{"id":214,"date":"2017-06-16T18:39:35","date_gmt":"2017-06-16T18:39:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=214"},"modified":"2017-06-18T11:32:06","modified_gmt":"2017-06-18T11:32:06","slug":"mla-in-text-citation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/chapter\/mla-in-text-citation\/","title":{"raw":"MLA In-Text Citation","rendered":"MLA In-Text Citation"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"resourcebox\">\r\n<h3>Summary:<\/h3>\r\nMLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the <em>MLA Handbook<\/em> (8<sup>th<\/sup> ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes\/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Basic in-text citation rules<\/h3>\r\nIn MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as <strong>parenthetical citation<\/strong>. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.\r\n<h4>General Guidelines<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source\u2019s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>In-text citations: Author-page style<\/h4>\r\nMLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n\r\nWordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a \"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings\" (263).\r\n\r\nRomantic poetry is characterized by the \"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings\" (Wordsworth 263).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\">Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).<\/div>\r\nBoth citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">Wordsworth, William. <em>Lyrical Ballads<\/em>. Oxford UP, 1967.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>In-text citations for print sources with known author<\/h4>\r\nFor Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author\u2019s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word\/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.\r\n<div class=\"example\">Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as \"symbol-using animals\" (3).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\">Human beings have been described as \"symbol-using animals\" (Burke 3).<\/div>\r\nThese examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited:\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">Burke, Kenneth. <em>Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method<\/em>. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author<\/h4>\r\nWhen a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.\r\n<h4>In-text citations for print sources with no known author<\/h4>\r\nWhen a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.\r\n<div class=\"example\">We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has \"more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . .\" (\"Impact of Global Warming\" 6).<\/div>\r\nIn this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">\"The Impact of Global Warming in North America.\" <em>Global Warming: Early Signs<\/em>. 1999. http:\/\/www.climatehotmap.org\/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nWe'll learn how to make a Works Cited page in a bit, but right now it's important to know that parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.\r\n<h4>Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions<\/h4>\r\nPage numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels's <em>The Communist Manifesto<\/em>. In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:\r\n<div class=\"example\">Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).<\/div>\r\n<h4>Citing authors with same last names<\/h4>\r\nSometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:\r\n<div class=\"example\">Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).<\/div>\r\n<h4>Citing a work by multiple authors<\/h4>\r\nFor a source with two authors, list the authors\u2019 last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:\r\n<div class=\"example\">Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\">The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is \u201cevident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts\u201d (Best and Marcus 9).<\/div>\r\nCorresponding works cited entry:\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. \u201cSurface Reading: An Introduction.\u201d <em>Representations<\/em>, vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525\/rep.2009.108.1.1<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nFor a source with three or more authors, list only the first author\u2019s last name, and replace the additional names with et al.\r\n<div class=\"example\">According to Franck et al., \u201cCurrent agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans\u201d (327).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\">The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).<\/div>\r\nCorresponding works cited entry:\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">Franck, Caroline, et al. \u201cAgricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.\u201d <em>American Journal of Preventative Medicine<\/em>, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Citing multiple works by the same author<\/h4>\r\nIf you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.\r\n\r\n<em>Citing two articles by the same author<\/em>:\r\n<div class=\"example\">Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (\"Too Soon\" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year (\"Hand-Eye Development\" 17).<\/div>\r\n<em>Citing two books by the same author<\/em>:\r\n<div class=\"example\">Murray states that writing is \"a process\" that \"varies with our thinking style\" (<em>Write to Learn<\/em> 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to \"carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another\" (<em>A Writer Teaches Writing<\/em> 3).<\/div>\r\nAdditionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:\r\n<div class=\"example\">Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be \"too easy\" (Elkins, \"Visual Studies\" 63).<\/div>\r\n<h4>Citing multivolume works<\/h4>\r\nIf you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)\r\n<div class=\"example\">. . . as Quintilian wrote in <em>Institutio Oratoria<\/em> (1: 14-17).<\/div>\r\n<h4>Citing the Bible<\/h4>\r\nIn your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter and verse. For example:\r\n<div class=\"example\">Ezekiel saw \"what seemed to be four living creatures,\" each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (<em>New Jerusalem Bible<\/em>, Ezek. 1.5-10).<\/div>\r\nIf future references employ the same edition of the Bible you\u2019re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation.\r\n<h4>Citing indirect sources<\/h4>\r\nSometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use \"qtd. in\" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:\r\n<div class=\"example\">Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as \"social service centers, and they don't do that well\" (qtd. in Weisman 259).<\/div>\r\nNote that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.\r\n<h4>Citing non-print or sources from the Internet<\/h4>\r\nWith more and more scholarly work being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's <a href=\"http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/553\/01\/\">Evaluating Sources of Information<\/a> resource), (http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/553\/01\/) some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your Works Cited.\r\n\r\nSometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort of parenthetical citation at all. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser\u2019s print preview function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like <em>CNN.com<\/em> or <em>Forbes.com<\/em> as opposed to writing out http:\/\/www.cnn.com or http:\/\/www.forbes.com.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Miscellaneous non-print sources<\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"example\">Werner Herzog's <em>Fitzcarraldo<\/em> stars Herzog's long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of <em>Fitzcarraldo<\/em>, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a memorable and influential film.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\">During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric that need more attention.<\/div>\r\nIn the two examples above \u201cHerzog\u201d from the first entry and \u201cYates\u201d from the second lead the reader to the first item each citation\u2019s respective entry on the Works Cited page:\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">Herzog, Werner, dir. <em>Fitzcarraldo<\/em>. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">Yates, Jane. \"Invention in Rhetoric and Composition.\" Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Electronic sources<\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"example\">One online film critic stated that <em>Fitzcarraldo<\/em> \"has become notorious for its near-failure and many obstacles\" (Taylor, \u201cFitzcarraldo\u201d).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\">The <em>Purdue OWL<\/em> is accessed by millions of users every year. Its \"MLA Formatting and Style Guide\" is one of the most popular resources (Russell et al.).<\/div>\r\nIn the first example, the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author\u2019s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below). In the second example, \u201cRussell et al.\u201d in the parenthetical citation gives the reader an author name followed by the abbreviation \u201cet al.,\u201d meaning, \u201cand others,\u201d for the article \u201cMLA Formatting and Style Guide.\u201d Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">Taylor, Rumsey. \"Fitzcarraldo.\" <em>Slant<\/em>, 13 Jun. 2003, www.slantmagazine.com\/film\/review\/fitzcarraldo\/.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<p class=\"citation\">Russell, Tony, et al. \"MLA Formatting and Style Guide.\" <em>The Purdue OWL<\/em>, 2 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/747\/01\/.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Multiple citations<\/h4>\r\nTo cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:\r\n<div class=\"example\">. . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).<\/div>\r\n<h4>Time-based media sources<\/h4>\r\nWhen creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35).\r\n<h4>When a citation is not needed<\/h4>\r\nCommon sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge. Remember, this is a rhetorical choice, based on audience. If you're writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, they'll have different expectations of what constitutes common knowledge.","rendered":"<h2>MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics<\/h2>\n<div id=\"resourcebox\">\n<h3>Summary:<\/h3>\n<p>MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the <em>MLA Handbook<\/em> (8<sup>th<\/sup> ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes\/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Basic in-text citation rules<\/h3>\n<p>In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as <strong>parenthetical citation<\/strong>. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.<\/p>\n<h4>General Guidelines<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source\u2019s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page.<\/li>\n<li>Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>In-text citations: Author-page style<\/h4>\n<p>MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author&#8217;s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author&#8217;s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p>Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a &#8220;spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings&#8221; (263).<\/p>\n<p>Romantic poetry is characterized by the &#8220;spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings&#8221; (Wordsworth 263).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"example\">Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).<\/div>\n<p>Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">Wordsworth, William. <em>Lyrical Ballads<\/em>. Oxford UP, 1967.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>In-text citations for print sources with known author<\/h4>\n<p>For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author\u2019s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word\/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as &#8220;symbol-using animals&#8221; (3).<\/div>\n<div class=\"example\">Human beings have been described as &#8220;symbol-using animals&#8221; (Burke 3).<\/div>\n<p>These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">Burke, Kenneth. <em>Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method<\/em>. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author<\/h4>\n<p>When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat&#8217;l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.<\/p>\n<h4>In-text citations for print sources with no known author<\/h4>\n<p>When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it&#8217;s a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it&#8217;s a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has &#8220;more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . .&#8221; (&#8220;Impact of Global Warming&#8221; 6).<\/div>\n<p>In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">&#8220;The Impact of Global Warming in North America.&#8221; <em>Global Warming: Early Signs<\/em>. 1999. http:\/\/www.climatehotmap.org\/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>We&#8217;ll learn how to make a Works Cited page in a bit, but right now it&#8217;s important to know that parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.<\/p>\n<h4>Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions<\/h4>\n<p>Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels&#8217;s <em>The Communist Manifesto<\/em>. In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).<\/div>\n<h4>Citing authors with same last names<\/h4>\n<p>Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors&#8217; first initials (or even the authors&#8217; full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).<\/div>\n<h4>Citing a work by multiple authors<\/h4>\n<p>For a source with two authors, list the authors\u2019 last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).<\/div>\n<div class=\"example\">The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is \u201cevident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts\u201d (Best and Marcus 9).<\/div>\n<p>Corresponding works cited entry:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. \u201cSurface Reading: An Introduction.\u201d <em>Representations<\/em>, vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525\/rep.2009.108.1.1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author\u2019s last name, and replace the additional names with et al.<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">According to Franck et al., \u201cCurrent agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans\u201d (327).<\/div>\n<div class=\"example\">The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).<\/div>\n<p>Corresponding works cited entry:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">Franck, Caroline, et al. \u201cAgricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.\u201d <em>American Journal of Preventative Medicine<\/em>, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Citing multiple works by the same author<\/h4>\n<p>If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.<\/p>\n<p><em>Citing two articles by the same author<\/em>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (&#8220;Too Soon&#8221; 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child&#8217;s second and third year (&#8220;Hand-Eye Development&#8221; 17).<\/div>\n<p><em>Citing two books by the same author<\/em>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Murray states that writing is &#8220;a process&#8221; that &#8220;varies with our thinking style&#8221; (<em>Write to Learn<\/em> 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to &#8220;carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another&#8221; (<em>A Writer Teaches Writing<\/em> 3).<\/div>\n<p>Additionally, if the author&#8217;s name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your citation with the author&#8217;s name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be &#8220;too easy&#8221; (Elkins, &#8220;Visual Studies&#8221; 63).<\/div>\n<h4>Citing multivolume works<\/h4>\n<p>If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">. . . as Quintilian wrote in <em>Institutio Oratoria<\/em> (1: 14-17).<\/div>\n<h4>Citing the Bible<\/h4>\n<p>In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you&#8217;re using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter and verse. For example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Ezekiel saw &#8220;what seemed to be four living creatures,&#8221; each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (<em>New Jerusalem Bible<\/em>, Ezek. 1.5-10).<\/div>\n<p>If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you\u2019re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation.<\/p>\n<h4>Citing indirect sources<\/h4>\n<p>Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use &#8220;qtd. in&#8221; to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as &#8220;social service centers, and they don&#8217;t do that well&#8221; (qtd. in Weisman 259).<\/div>\n<p>Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.<\/p>\n<h4>Citing non-print or sources from the Internet<\/h4>\n<p>With more and more scholarly work being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/553\/01\/\">Evaluating Sources of Information<\/a> resource), (http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/553\/01\/) some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your Works Cited.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort of parenthetical citation at all. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).<\/li>\n<li>You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser\u2019s print preview function.<\/li>\n<li>Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like <em>CNN.com<\/em> or <em>Forbes.com<\/em> as opposed to writing out http:\/\/www.cnn.com or http:\/\/www.forbes.com.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Miscellaneous non-print sources<\/h4>\n<div class=\"example\">Werner Herzog&#8217;s <em>Fitzcarraldo<\/em> stars Herzog&#8217;s long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of <em>Fitzcarraldo<\/em>, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a memorable and influential film.<\/div>\n<div class=\"example\">During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric that need more attention.<\/div>\n<p>In the two examples above \u201cHerzog\u201d from the first entry and \u201cYates\u201d from the second lead the reader to the first item each citation\u2019s respective entry on the Works Cited page:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">Herzog, Werner, dir. <em>Fitzcarraldo<\/em>. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">Yates, Jane. &#8220;Invention in Rhetoric and Composition.&#8221; Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Electronic sources<\/h4>\n<div class=\"example\">One online film critic stated that <em>Fitzcarraldo<\/em> &#8220;has become notorious for its near-failure and many obstacles&#8221; (Taylor, \u201cFitzcarraldo\u201d).<\/div>\n<div class=\"example\">The <em>Purdue OWL<\/em> is accessed by millions of users every year. Its &#8220;MLA Formatting and Style Guide&#8221; is one of the most popular resources (Russell et al.).<\/div>\n<p>In the first example, the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author\u2019s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below). In the second example, \u201cRussell et al.\u201d in the parenthetical citation gives the reader an author name followed by the abbreviation \u201cet al.,\u201d meaning, \u201cand others,\u201d for the article \u201cMLA Formatting and Style Guide.\u201d Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">Taylor, Rumsey. &#8220;Fitzcarraldo.&#8221; <em>Slant<\/em>, 13 Jun. 2003, www.slantmagazine.com\/film\/review\/fitzcarraldo\/.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"example\">\n<p class=\"citation\">Russell, Tony, et al. &#8220;MLA Formatting and Style Guide.&#8221; <em>The Purdue OWL<\/em>, 2 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/747\/01\/.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Multiple citations<\/h4>\n<p>To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:<\/p>\n<div class=\"example\">. . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).<\/div>\n<h4>Time-based media sources<\/h4>\n<p>When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35).<\/p>\n<h4>When a citation is not needed<\/h4>\n<p>Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge. Remember, this is a rhetorical choice, based on audience. If you&#8217;re writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, they&#8217;ll have different expectations of what constitutes common knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-214\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>MLA In-text Citations: The Basics. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OWL Purdue. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/747\/02\/\">https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/747\/02\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Educational Use<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":150,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"MLA In-text Citations: The Basics\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OWL Purdue\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/747\/02\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Educational Use\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-214","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/150"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":282,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/214\/revisions\/282"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/25"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/214\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=214"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=214"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1010elec201718\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}