{"id":198,"date":"2017-06-13T17:25:51","date_gmt":"2017-06-13T17:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=198"},"modified":"2017-06-13T17:25:51","modified_gmt":"2017-06-13T17:25:51","slug":"adjectives-and-adverbs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/chapter\/adjectives-and-adverbs\/","title":{"raw":"Adjectives and Adverbs","rendered":"Adjectives and Adverbs"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Adjectives<\/h2>\r\nAn adjective modifies a noun; that is, it provides more detail about a noun. This can be anything from color to size to temperature to personality.\u00a0Adjectives usually\u00a0occur just before the nouns they modify, but they can also follow a linking verb (in these instances, adjectives can modify pronouns as well):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The generator is used to convert <strong>mechanical<\/strong> <em>energy<\/em> into <strong>electrical<\/strong> <em>energy<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The kids' <em>schoolhouse<\/em>\u00a0was <strong>red<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNumbers can also be adjectives in some\u00a0cases. When you say \"Seven is my lucky\u00a0number,\"\u00a0<em>seven\u00a0<\/em>is a noun, but when you say \"There are seven cats in this painting,\"\u00a0<em>seven<\/em> is an adjective because it is modifying the noun\u00a0<em>cats<\/em>.\r\n<h3>Comparable Adjectives<\/h3>\r\nSome adjectives are <strong>comparable<\/strong>: they exist on a scale. For example, a person may be polite, but another person may be more polite, and a third person may be the most polite of the three. The word <em>more<\/em>\u00a0here modifies the adjective <em>polite<\/em>\u00a0to indicate a comparison is being made (a <strong>comparative<\/strong>), and <em>most<\/em>\u00a0modifies the adjective to indicate an absolute comparison (a <strong>superlative<\/strong>).\r\n\r\nThere is another way to compare adjectives in English.\u00a0Many adjectives can take the suffixes -<em>er<\/em>\u00a0and -<em>est<\/em>\u00a0to indicate the comparative and\u00a0superlative forms, respectively (e.g.,\u00a0<em>great<\/em>, <em>greater<\/em>, <em>greatest<\/em>). Some adjectives are <i>irregular<\/i> in this sense (<em>good<\/em>, <em>better<\/em>, <em>best<\/em>;\u00a0<em>bad<\/em>, <em>worse<\/em>, <em>worst<\/em>).\r\n\r\nThere is no simple rule to decide which means is correct for any given adjective; however, the general tendency is for shorter adjectives to take the suffixes, while longer adjectives do not.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>hotter<\/em> (not\u00a0<em>more hot<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>more beautiful<\/em> (not\u00a0<em>beautifuller<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>more pretentious<\/em> (not\u00a0<em>pretentiouser<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>A Note about\u00a0<em>Fun<\/em><\/h3>\r\nThe adjective\u00a0<em>fun<\/em> is one of the most notable\u00a0exceptions to the rules. You might expect the\u00a0comparative to\u00a0be\u00a0<em>funner<\/em> and the superlative to be\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em>. However, for a long time, these words were considered\u00a0non-standard, with\u00a0<em>more fun<\/em> and\u00a0<em>most fun<\/em> acting as the correct forms.\r\n\r\nThe reasoning behind this rule is now obsolete (it has a lot to do with the way\u00a0<em>fun<\/em> became an adjective), but the stigma against\u00a0<em>funner<\/em> and\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em> remains. While the tides are beginning to change, it's safest to stick to\u00a0<em>more fun<\/em> and\u00a0<em>most fun<\/em> in formal situations (such as in academic writing or in professional correspondence).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen you use comparative\u00a0adjectives, the adjective is often accompanied by the word\u00a0<em>than<\/em>\u00a0(e.g., \"He is taller than me\"). When using\u00a0<em>than<\/em>, there are two things you should keep in mind:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>You should use\u00a0<em>than<\/em>, not the word\u00a0<em>then<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Then<\/em> indicates time, rather than comparison.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When you're trying to emphasize just how \"adjective\" a thing is, you shouldn't follow <em>than<\/em>\u00a0with\u00a0a second instance of the comparative.\u00a0\"She is shorter than shorter,\" is incorrect. The emphatic phrase \"She is shorter than short,\" would be correct.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Non-Comparable Adjectives<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Non-comparable adjectives<\/strong>, on the other hand, are not measured on a scale, but are binary. Either something is \"adjective,\" or it is not. For example, some English speakers would argue that it does not make sense to say that one thing is \"more ultimate\" than another, or that something is \"most ultimate,\" since the word <em>ultimate<\/em> is already an absolute. Other examples include\u00a0<em>dead<\/em>,\u00a0<em>true<\/em>, and <em>unique<\/em>.\r\n\r\nNative speakers will frequently play with non-comparable\u00a0adjectives. Although <em>pregnant<\/em> is logically non-comparable (someone is pregnant or she\u00a0is\u00a0not), you\u00a0may hear a sentence like \"She looks more and more pregnant each day.\" Likewise <em>extinct<\/em>\u00a0and <em>equal<\/em>\u00a0appear to be non-comparable, but one might say that a language about which nothing is known is \"more extinct\" than a well-documented language with surviving literature but no speakers, and George Orwell\u00a0once wrote \"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.\"\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nLook at the following list of adjectives. Are they comparable or non-comparable? Explain your reasoning why. If the adjective is comparable, list its comparative and superlative forms.\u00a0For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Tall<\/em> is a comparable adjective. Height exists on a scale: there are many different heights. The\u00a0comparative is\u00a0<em>taller<\/em>, and the superlative is\u00a0<em>tallest<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Dead<\/em> is a non-comparable. You are either dead or alive.\u00a0However, this concept is played with in the movie\u00a0<em>The Princess Bride<\/em>. Miracle Max says Wesley is\u00a0\"only mostly dead.\" Max is\u00a0expressing the fact that\u00a0Wesley is still alive, despite being very close to death's door.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"3%\">impossible<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"30%\">[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"3%\">large<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"30%\">[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"3%\">pretty<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"30%\">[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"3%\">nuclear<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"30%\">[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"245005\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"245005\"]\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"3%\">impossible<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"30%\"><em>Impossible<\/em> is a non-comparable adjective. <em>Impossible<\/em> is defined as something that can't happen; this can't be graded on a scale.\u00a0However, people will play on this\u00a0for emphasis: \"That's the most impossible idea I've ever heard.\"<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"3%\">large<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"30%\"><em>Large<\/em> is a comparable adjective. Size exists on a scale. The\u00a0comparative is\u00a0<em>larger<\/em>, and the superlative is\u00a0<em>largest<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"3%\">pretty<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"30%\"><em>Pretty<\/em>\u00a0is a comparable adjective. Attractiveness exists on a scale. The comparative is <em>prettier<\/em>, and the superlative is <em>prettiest<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"3%\">nuclear<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"30%\"><em>Nuclear<\/em> is a non-comparable adjective. It is a classification, not a gradable quality. In phrases like \"the most nuclear\u00a0weapons\"\u00a0<em>most<\/em> is referring to\u00a0how many weapons there are, not\u00a0\"how nuclear\" the weapons are.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Adverbs<\/h2>\r\nAdverbs can\u00a0perform a wide range of functions: they can modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.\u00a0They\u00a0can come either before or after the word they modify.\u00a0An adverb may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity indicated\u00a0by the verb:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Suzanne sang <b>loudly<\/b> (<i>loudly<\/i> modifies the verb <i>sang<\/i>, indicating the manner of singing)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>We left it <b>here<\/b> (<i>here<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>left it<\/i>, indicating place)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I worked <b>yesterday<\/b> (<i>yesterday<\/i> modifies the verb <i>worked<\/i>, indicating time)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You <b>often<\/b> make mistakes (<i>often<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>make mistakes<\/i>, indicating frequency)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>He <b>undoubtedly<\/b> did it (<i>undoubtedly<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>did it<\/i>, indicating certainty)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThey can also modify noun phrases, prepositional phrases,\u00a0or whole clauses or sentences, as in the following examples. Once again the adverbs are in bold, while the words they modify are in italics.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I bought <b>only<\/b> the fruit (<i>only<\/i> modifies the noun phrase <i>the fruit<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Roberto drove us <b>almost<\/b> to the station (<i>almost<\/i> modifies the prepositional phrase <i>to the station<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Certainly<\/b> we need to act (<i>certainly<\/i> modifies the sentence as a whole)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Intensifiers and Adverbs of Degree<\/h3>\r\nAdverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree. Here are a few examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You are <b>quite<\/b> right (the adverb <i>quite<\/i> modifies the adjective <i>right<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Milagros is <strong>exceptionally\u00a0<\/strong>pretty\u00a0(the adverb <em>exceptionally<\/em>\u00a0modifies the adjective <em>pretty<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She sang <b>very<\/b> loudly (the adverb <i>very<\/i> modifies another adverb\u2014<i>loudly<\/i>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wow! You ran <strong>really<\/strong> quickly!\u00a0(the adverb <em>really<\/em>\u00a0modifies another adverb\u2014<em>quickly<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAdverbs may also undergo comparison, taking comparative and superlative forms.\u00a0This is usually done by adding <i>more<\/i> and <i>most<\/i> before the adverb (<i>more slowly, most slowly<\/i>). However, there are a few adverbs that take non-standard\u00a0forms, such as <i>well<\/i>, for which <i>better<\/i> and <i>best<\/i> are used (i.e., \"He did <strong>well<\/strong>, she did <strong>better<\/strong>, and I did <strong>best<\/strong>\").\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> When using intensifiers alongside the adverb\u00a0<em>also<\/em>,\u00a0<em>also<\/em> should always appear first: \"He also really loved pie\" is correct, while \"He really also loved pie\" is not.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3><em>Very<\/em><\/h3>\r\nSome people are of the opinion that the words\u00a0<em>very<\/em> and\u00a0<em>really<\/em> indicate weak writing.\u00a0You've probably seen lists of adjectives to use instead of these adverbs (along with an adjective). While this can be true in some cases (<em>enormous <\/em>or <em>gigantic <\/em>would probably serve better than \"really big\"),\u00a0<em>very<\/em> and\u00a0<em>really<\/em> aren't terrible words. As in most cases, you just need to be conscious of your choices. When you use these adverbs, pause and see if there's a better way to word what you're saying.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nRead the following passage and identify the adverbs. Are the intensifiers and adverbs or degree being\u00a0used well? Or would you suggest revision? The sentences have been numbered to aid you in your comments.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(1) Wojtek (usually spelled Voytek in English) was a Syrian brown bear found in Iran and literally adopted by soldiers of the 22nd Artillery Supply Company of the Polish II Corps. (2) Wojtek initially had problems swallowing and was fed with condensed milk from an old vodka bottle. (3)\u00a0Later in life,\u00a0he was oftenly rewarded with beer, which became his favorite drink. (4) He\u00a0really also enjoyed smoking (or eating) cigarettes.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(5) To get him onto a British transport ship when the unit sailed from Egypt, Wojtek was officially drafted into the Polish Army as a Private and was listed among the soldiers of the 22nd Artillery Supply Company. (6) As an enlisted soldier of the company, with his own paybook, rank, and serial number, he lived either with the other soldiers\u00a0in tents or by himself in a special wooden crate, which was transported by truck. (7) According to numerous accounts, Wojtek helped by carrying ammunition during the Battle of Monte Cassino\u2014he\u00a0never dropped a single crate. (8) In recognition of the bear's immensely popularity, the HQ approved a depiction of a bear carrying an artillery shell as the official emblem of the 22nd Company.<\/p>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"519412\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"519412\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The adverb\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> is misused here. The soldiers did not actually adopt the bear (filling out papers), they simply took the bear in. The best solution is to omit the adverb entirely.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The adverb\u00a0<i>initially<\/i>\u00a0is used correctly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The adverb<em>\u00a0later<\/em> is correct;\u00a0<em>oftenly<\/em> is not a word; the correct word\u00a0is\u00a0<em>often<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Should be\u00a0<em>also really<\/em>, not\u00a0<em>really also<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Also<\/em> is modifying the phrase \"really enjoyed smoking,\" so it should come before the phrase, not in the middle of it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The adverb <em>officially<\/em>\u00a0is used correctly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are no adverbs in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The adverb <em>never<\/em>\u00a0is used correctly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Immensely\u00a0<\/em>should be the\u00a0adjective\u00a0<em>immense<\/em>. <em>Popularity<\/em> is a noun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Relative Adverbs<\/h3>\r\nRelative adverbs are a subclass of adverbs that deal with space, time, and reason. In this video, David gives a quick intro to the three most common relative adverbs:\u00a0<em>when<\/em>,\u00a0<em>where<\/em>, and<em> why<\/em>.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/5Ub0Qu4uxpc\r\n\r\nAs we just learned,\u00a0we can use these adverbs to connect ideas about where, when, and why\u00a0things happen.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nRead the following questions and turn them into statements using relative adverbs:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Where did\u00a0Nina last see her keys?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When are the\u00a0repairmen going to get here?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why did the desk just collapse?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"526976\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"526976\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>I don't know where Nina last saw\u00a0her keys.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I don't know when the\u00a0repairmen are going to get here.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I don't know why the desk just collapsed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Common Mistakes<\/h3>\r\n<h4><em>Only<\/em><\/h4>\r\nHave you ever noticed the effect the word\u00a0<em>only<\/em> can have on a sentence, especially depending on where it's placed? Let's look at a simple sentence:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>She loves horses.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLet's see how\u00a0<em>only<\/em> can influence the meaning of this sentence:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Only<\/em> she loves horses.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No one loves horses but her.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She\u00a0<em>only<\/em> loves horses.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The one thing she does is love horses.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She loves\u00a0<em>only<\/em> horses.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>She loves horses and nothing else.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<em>Only<\/em> modifies the word that directly follows it.\u00a0Whenever you use the word\u00a0<em>only<\/em> make sure you've placed it correctly in your sentence.\r\n<h4><em>Literally<\/em><\/h4>\r\nA\u00a0linguistic\u00a0phenomenon is sweeping the nation: people are\u00a0using\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> as an intensifier. How many times have you heard things like \"It was literally the worst thing that has ever happened to me,\" or \"His head literally exploded when I told him I was going to be late again\"?\r\n\r\nSo what's the problem with this? According to\u00a0<em>Merriam-Webster's Dictionary<\/em>,<em>\u00a0<\/em>the actual definition of <em>literal<\/em>\u00a0is as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>involving the ordinary or usual meaning of a word<\/li>\r\n \t<li>giving the meaning of each individual word<\/li>\r\n \t<li>completely true and accurate : not exaggerated[footnote]\"<a href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/literal[1]\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Literal<\/a>.\" <i>Merriam-Webster.com<\/i>. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 20 June 2016.[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAccording to this definition,\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> should be used only when something actually happened. Our cultural usage\u00a0may be slowly shifting to allow <em>literally<\/em>\u00a0as an intensifier, but it's best to avoid using <em>literally<\/em> in any way other than its dictionary definition, especially in formal writing.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify and correct any errors in adverb usage in each sentence.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Presilah literally died when she heard the news.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Teddy is literally the best person on the planet.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Daveed often takes things too literally.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A pirate only sails\u00a0the seas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In their vows, they promised to love only each other.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"648403\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"648403\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is incorrect (hopefully). Try replacing\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> with\u00a0<em>practically<\/em> or\u00a0<em>nearly<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Presilah <strong>practically<\/strong>\u00a0died when she heard the news.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Presilah <strong>nearly<\/strong> died when she heard the news.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence\u00a0may or may not be true; it's something that would be very hard to verify. When you're being purposefully hyperbolic, this may be okay in a non-formal setting, but you may want to consider replacing <em>literally <\/em>with an intensifier like\u00a0<em>actually <\/em>or omitting the adverb altogether, since <em>literally<\/em> has such a stigma around it.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Teddy is <strong>actually<\/strong>\u00a0the best person on the planet.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Teddy is the best person on the planet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is correct.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is probably not true. It implies that\u00a0a pirate sails the seas, and does nothing else. It may be\u00a0an acceptable\u00a0sentence if you're exaggerating on purpose, but a more likely sentence would be \"A pirate sails only the seas.\" (A pirate sails the seas, and nowhere else.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is correct.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2>Adjectives<\/h2>\n<p>An adjective modifies a noun; that is, it provides more detail about a noun. This can be anything from color to size to temperature to personality.\u00a0Adjectives usually\u00a0occur just before the nouns they modify, but they can also follow a linking verb (in these instances, adjectives can modify pronouns as well):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The generator is used to convert <strong>mechanical<\/strong> <em>energy<\/em> into <strong>electrical<\/strong> <em>energy<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The kids&#8217; <em>schoolhouse<\/em>\u00a0was <strong>red<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Numbers can also be adjectives in some\u00a0cases. When you say &#8220;Seven is my lucky\u00a0number,&#8221;\u00a0<em>seven\u00a0<\/em>is a noun, but when you say &#8220;There are seven cats in this painting,&#8221;\u00a0<em>seven<\/em> is an adjective because it is modifying the noun\u00a0<em>cats<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Comparable Adjectives<\/h3>\n<p>Some adjectives are <strong>comparable<\/strong>: they exist on a scale. For example, a person may be polite, but another person may be more polite, and a third person may be the most polite of the three. The word <em>more<\/em>\u00a0here modifies the adjective <em>polite<\/em>\u00a0to indicate a comparison is being made (a <strong>comparative<\/strong>), and <em>most<\/em>\u00a0modifies the adjective to indicate an absolute comparison (a <strong>superlative<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>There is another way to compare adjectives in English.\u00a0Many adjectives can take the suffixes &#8211;<em>er<\/em>\u00a0and &#8211;<em>est<\/em>\u00a0to indicate the comparative and\u00a0superlative forms, respectively (e.g.,\u00a0<em>great<\/em>, <em>greater<\/em>, <em>greatest<\/em>). Some adjectives are <i>irregular<\/i> in this sense (<em>good<\/em>, <em>better<\/em>, <em>best<\/em>;\u00a0<em>bad<\/em>, <em>worse<\/em>, <em>worst<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>There is no simple rule to decide which means is correct for any given adjective; however, the general tendency is for shorter adjectives to take the suffixes, while longer adjectives do not.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>hotter<\/em> (not\u00a0<em>more hot<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>more beautiful<\/em> (not\u00a0<em>beautifuller<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>more pretentious<\/em> (not\u00a0<em>pretentiouser<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>A Note about\u00a0<em>Fun<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>The adjective\u00a0<em>fun<\/em> is one of the most notable\u00a0exceptions to the rules. You might expect the\u00a0comparative to\u00a0be\u00a0<em>funner<\/em> and the superlative to be\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em>. However, for a long time, these words were considered\u00a0non-standard, with\u00a0<em>more fun<\/em> and\u00a0<em>most fun<\/em> acting as the correct forms.<\/p>\n<p>The reasoning behind this rule is now obsolete (it has a lot to do with the way\u00a0<em>fun<\/em> became an adjective), but the stigma against\u00a0<em>funner<\/em> and\u00a0<em>funnest<\/em> remains. While the tides are beginning to change, it&#8217;s safest to stick to\u00a0<em>more fun<\/em> and\u00a0<em>most fun<\/em> in formal situations (such as in academic writing or in professional correspondence).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>When you use comparative\u00a0adjectives, the adjective is often accompanied by the word\u00a0<em>than<\/em>\u00a0(e.g., &#8220;He is taller than me&#8221;). When using\u00a0<em>than<\/em>, there are two things you should keep in mind:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>You should use\u00a0<em>than<\/em>, not the word\u00a0<em>then<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Then<\/em> indicates time, rather than comparison.<\/li>\n<li>When you&#8217;re trying to emphasize just how &#8220;adjective&#8221; a thing is, you shouldn&#8217;t follow <em>than<\/em>\u00a0with\u00a0a second instance of the comparative.\u00a0&#8220;She is shorter than shorter,&#8221; is incorrect. The emphatic phrase &#8220;She is shorter than short,&#8221; would be correct.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Non-Comparable Adjectives<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Non-comparable adjectives<\/strong>, on the other hand, are not measured on a scale, but are binary. Either something is &#8220;adjective,&#8221; or it is not. For example, some English speakers would argue that it does not make sense to say that one thing is &#8220;more ultimate&#8221; than another, or that something is &#8220;most ultimate,&#8221; since the word <em>ultimate<\/em> is already an absolute. Other examples include\u00a0<em>dead<\/em>,\u00a0<em>true<\/em>, and <em>unique<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Native speakers will frequently play with non-comparable\u00a0adjectives. Although <em>pregnant<\/em> is logically non-comparable (someone is pregnant or she\u00a0is\u00a0not), you\u00a0may hear a sentence like &#8220;She looks more and more pregnant each day.&#8221; Likewise <em>extinct<\/em>\u00a0and <em>equal<\/em>\u00a0appear to be non-comparable, but one might say that a language about which nothing is known is &#8220;more extinct&#8221; than a well-documented language with surviving literature but no speakers, and George Orwell\u00a0once wrote &#8220;All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Look at the following list of adjectives. Are they comparable or non-comparable? Explain your reasoning why. If the adjective is comparable, list its comparative and superlative forms.\u00a0For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Tall<\/em> is a comparable adjective. Height exists on a scale: there are many different heights. The\u00a0comparative is\u00a0<em>taller<\/em>, and the superlative is\u00a0<em>tallest<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Dead<\/em> is a non-comparable. You are either dead or alive.\u00a0However, this concept is played with in the movie\u00a0<em>The Princess Bride<\/em>. Miracle Max says Wesley is\u00a0&#8220;only mostly dead.&#8221; Max is\u00a0expressing the fact that\u00a0Wesley is still alive, despite being very close to death&#8217;s door.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 3%;\">impossible<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3%;\">large<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 3%;\">pretty<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3%;\">nuclear<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q245005\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q245005\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 3%;\">impossible<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\"><em>Impossible<\/em> is a non-comparable adjective. <em>Impossible<\/em> is defined as something that can&#8217;t happen; this can&#8217;t be graded on a scale.\u00a0However, people will play on this\u00a0for emphasis: &#8220;That&#8217;s the most impossible idea I&#8217;ve ever heard.&#8221;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3%;\">large<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\"><em>Large<\/em> is a comparable adjective. Size exists on a scale. The\u00a0comparative is\u00a0<em>larger<\/em>, and the superlative is\u00a0<em>largest<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 3%;\">pretty<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\"><em>Pretty<\/em>\u00a0is a comparable adjective. Attractiveness exists on a scale. The comparative is <em>prettier<\/em>, and the superlative is <em>prettiest<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 3%;\">nuclear<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30%;\"><em>Nuclear<\/em> is a non-comparable adjective. It is a classification, not a gradable quality. In phrases like &#8220;the most nuclear\u00a0weapons&#8221;\u00a0<em>most<\/em> is referring to\u00a0how many weapons there are, not\u00a0&#8220;how nuclear&#8221; the weapons are.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Adverbs<\/h2>\n<p>Adverbs can\u00a0perform a wide range of functions: they can modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.\u00a0They\u00a0can come either before or after the word they modify.\u00a0An adverb may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity indicated\u00a0by the verb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Suzanne sang <b>loudly<\/b> (<i>loudly<\/i> modifies the verb <i>sang<\/i>, indicating the manner of singing)<\/li>\n<li>We left it <b>here<\/b> (<i>here<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>left it<\/i>, indicating place)<\/li>\n<li>I worked <b>yesterday<\/b> (<i>yesterday<\/i> modifies the verb <i>worked<\/i>, indicating time)<\/li>\n<li>You <b>often<\/b> make mistakes (<i>often<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>make mistakes<\/i>, indicating frequency)<\/li>\n<li>He <b>undoubtedly<\/b> did it (<i>undoubtedly<\/i> modifies the verb phrase <i>did it<\/i>, indicating certainty)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>They can also modify noun phrases, prepositional phrases,\u00a0or whole clauses or sentences, as in the following examples. Once again the adverbs are in bold, while the words they modify are in italics.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I bought <b>only<\/b> the fruit (<i>only<\/i> modifies the noun phrase <i>the fruit<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Roberto drove us <b>almost<\/b> to the station (<i>almost<\/i> modifies the prepositional phrase <i>to the station<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li><b>Certainly<\/b> we need to act (<i>certainly<\/i> modifies the sentence as a whole)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Intensifiers and Adverbs of Degree<\/h3>\n<p>Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree. Here are a few examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You are <b>quite<\/b> right (the adverb <i>quite<\/i> modifies the adjective <i>right<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Milagros is <strong>exceptionally\u00a0<\/strong>pretty\u00a0(the adverb <em>exceptionally<\/em>\u00a0modifies the adjective <em>pretty<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>She sang <b>very<\/b> loudly (the adverb <i>very<\/i> modifies another adverb\u2014<i>loudly<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Wow! You ran <strong>really<\/strong> quickly!\u00a0(the adverb <em>really<\/em>\u00a0modifies another adverb\u2014<em>quickly<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Adverbs may also undergo comparison, taking comparative and superlative forms.\u00a0This is usually done by adding <i>more<\/i> and <i>most<\/i> before the adverb (<i>more slowly, most slowly<\/i>). However, there are a few adverbs that take non-standard\u00a0forms, such as <i>well<\/i>, for which <i>better<\/i> and <i>best<\/i> are used (i.e., &#8220;He did <strong>well<\/strong>, she did <strong>better<\/strong>, and I did <strong>best<\/strong>&#8220;).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> When using intensifiers alongside the adverb\u00a0<em>also<\/em>,\u00a0<em>also<\/em> should always appear first: &#8220;He also really loved pie&#8221; is correct, while &#8220;He really also loved pie&#8221; is not.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3><em>Very<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Some people are of the opinion that the words\u00a0<em>very<\/em> and\u00a0<em>really<\/em> indicate weak writing.\u00a0You&#8217;ve probably seen lists of adjectives to use instead of these adverbs (along with an adjective). While this can be true in some cases (<em>enormous <\/em>or <em>gigantic <\/em>would probably serve better than &#8220;really big&#8221;),\u00a0<em>very<\/em> and\u00a0<em>really<\/em> aren&#8217;t terrible words. As in most cases, you just need to be conscious of your choices. When you use these adverbs, pause and see if there&#8217;s a better way to word what you&#8217;re saying.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Read the following passage and identify the adverbs. Are the intensifiers and adverbs or degree being\u00a0used well? Or would you suggest revision? The sentences have been numbered to aid you in your comments.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(1) Wojtek (usually spelled Voytek in English) was a Syrian brown bear found in Iran and literally adopted by soldiers of the 22nd Artillery Supply Company of the Polish II Corps. (2) Wojtek initially had problems swallowing and was fed with condensed milk from an old vodka bottle. (3)\u00a0Later in life,\u00a0he was oftenly rewarded with beer, which became his favorite drink. (4) He\u00a0really also enjoyed smoking (or eating) cigarettes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">(5) To get him onto a British transport ship when the unit sailed from Egypt, Wojtek was officially drafted into the Polish Army as a Private and was listed among the soldiers of the 22nd Artillery Supply Company. (6) As an enlisted soldier of the company, with his own paybook, rank, and serial number, he lived either with the other soldiers\u00a0in tents or by himself in a special wooden crate, which was transported by truck. (7) According to numerous accounts, Wojtek helped by carrying ammunition during the Battle of Monte Cassino\u2014he\u00a0never dropped a single crate. (8) In recognition of the bear&#8217;s immensely popularity, the HQ approved a depiction of a bear carrying an artillery shell as the official emblem of the 22nd Company.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q519412\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q519412\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>The adverb\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> is misused here. The soldiers did not actually adopt the bear (filling out papers), they simply took the bear in. The best solution is to omit the adverb entirely.<\/li>\n<li>The adverb\u00a0<i>initially<\/i>\u00a0is used correctly.<\/li>\n<li>The adverb<em>\u00a0later<\/em> is correct;\u00a0<em>oftenly<\/em> is not a word; the correct word\u00a0is\u00a0<em>often<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Should be\u00a0<em>also really<\/em>, not\u00a0<em>really also<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Also<\/em> is modifying the phrase &#8220;really enjoyed smoking,&#8221; so it should come before the phrase, not in the middle of it.<\/li>\n<li>The adverb <em>officially<\/em>\u00a0is used correctly.<\/li>\n<li>There are no adverbs in this sentence.<\/li>\n<li>The adverb <em>never<\/em>\u00a0is used correctly.<\/li>\n<li><em>Immensely\u00a0<\/em>should be the\u00a0adjective\u00a0<em>immense<\/em>. <em>Popularity<\/em> is a noun.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Relative Adverbs<\/h3>\n<p>Relative adverbs are a subclass of adverbs that deal with space, time, and reason. In this video, David gives a quick intro to the three most common relative adverbs:\u00a0<em>when<\/em>,\u00a0<em>where<\/em>, and<em> why<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Relative adverbs | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5Ub0Qu4uxpc?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>As we just learned,\u00a0we can use these adverbs to connect ideas about where, when, and why\u00a0things happen.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Read the following questions and turn them into statements using relative adverbs:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Where did\u00a0Nina last see her keys?<\/li>\n<li>When are the\u00a0repairmen going to get here?<\/li>\n<li>Why did the desk just collapse?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q526976\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q526976\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>I don&#8217;t know where Nina last saw\u00a0her keys.<\/li>\n<li>I don&#8217;t know when the\u00a0repairmen are going to get here.<\/li>\n<li>I don&#8217;t know why the desk just collapsed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Common Mistakes<\/h3>\n<h4><em>Only<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>Have you ever noticed the effect the word\u00a0<em>only<\/em> can have on a sentence, especially depending on where it&#8217;s placed? Let&#8217;s look at a simple sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>She loves horses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let&#8217;s see how\u00a0<em>only<\/em> can influence the meaning of this sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Only<\/em> she loves horses.\n<ul>\n<li>No one loves horses but her.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>She\u00a0<em>only<\/em> loves horses.\n<ul>\n<li>The one thing she does is love horses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>She loves\u00a0<em>only<\/em> horses.\n<ul>\n<li>She loves horses and nothing else.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Only<\/em> modifies the word that directly follows it.\u00a0Whenever you use the word\u00a0<em>only<\/em> make sure you&#8217;ve placed it correctly in your sentence.<\/p>\n<h4><em>Literally<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>A\u00a0linguistic\u00a0phenomenon is sweeping the nation: people are\u00a0using\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> as an intensifier. How many times have you heard things like &#8220;It was literally the worst thing that has ever happened to me,&#8221; or &#8220;His head literally exploded when I told him I was going to be late again&#8221;?<\/p>\n<p>So what&#8217;s the problem with this? According to\u00a0<em>Merriam-Webster&#8217;s Dictionary<\/em>,<em>\u00a0<\/em>the actual definition of <em>literal<\/em>\u00a0is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>involving the ordinary or usual meaning of a word<\/li>\n<li>giving the meaning of each individual word<\/li>\n<li>completely true and accurate : not exaggerated<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"&quot;Literal.&quot; Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 20 June 2016.\" id=\"return-footnote-198-1\" href=\"#footnote-198-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>According to this definition,\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> should be used only when something actually happened. Our cultural usage\u00a0may be slowly shifting to allow <em>literally<\/em>\u00a0as an intensifier, but it&#8217;s best to avoid using <em>literally<\/em> in any way other than its dictionary definition, especially in formal writing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify and correct any errors in adverb usage in each sentence.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Presilah literally died when she heard the news.<\/li>\n<li>Teddy is literally the best person on the planet.<\/li>\n<li>Daveed often takes things too literally.<\/li>\n<li>A pirate only sails\u00a0the seas.<\/li>\n<li>In their vows, they promised to love only each other.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q648403\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q648403\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>This sentence is incorrect (hopefully). Try replacing\u00a0<em>literally<\/em> with\u00a0<em>practically<\/em> or\u00a0<em>nearly<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li>Presilah <strong>practically<\/strong>\u00a0died when she heard the news.<\/li>\n<li>Presilah <strong>nearly<\/strong> died when she heard the news.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>This sentence\u00a0may or may not be true; it&#8217;s something that would be very hard to verify. When you&#8217;re being purposefully hyperbolic, this may be okay in a non-formal setting, but you may want to consider replacing <em>literally <\/em>with an intensifier like\u00a0<em>actually <\/em>or omitting the adverb altogether, since <em>literally<\/em> has such a stigma around it.\n<ul>\n<li>Teddy is <strong>actually<\/strong>\u00a0the best person on the planet.<\/li>\n<li>Teddy is the best person on the planet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>This sentence is correct.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence is probably not true. It implies that\u00a0a pirate sails the seas, and does nothing else. It may be\u00a0an acceptable\u00a0sentence if you&#8217;re exaggerating on purpose, but a more likely sentence would be &#8220;A pirate sails only the seas.&#8221; (A pirate sails the seas, and nowhere else.)<\/li>\n<li>This sentence is correct.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-198\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html#adj\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html#adj<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Adjective. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjective\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjective<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Adverb. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adverb\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adverb<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Relative adverbs. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/relative-adverbs\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/relative-adverbs<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification of Wojtek (errors added). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wojtek_(bear)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wojtek_(bear)<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-198-1\">\"<a href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/literal&#91;1&#93;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Literal<\/a>.\" <i>Merriam-Webster.com<\/i>. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 20 June 2016. <a href=\"#return-footnote-198-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":150,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence\",\"author\":\"David McMurrey\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html#adj\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Adjective\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjective\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Adverb\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adverb\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Relative adverbs\",\"author\":\"David Rheinstrom\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/the-modifier\/v\/relative-adverbs\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Modification of Wojtek (errors added)\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wojtek_(bear)\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-198","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":160,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/150"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":199,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/198\/revisions\/199"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/160"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/198\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=198"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=198"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}