemoc C\u00e1rdenas, the son of former President L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas, broke with the PRI and ran as a candidate of the Democratic Current, later forming into the Party of Democratic Revolution (PRD). The PAN candidate Manuel Clouthier ran a clean campaign in long-standing pattern of the party.\r\n\r\nThe election was marked by irregularities on a massive scale. The Ministry of the Interior administered the electoral process, which meant in practice that the PRI controlled it. During the vote count, the government computers were said to have crashed, something the government called \"a breakdown of the system.\" One observer said, \"For the ordinary citizen, it was not the computer network but the Mexican political system that had crashed.\" When the computers were said to be running again after a considerable delay, the election results they recorded were an extremely narrow victory for Salinas (50.7%), C\u00e1rdenas (31.1%), and Clouthier (16.8%). C\u00e1rdenas was widely seen to have won the election, but Salinas was declared the winner. There might have been violence in the wake of such fraudulent results, but C\u00e1rdenas did not call for it, \"sparing the country a possible civil war.\" Years later, former Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid (1982\u201388) was quoted in the New York Times stating that the results were indeed fraudulent.\r\n\r\nSalinas embarked on a program of neoliberal reforms that fixed the exchange rate, controlled inflation, and culminated with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on January 1, 1994. The same day, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) started a two-week-long armed rebellion against the federal government, and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against neoliberalism and globalization.\r\n\r\nIn 1994, Salinas was succeeded by Ernesto Zedillo, followed by the Mexican peso crisis and a $50 billion bailout by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Major macroeconomic reforms were initiated by President Zedillo, and the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1>President Vicente Fox Quesada (2000\u20132006)<\/h1>\r\nEmphasizing the need to upgrade infrastructure, modernize the tax system and labor laws, integrate with the U.S. economy, and allow private investment in the energy sector, Vicente Fox Quesada, the candidate of the National Action Party (PAN), was elected the 69th president of Mexico on July 2, 2000, ending PRI's 71-year-long control of the office. Though Fox's victory was due in part to popular discontent with decades of unchallenged PRI hegemony, Fox's opponent, president Zedillo, conceded defeat on the night of the election\u2014a first in Mexican history. A further sign of the quickening of Mexican democracy was the fact that PAN failed to win a majority in both chambers of Congress\u2014a situation that prevented Fox from implementing his reform pledges. Nonetheless, the transfer of power in 2000 was quick and peaceful.\r\n\r\nFox was a very strong candidate, but an ineffective president who was weakened by PAN's minority status in Congress. Historian Philip Russell summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of Fox as president:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>Marketed on television, Fox made a far better candidate than he did president. He failed to take charge and provide cabinet leadership, failed to set priorities, and turned a blind eye to alliance building....By 2006, as political scientist Soledad Loaeza noted, 'the eager candidate became a reluctant president who avoided tough choices and appeared hesitant and unable to hide the weariness caused by the responsibilities and constraints of the office. ...' He had little success in fighting crime. Even though he maintained the macroeconomic stability inherited from his predecessor, economic growth barely exceeded the rate of population increase. Similarly, the lack of fiscal reform left tax collection at a rate similar to that of Haiti....Finally, during Fox's administration, only 1.4 million formal-sector jobs were created, leading to massive immigration to the United States and an explosive increase in informal employment.<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\n<h1><\/h1>\r\n<h1>President Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa (2006\u20132012)<\/h1>\r\nPresident Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa (PAN) took office after one of the most hotly contested elections in recent Mexican history; Calder\u00f3n won by such a small margin (.56% or 233,831 votes) that the runner-up, Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador of the leftist Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), contested the results.\r\n\r\nDespite imposing a cap on salaries of high-ranking public servants, Calder\u00f3n ordered a raise on the salaries of the Federal Police and the Mexican armed forces on his first day as president.\r\n\r\nCalder\u00f3n's government also ordered massive raids on drug cartels upon assuming office in December 2006 in response to an increasingly deadly spate of violence in his home state of Michoac\u00e1n. The decision to intensify drug enforcement operations led to an ongoing conflict between the federal government and the Mexican drug cartels.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1>President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto (2006-Present)<\/h1>\r\nOn July 1, 2012, Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto was elected president of Mexico with 38% of the vote. He is a former governor of the state of Mexico and a member of the PRI. His election returned the PRI to power after 12 years of PAN rule. He was officially sworn into office on December 1, 2012.\r\n\r\nThe <em>Pacto por M\u00e9xico<\/em> was a cross party alliance that called for the accomplishment of 95 goals. It was signed on December 2,\u00a02012 by the leaders of the three main political parties in Chapultepec Castle. The Pact has been lauded by international pundits as an example for solving political gridlock and for effectively passing institutional reforms. Among other legislation, it called for education reform, banking reform, fiscal reform, and telecommunications reform, all of which were eventually passed. Most importantly, the Pact wanted a revaluation of PEMEX. This ultimately resulted in the dissolution of the agreement when in December 2013 the center-left PRD refused to collaborate with the legislation penned by the center-right PAN and PRI that ended PEMEX's monopoly and allowed for foreign investment in Mexico's oil industry.\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18195540\/media_35800_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Photo of President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto with President of China Xi Jinping, standing, looking at each other with smiles, toasting with a glass of white wine.\" width=\"340\" height=\"197\" \/> Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto. Current Mexican President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto with President of China Xi Jinping[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 id=\"concept_1633\">Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Mexico's Transition to True Democracy\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"History of Mexico.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Mexico.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping,_Presidente_de_la_Rep\u00fablica_Popular_China,_y_de_su_esposa,_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_(8960384656).jpg.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico#\/media\/File:Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping,_Presidente_de_la_Republica_Popular_China,_y_de_su_esposa,_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_(8960384656).jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico#\/media\/File:Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping,_Presidente_de_la_Republica_Popular_China,_y_de_su_esposa,_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_(8960384656).jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2 id=\"concept_1632\">38.5.4: Mexico&#8217;s Transition to True Democracy<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>The <em>Partido Revolucionario Institucional<\/em> (PRI), the political party that controlled national and state politics in Mexico since 1929, was finally voted out of power in 2000 with the election of Vicente Fox Quesada, the candidate of the National Action Party (PAN).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Determine to what extent Mexico has achieved a democratic political system<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A new era began in Mexico following the fraudulent 1988 presidential elections.<\/li>\n<li>The Institutional Revolutionary Party barely won the presidential election, and President Carlos Salinas de Gortari began implementing sweeping neoliberal reforms in Mexico.<\/li>\n<li>These reforms required the amendment of the Constitution, especially curtailing the power of the Mexican state to regulate foreign business enterprises, but also lifted the suppression of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico.<\/li>\n<li>Mexico&#8217;s economy was further integrated with that of United States and Canada after the North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA agreement began lowering trade barriers in 1994.<\/li>\n<li>Seven decades of PRI rule ended in 2000 with the election of Vicente Fox of the Partido Acci\u00f3n Nacional (PAN).<\/li>\n<li>His successor, Felipe Calder\u00f3n, also of the PAN, embarked on a war against drug mafias in Mexico, one which has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths.<\/li>\n<li>In the face of extremely violent drug wars, the PRI returned to power in 2012, promising that it had reformed itself.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt><strong>North American Free Trade Agreement<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>An agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada\u2013United States Free Trade Agreement between the Canada and the United States. The goal of the agreement was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The implementation of the agreement on January 1, 1994 brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexico&#8217;s exports to the United States and more than one-third of U.S. exports to Mexico.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Zapatista Army of National Liberation<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A revolutionary leftist political and militant group based in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Since 1994 the group has been in a declared war &#8220;against the Mexican state&#8221; and against military, paramilitary, and corporate incursions into Chiapas. This war has been primarily defensive. In recent years, it has focused on a strategy of civil resistance. The group&#8217;s main body is made up of mostly rural indigenous people, but includes some supporters in urban areas and internationally.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Institutional Revolutionary Party<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A Mexican political party founded in 1929 that held power uninterruptedly in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Background: Decline of the PRI<\/h1>\n<p>A phenomenon of the 1980s in Mexico was the growth of organized political opposition to de facto one-party rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: <em>Partido Revolucionario Institucional <\/em>or PRI), which held power uninterruptedly in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000. The National Action Party (PAN), founded in 1939 and until the 1980s a marginal political party and not a serious contender for power, began to gain voters, particularly in Mexico&#8217;s north. They made gains in local elections initially, but in 1986 the PAN candidate for the governorship of Chihuahua had a good chance of winning.<\/p>\n<p>The 1988 Mexican general election was pivotal in Mexican history. The PRI&#8217;s candidate was Carlos Salinas de Gortari, an economist who was educated at Harvard and who had never held an elected office. Cuauhtemoc C\u00e1rdenas, the son of former President L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas, broke with the PRI and ran as a candidate of the Democratic Current, later forming into the Party of Democratic Revolution (PRD). The PAN candidate Manuel Clouthier ran a clean campaign in long-standing pattern of the party.<\/p>\n<p>The election was marked by irregularities on a massive scale. The Ministry of the Interior administered the electoral process, which meant in practice that the PRI controlled it. During the vote count, the government computers were said to have crashed, something the government called &#8220;a breakdown of the system.&#8221; One observer said, &#8220;For the ordinary citizen, it was not the computer network but the Mexican political system that had crashed.&#8221; When the computers were said to be running again after a considerable delay, the election results they recorded were an extremely narrow victory for Salinas (50.7%), C\u00e1rdenas (31.1%), and Clouthier (16.8%). C\u00e1rdenas was widely seen to have won the election, but Salinas was declared the winner. There might have been violence in the wake of such fraudulent results, but C\u00e1rdenas did not call for it, &#8220;sparing the country a possible civil war.&#8221; Years later, former Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid (1982\u201388) was quoted in the New York Times stating that the results were indeed fraudulent.<\/p>\n<p>Salinas embarked on a program of neoliberal reforms that fixed the exchange rate, controlled inflation, and culminated with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on January 1, 1994. The same day, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) started a two-week-long armed rebellion against the federal government, and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against neoliberalism and globalization.<\/p>\n<p>In 1994, Salinas was succeeded by Ernesto Zedillo, followed by the Mexican peso crisis and a $50 billion bailout by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Major macroeconomic reforms were initiated by President Zedillo, and the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>President Vicente Fox Quesada (2000\u20132006)<\/h1>\n<p>Emphasizing the need to upgrade infrastructure, modernize the tax system and labor laws, integrate with the U.S. economy, and allow private investment in the energy sector, Vicente Fox Quesada, the candidate of the National Action Party (PAN), was elected the 69th president of Mexico on July 2, 2000, ending PRI&#8217;s 71-year-long control of the office. Though Fox&#8217;s victory was due in part to popular discontent with decades of unchallenged PRI hegemony, Fox&#8217;s opponent, president Zedillo, conceded defeat on the night of the election\u2014a first in Mexican history. A further sign of the quickening of Mexican democracy was the fact that PAN failed to win a majority in both chambers of Congress\u2014a situation that prevented Fox from implementing his reform pledges. Nonetheless, the transfer of power in 2000 was quick and peaceful.<\/p>\n<p>Fox was a very strong candidate, but an ineffective president who was weakened by PAN&#8217;s minority status in Congress. Historian Philip Russell summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of Fox as president:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>Marketed on television, Fox made a far better candidate than he did president. He failed to take charge and provide cabinet leadership, failed to set priorities, and turned a blind eye to alliance building&#8230;.By 2006, as political scientist Soledad Loaeza noted, &#8216;the eager candidate became a reluctant president who avoided tough choices and appeared hesitant and unable to hide the weariness caused by the responsibilities and constraints of the office. &#8230;&#8217; He had little success in fighting crime. Even though he maintained the macroeconomic stability inherited from his predecessor, economic growth barely exceeded the rate of population increase. Similarly, the lack of fiscal reform left tax collection at a rate similar to that of Haiti&#8230;.Finally, during Fox&#8217;s administration, only 1.4 million formal-sector jobs were created, leading to massive immigration to the United States and an explosive increase in informal employment.<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h1><\/h1>\n<h1>President Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa (2006\u20132012)<\/h1>\n<p>President Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa (PAN) took office after one of the most hotly contested elections in recent Mexican history; Calder\u00f3n won by such a small margin (.56% or 233,831 votes) that the runner-up, Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador of the leftist Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), contested the results.<\/p>\n<p>Despite imposing a cap on salaries of high-ranking public servants, Calder\u00f3n ordered a raise on the salaries of the Federal Police and the Mexican armed forces on his first day as president.<\/p>\n<p>Calder\u00f3n&#8217;s government also ordered massive raids on drug cartels upon assuming office in December 2006 in response to an increasingly deadly spate of violence in his home state of Michoac\u00e1n. The decision to intensify drug enforcement operations led to an ongoing conflict between the federal government and the Mexican drug cartels.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto (2006-Present)<\/h1>\n<p>On July 1, 2012, Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto was elected president of Mexico with 38% of the vote. He is a former governor of the state of Mexico and a member of the PRI. His election returned the PRI to power after 12 years of PAN rule. He was officially sworn into office on December 1, 2012.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Pacto por M\u00e9xico<\/em> was a cross party alliance that called for the accomplishment of 95 goals. It was signed on December 2,\u00a02012 by the leaders of the three main political parties in Chapultepec Castle. The Pact has been lauded by international pundits as an example for solving political gridlock and for effectively passing institutional reforms. Among other legislation, it called for education reform, banking reform, fiscal reform, and telecommunications reform, all of which were eventually passed. Most importantly, the Pact wanted a revaluation of PEMEX. This ultimately resulted in the dissolution of the agreement when in December 2013 the center-left PRD refused to collaborate with the legislation penned by the center-right PAN and PRI that ended PEMEX&#8217;s monopoly and allowed for foreign investment in Mexico&#8217;s oil industry.<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18195540\/media_35800_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Photo of President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto with President of China Xi Jinping, standing, looking at each other with smiles, toasting with a glass of white wine.\" width=\"340\" height=\"197\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto. Current Mexican President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto with President of China Xi Jinping<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"concept_1633\">Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Mexico&#8217;s Transition to True Democracy\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;History of Mexico.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Mexico.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping,_Presidente_de_la_Rep\u00fablica_Popular_China,_y_de_su_esposa,_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_(8960384656).jpg.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico#\/media\/File:Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping,_Presidente_de_la_Republica_Popular_China,_y_de_su_esposa,_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_(8960384656).jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico#\/media\/File:Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping,_Presidente_de_la_Republica_Popular_China,_y_de_su_esposa,_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_(8960384656).jpg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4706\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boundless World History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23437,"menu_order":25,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Boundless World History\",\"author\":\"Boundless\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-worldhistory\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4706","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3228,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4706","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23437"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5904,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4706\/revisions\/5904"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3228"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4706\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4706"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4706"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4706"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}