{"id":166,"date":"2018-06-04T10:40:39","date_gmt":"2018-06-04T10:40:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1020elec201819\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=166"},"modified":"2018-06-21T15:34:27","modified_gmt":"2018-06-21T15:34:27","slug":"mla-8th-edition","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunycorning1020elec201819\/chapter\/mla-8th-edition\/","title":{"raw":"MLA 8th Edition","rendered":"MLA 8th Edition"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>What is MLA?<\/h2>\r\nThe Modern Language Association (MLA) is a group of librarians, researchers, and instructors in the fields of \u201clanguage and literature.\u201d As a group, they have agreed upon a set of rules for:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>formatting research writing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>providing \"in-text\" citations within your writing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>providing a list of works you've cited<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span id=\"E653\">When a<\/span><span id=\"E654\">n<\/span><span id=\"E655\"> <\/span><span id=\"E656\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E657\"> asks a student to \u201cuse MLA style,\u201d he or she may be referring to the format of a paper, the method of citation (telling where you found your information), or both. Please <\/span><span id=\"E658\">check with your <\/span><span id=\"E659\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E660\"> <\/span><span id=\"E661\">if you are unsure about what <\/span><span id=\"E662\">he or she<\/span><span id=\"E663\"> mean<\/span><span id=\"E664\">s.<\/span><span id=\"E665\"><\/span>\r\n<h3>Who Should Use MLA?<\/h3>\r\nWhile MLA style is generally used in the Humanities and Liberal Arts fields, it is specifically used in most:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>English Classes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>other languages and humanities classes<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Why is MLA Important?<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Reading papers is easier for everybody when the format is the same: when your document is set up exactly as all the others in your class, everyone knows what to expect when they read.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Your citations allow those who read your paper to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Trust that your statements are based on reliable information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Locate the original source of your information, so they can read more or use it in their own work.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Whenever you use the ideas or words of another person, you need to ensure that others know the work is not your own; this is easily accomplished by following the MLA citation guidelines. If your work is not clearly and correctly cited, you run the risk of committing plagiarism, which can have a very negative impact on your college experience.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>What is Plagiarism?<\/h2>\r\n<span id=\"E723\">According to <\/span><span id=\"E724\">The Successful Writer\u2019s Handbook, Second Edition<\/span><span id=\"E725\">, by Kathleen T. McWhorter and Jane E. Aaron, plagiarism, which comes from the Latin word for <\/span><span id=\"E726\">kidnapper<\/span><span id=\"E727\">, is using another person\u2019s ideas or words in a way that makes t<\/span><span id=\"E728\">hem seem as if they were yours.<\/span><span id=\"E729\"> McWhorter and Aaron note that it is a \u201cserious offense\u201d whether you plagiarize on purpose or without realizing you\u2019ve done so (452).<\/span>\r\n<p id=\"E731\"><span id=\"E732\">An additional form of plagiarism is creating paraphrases (putting the author\u2019s ideas into your own words)<\/span><span id=\"E733\"> that<\/span><span id=\"E734\"> are <\/span><span id=\"E735\">too<\/span><span id=\"E736\"> similar to<\/span><span id=\"E737\"> the original writing.<\/span><span id=\"E738\"> Examples of this are on the following page.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E739\"><span id=\"E740\">McWhorter and Aar<\/span><span id=\"E742\">on suggest that the best way to<\/span><span id=\"E743\"> avoid plagiarism is simple: \u201cEvery time you borrow the words, facts or ideas of others, you must <\/span><span id=\"E744\">document <\/span><span id=\"E745\">the source\u2014that is, supply a r<\/span><span id=\"E746\">eference ... telling<\/span><span id=\"E747\"> readers that you borrowed the material and where you borrowed it from\u201d (457).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<span id=\"E751\">Below<\/span><span id=\"E752\"> are various examples of plagiarism and ways to avoid plagiarizing:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Original source of the examples below:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Experts generally agree that the Internet and other modern technologies have made plagiarism easier (Hansen).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Direct Quotation:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E765\">Plagiarism: <\/span><span id=\"E766\">Those who have studied it say that the Internet and other modern technologies have made plagiarism easier (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E767\"> This is plagiarism because the direct quotation is not documented with quotation marks<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E771\">Fair use: <\/span><span id=\"E772\">Those who have studied it say, \u201cthat the Internet and other modern technologies have made plagiarism easier\u201d (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E773\">Direct quotation is correctly documented with quotation marks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Quoting Key Words:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E781\">Plagiarism:<\/span><span id=\"E782\"> Care ought to be taken with certain modern technologies that encourage academic dishonesty (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E783\">This is plagiarism because key words are not documented with quotation marks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E787\">Fair use:<\/span><span id=\"E788\"> Care ought to be taken with certain \u201cmodern technologies\u201d that encourage academic dishonesty (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E789\">Key words are correctly documented with quotation marks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Paraphrasing:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E797\">Plagiarism: <\/span><span id=\"E798\">Experts mostly think that the Internet and other new technologies make it easier for people to plagiarize (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E799\">This is plagiarism because the paraphrase is constructed out of synonyms <\/span><span id=\"E800\">but<\/span><span id=\"E801\"> retains the source\u2019s word order<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E805\">Fair use: <\/span><span id=\"E806\">Committing acts of academic dishonesty have become nearly effortless with the rise of new, fast ways to procure information, such as the Internet, say most experts (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E807\"> The paraphrase contains the same information as the source but is shaped and phrased differently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Plagiarism is a Serious Offense<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\r\n<div id=\"contents\">\r\n<p id=\"E811\"><span id=\"E812\">Under Corning Community College\u2019s Academic Dishonesty Policy, acts of plagiarism are\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">considered unethical and may result in severe punishment\u2014sometimes in the form of expulsion from a course. For more information on what constitutes a violation and penalties, see Corning Community College Student Handbook, Academic Dishonesty Section.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<span id=\"E814\">Bottom Line<\/span><span id=\"E815\">: <\/span><span id=\"E816\">If the information you are using comes from <\/span><span id=\"E817\">anyone <\/span><span id=\"E818\">other than you, you need to <\/span><span id=\"E819\">cite it. <\/span><span id=\"E821\">When in doubt, cite<\/span><span id=\"E822\">.<\/span><span id=\"E823\"> <\/span><span id=\"E824\">I<\/span><span id=\"E825\">f your citation isn\u2019t needed, your <\/span><span id=\"E826\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E827\"> will let you know.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"E831\">For more information on avoiding plagiarism<\/span><span id=\"E832\">, check out the <\/span><span id=\"E833\">Purdue University\u2019s Online Writing <\/span><span id=\"E834\">L<\/span><span id=\"E835\">ab (OWL)<\/span><span id=\"E836\"> (http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu), <\/span><span id=\"E837\">the Learning Commons<\/span><span id=\"E838\">, <\/span><span id=\"E839\">your handbook<\/span><span id=\"E840\">, and <\/span><span id=\"E841\">your textbook<\/span><span id=\"E842\">. <\/span><span id=\"E843\">The <\/span><span id=\"E844\">OWL has an article entitled \u201cIs It Plagiarism Yet?\u201d that you may find especially helpful.<\/span>\r\n<h2>How to Format Your Paper<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Heading and Title<\/h3>\r\nOne inch from the top on the left-hand side, type your heading: on separate lines, type your name, your instructor\u2019s name, the course number, and the date (Ex: 17 June 2016), double-spacing between the lines.\r\n\r\n<span id=\"E860\">Capitalize the first letter of all <\/span><span id=\"E861\">keywords in your title,<\/span><span id=\"E862\"> <\/span><span id=\"E863\">including the first and last word<\/span><span id=\"E864\">. Do not capitalize prepositions, conjunctions, and articles (\u201cof,\u201d \u201cand,\u201d \u201cthe,\u201d etc.) unless one is at the beginning or end of the title. <\/span><span id=\"E865\">Do not format the title in any other way<\/span><span id=\"E866\"> (<\/span><span id=\"E867\">no underlining, bolding, italicizing, <\/span><span id=\"E868\">quotation marks, or all-caps) unless your title <\/span><span id=\"E869\">contains<\/span><span id=\"E870\"> the title of another work. Then only quote or italicize that portion.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"E874\">If your <\/span><span id=\"E875\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E876\"> requires a title page, follow the directions he or she gives you.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Page Numbering<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E932\">Insert the page number in the top right-hand corner. Type your last name <\/span><span id=\"E933\">to the left of<\/span><span id=\"E934\"> the page number. Do not include the abbreviation <\/span><span id=\"E935\">p.<\/span><span id=\"E936\">, a period, or any other symbols with the page number.<\/span>\r\n<h3>Font<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E943\">Choose a font that is easy to read, and in which the difference between regular and italic style is <\/span><span id=\"E944\">clear, such as Times New Roman.<\/span><span id=\"E945\"> Set the font size to 12 points.<\/span>\r\n<h3>Margins<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E950\">The margins should be set at <\/span><span id=\"E951\">1<\/span><span id=\"E952\"> inch for the sides, top, and bottom of your pages.<\/span>\r\n<h3>Line Spacing<\/h3>\r\nKeep your text set to double line spacing for the whole paper, from your heading through your Works Cited page.\r\n\r\n<span id=\"E959\">Note: In order to conserve space, this style packet often single-spaces its text and examples. Make sure that all parts of <\/span><span id=\"E960\">your<\/span><span id=\"E961\"> paper are double-spaced. Do <\/span><span id=\"E962\">not<\/span><span id=\"E963\"> hit \u201cEnter\u201d to double-space your lines. Instead, use the line spacing settings in your word processing program.<\/span>\r\n<h3>Titles: Quotes or Italics for my Sources?<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E970\">The rule of thumb is that <\/span><span id=\"E971\">\u201c<\/span><span id=\"E972\">little stuff<\/span><span id=\"E973\">\u201d<\/span><span id=\"E974\"> gets quotation marks and <\/span><span id=\"E975\">\u201c<\/span><span id=\"E976\">big stuff<\/span><span id=\"E977\">\u201d<\/span><span id=\"E978\"> gets italicized. For example, the titles of poems, short stories, <\/span><span id=\"E979\">chapters, <\/span><span id=\"E980\">individual articles, and specific webpages usually<\/span><span id=\"E981\"> have quotation marks<\/span><span id=\"E982\">, while the titles of whole novels, other books, and entire newspapers, magazines, journals, and websites get italicized. Another way of looking at it is that the small, individual works get quoted while their <\/span><span id=\"E983\">containers<\/span><span id=\"E984\"> (the larger publications that contain <\/span><span id=\"E985\">several<\/span><span id=\"E986\"> works) get italicized. However, there are exceptions<\/span><span id=\"E987\">. For example,<\/span><span id=\"E988\"> plays, even when contained in an anthology, and government publications, even when viewed by way of a larger website, also get italicized. If you have a question regarding this formatting issue, do not hesitate to ask.<\/span>\r\n<h2>How to Quote a Source<\/h2>\r\n<span id=\"E999\">When you include someone else\u2019s writing in your own work, you need to give the author(s) credit in two ways: place quotation marks before and after the <\/span><span id=\"E1000\">text<\/span><span id=\"E1001\"> you are using, and include an in-text citation (see Section III). This section will help you learn how to format your quotations.<\/span>\r\n<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\r\n<div id=\"contents\">\r\n<p id=\"E1004\"><span id=\"E1005\">It is very important for you to <\/span><span id=\"E1006\">copy the words you are quoting <\/span><span id=\"E1007\">exactly <\/span><span id=\"E1008\">as they appear in the original text. If you want to <\/span><span id=\"E1009\">include extra words<\/span><span id=\"E1010\">, you need to put <\/span><span id=\"E1011\">square brackets ( [ ] ) <\/span><span id=\"E1012\">around those words<\/span><span id=\"E1013\">. <\/span><span id=\"E1014\">If you want to <\/span><span id=\"E1015\">omit words<\/span><span id=\"E1016\">, you need to put an <\/span><span id=\"E1017\">ellipsis ( . . . ) <\/span><span id=\"E1018\">in the space where the words were removed<\/span><span id=\"E1019\">. (Note the spaces between and around the periods.) Additionally, if the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">original text makes use of double quotation marks <\/span><span id=\"E1020\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">(\u201c \u201d)<\/span><span id=\"E1021\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, you must change them to single quotation marks <\/span><span id=\"E1022\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">(\u2018 \u2019)<\/span><span id=\"E1023\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">. See the example below for the application of all three rules:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1027\">Original <\/span><span id=\"E1028\">text<\/span><span id=\"E1029\"> by Barbara Ehrenreich<\/span><span id=\"E1030\">:<\/span><span id=\"E1031\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1032\">The top 20 percent routinely exercises other, far more consequential forms of power in the world. This stratum, which contains what I have termed in an earlier book the \u201cprofessional-managerial class,\u201d is the home of our decision makers, opinion shapers, culture creators\u2014our professors, lawyers, executives, entertainers, politicians, judges, writers, producers, and editors.<\/span><sup><span id=\"E1033\">13<\/span><\/sup><span id=\"E1034\"> When they speak, they are listened to.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1039\">Quotation: <\/span><span id=\"E1040\">Ehrenreich addresses the relationships of income, class, and power: \u201c<\/span><span id=\"E1041\">The top 20 percent [of income earners] routinely exercises other, far more consequential forms of power in the world. This stratum, which contains . . . the \u2018professional-managerial class,\u2019 is the home of our decision makers, opinion shapers, culture creators . . . When they speak, they are listened to\u201d (215).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Double Quotes Versus Single Quotes<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E1050\">Although you will usually use double quotation marks (<\/span><span id=\"E1051\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1052\">\u201c \u201d<\/span><span id=\"E1053\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1054\">), there are times when you\u2019ll need to use single quotation marks (<\/span><span id=\"E1055\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1056\">\u2018 \u2019<\/span><span id=\"E1057\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1058\">). <\/span><span id=\"E1059\">When quoting part of a work of literature, you\u2019ll use double quotation marks before and after <\/span><span id=\"E1060\">the text that the author wrote.<\/span><span id=\"E1061\"> However, if the quotation itself already includes double quotation marks, you\u2019ll need to turn those into single <\/span><span id=\"E1062\">quotes<\/span><span id=\"E1063\">. Sometimes, they might be placed directly next to each other. Here\u2019s an example:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Original Text:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1068\">George Washington offered a series<\/span><span id=\"E1069\"> of warnings, what he called a \u201c<\/span><span id=\"E1070\">solemn contemplation.\"<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Quotation:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1099\">Regarding the tradition of the presidential farewell address, <\/span><span id=\"E1100\">Tamara Keith <\/span><span id=\"E1101\">recount<\/span><span id=\"E1102\">s that \u201cGeorge Washington offered a series of warnings, what he called a \u2018solemn contemplation.\u2019\"<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Note: The single quotes around the phrase \"solemn contemplation\" inside the double quotes that surround the entire source material.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Block Quotes<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\r\n<div id=\"contents\">\r\n<p id=\"E1109\"><span id=\"E1110\">If the part you are quoting ends up longer than <\/span><span id=\"E1111\">four <\/span><span id=\"E1112\">lines when you put it in your essay, you need to format it differently: this is called a <\/span><span id=\"E1113\">block quote<\/span><span id=\"E1114\">.<\/span><span id=\"E1115\"> Here\u2019s what to do: lead into your quote with an introductory statement ending in a full colon. Start on a new line, type the quote <\/span><span id=\"E1116\">without <\/span><span id=\"E1117\">quotation marks, indent the entire quote one inch from the left margin, maintain your double spacing, a<\/span><span id=\"E1118\">nd\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">end the quote with a period.<\/span><span id=\"E1119\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> The in-text citation goes in parentheses <\/span><span id=\"E1120\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">after <\/span><span id=\"E1121\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">the period, next to the end of the quote.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Quoting Poetry<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E1143\">When quoting special text like this, the overall goal is to maintain clarity about the special formatting of the original text<\/span><span id=\"E1144\">.<\/span><span id=\"E1145\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1146\">You can put <\/span><span id=\"E1147\">one to three<\/span><span id=\"E1148\"> lines of poetry within your text, in quotation marks <\/span><span id=\"E1149\">with a slash <\/span><span id=\"E1150\">( \/ ) <\/span><span id=\"E1151\">between each line.<\/span><span id=\"E1152\"> Put a space before and after the slash<\/span><span id=\"E1153\">, as shown in the example below<\/span><span id=\"E1154\">. Use two slashes ( \/\/ ) to indicate a stanza break.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"E1157\">\u201cNow the chimney was all of the house that stood, \/ Like a pistil after the petals go\u201d<\/span><span id=\"E1158\"> (<\/span><span id=\"E1159\">Frost lines <\/span><span id=\"E1160\">3-4).<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"E1163\">When citing <\/span><span id=\"E1164\">four or more<\/span><span id=\"E1165\"> lines of text, you should start your citation on a new line (following the same guidelines as block quotations). Follow the formatting used by the poet: if the lines <\/span><span id=\"E1166\">are center-justified<\/span><span id=\"E1167\">, yours should do so as well.<\/span><span id=\"E1168\"> If the words <\/span><span id=\"E1169\">have a different arrangement<\/span><span id=\"E1170\">, try to imitate that arrangement as well as possible in your block quote. Here\u2019s an example of<\/span><span id=\"E1171\"> a center-justified block quote:<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"E1175\">\u201cThe Sidewalk Racer\u201d seems to undulate <\/span><span id=\"E1176\">from line to<\/span><span id=\"E1177\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1178\">line <\/span><span id=\"E1179\">due to the formatting<\/span><span id=\"E1180\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1181\">and enjambment <\/span><span id=\"E1182\">employed by<\/span><span id=\"E1183\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1184\">the poet:<\/span><span id=\"E1185\"><\/span>\r\n<p id=\"E1186\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1187\">Skimming<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1188\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1189\">an asphalt sea<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1190\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1191\">I swerve, I curve, I<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1192\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1193\">sway; I speed to whirring<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1194\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1195\">sound an inch above the<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1196\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1197\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1198\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1199\">ground; I\u2019m the sailor<\/span><span id=\"E1200\"> (Morrison <\/span><span id=\"E1201\">lines <\/span><span id=\"E1202\">1-6)<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Quoting Lines of Drama<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E1220\">When quoting dialogue between two <\/span><span id=\"E1221\">or more <\/span><span id=\"E1222\">characters in a play, start the quotation on a new line, following the guidelines for block quotations. Start with the first character\u2019s name, written in all capital letters<\/span><span id=\"E1223\">, \u00bd inch from the left margin<\/span><span id=\"E1224\">. Follow the name with a period and one space, a<\/span><span id=\"E1225\">nd then start the quotation.<\/span><span id=\"E1226\"> If that character\u2019s speech goes on to a second line or further, indent those lines an additional quarter inch. Start a new line for each character\u2019s speech, following the directions above.<\/span>\r\n<p id=\"E1228\"><span id=\"E1229\">The chairman\u2019s anxiety is plain<\/span><span id=\"E1230\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1231\">as he <\/span><span id=\"E1232\">attempts<\/span><span id=\"E1233\"> to tell the Youngers <\/span><span id=\"E1234\">about the committee\u2019s offer<\/span><span id=\"E1235\">:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1236\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span id=\"E1237\">LIDNER. Thank you. I would sort of like to explain this thing in my own way. I mean I want to explain to you in a certain way.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1238\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span id=\"E1239\">WALTER. Go ahead.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1240\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span id=\"E1241\">LIDNER. Yes. Well. I\u2019m going to try to get right to the point. <\/span><span id=\"E1242\">(Hansberry <\/span><span id=\"E1243\">1223; act <\/span><span id=\"E1244\">2)<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>In-Text Citations<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"E1263\"><span id=\"E1264\">Documenting your sources using MLA is a two-part process. <\/span><span id=\"E1265\">First<\/span><span id=\"E1266\">, you <\/span><span id=\"E1267\">make an in-text citation to <\/span><span id=\"E1268\">identify the source <\/span><span id=\"E1269\">from which you drew the information or ideas.<\/span><span id=\"E1270\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1271\">Second<\/span><span id=\"E1272\">, you give an extended amount of information about the source on the last page of your paper, under the heading \u201cWorks Cited\u201d (see pages 9-13).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1274\"><span id=\"E1275\">Remember! <\/span><span id=\"E1276\">In-text citations are not just for direct quotes; they are for any information or ideas that came from your source material!<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1278\"><span id=\"E1279\">In-text citations can be accomplished in two ways: <\/span><span id=\"E1280\">(1)<\/span><span id=\"E1281\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1282\">parenthetical citations <\/span><span id=\"E1283\">and<\/span><span id=\"E1284\"> (2) signal phrases.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1287\">For most<\/span><span id=\"E1288\"> parenthetical citations<\/span><span id=\"E1289\">, use an author-page number format.<\/span><span id=\"E1290\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1291\">I<\/span><span id=\"E1292\">n parentheses, <\/span><span id=\"E1293\">type<\/span><span id=\"E1294\"> the last name of the author, <\/span><span id=\"E1295\">then <\/span><span id=\"E1296\">a space, and the<\/span><span id=\"E1297\">n<\/span><span id=\"E1298\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1299\">the <\/span><span id=\"E1300\">nu<\/span><span id=\"E1301\">mber(s) of the page(s)* cited <\/span><span id=\"E1302\">(<\/span><span id=\"E1303\">Anderson 1<\/span><span id=\"E1304\">8).<\/span><span id=\"E1305\"> Note the space before the first parenthesis and that the period of the sentence comes immediately after the second parenthesis.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1308\">A <\/span><span id=\"E1309\">signal phrase <\/span><span id=\"E1310\">provides the author\u2019s last name in the wording of the sentence that quotes, paraphrases, or introduces the source material. It is <\/span><span id=\"E1311\">optional<\/span><span id=\"E1312\"> in this case to give the author\u2019s full name and even more information about the source. <\/span><span id=\"E1313\">A signal phrase is preferable to a\u00a0parenthetical citation when you are introduci<span id=\"E1314\">ng a source for the first time. <\/span><span id=\"E1315\">Example<\/span><span id=\"E1316\">: <\/span><span id=\"E1317\">In <\/span><span id=\"E1318\">Crucible of War<\/span><span id=\"E1319\">, <\/span><span id=\"E1320\">Fred Anderson <\/span><span id=\"E1321\">called the Onondagan control of the Ohio Country \u201cthe fulcrum . . . of relations between the French and the English\u201d<\/span><span id=\"E1322\"> (<\/span><span id=\"E1323\">1<\/span><span id=\"E1324\">8<\/span><span id=\"E1325\">)<\/span><span id=\"E1326\">. <\/span><span id=\"E1327\">Since you already named the author, you only put t<\/span><span id=\"E1328\">he page number, if available, <\/span><span id=\"E1329\">in parenthese<\/span><span id=\"E1330\">s after the <\/span><span id=\"E1331\">quotation or paraphrased information.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span id=\"E1334\">TIP: <\/span><span id=\"E1335\">You can omit the author\u2019s name from a citation and use only the page number or other <\/span><span id=\"E1336\">location information (if applicable), so long as <\/span><span id=\"E1338\">a)<\/span><span id=\"E1339\"> the material is from the same source as the previous source material, and <\/span><span id=\"E1340\">b)<\/span><span id=\"E1341\"> it is clear that it is that source\u2019s information or ideas, not yours. If there is any possibility for confusion, then cite the author\u2019s name again.<\/span>\r\n\r\nMost Importantly:\r\n<p id=\"E1333\"><span id=\"E1334\">TIP: <\/span><span id=\"E1335\">You can omit the author\u2019s name from a citation and use only the page number or other <\/span><span id=\"E1336\">location information (if applicable), so long as <\/span><span id=\"E1338\">a)<\/span><span id=\"E1339\"> the material is from the same source as the previous source material, and <\/span><span id=\"E1340\">b)<\/span><span id=\"E1341\"> it is clear that it is that source\u2019s information or ideas, not yours. If there is any possibility for confusion, then cite the author\u2019s name again.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E1343\"><span id=\"E1344\">Most Importantly<\/span><span id=\"E1345\">:\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"E1347\">W<\/span><span id=\"E1348\">hether your in-text citation is <\/span><span id=\"E1349\">a signal phrase or <\/span><span id=\"E1350\">is <\/span><span id=\"E1351\">parenthetical, you must provide the element that <\/span><span id=\"E1352\">begins<\/span><span id=\"E1353\"> the source\u2019s entry on your Works Cited page. Usually this is the author\u2019s\/authors\u2019 last name(s), but sometimes there is no author and therefore the first element is the title of the work. However, your in-text citation must match it, or your reader will have a harder time locating <\/span><span id=\"E1354\">your source<\/span><span id=\"E1355\"> on your alphabetized Works Cited list.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Two Notes About Page Numbers<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1366\">Only worry about page numbers if there are actual page numbers provided <\/span><span id=\"E1367\">with the<\/span><span id=\"E1368\"> text, such as in a book, magazine, or in a database article that is in PDF format (visible page numbers on the screen). <\/span><span id=\"E1369\">D<\/span><span id=\"E1370\">o <\/span><span id=\"E1371\">NOT<\/span><span id=\"E1372\"> use page numbers that the printer puts on the corners of the pages, such as when printing out webpages.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1375\">When giving a range of pages with page numbers greater than 100, only give the <\/span><span id=\"E1376\">last <\/span><span id=\"E1377\">two <\/span><span id=\"E1378\">digits<\/span><span id=\"E1379\"> for the last page <\/span><span id=\"E1380\">if <\/span><span id=\"E1381\">the first part of the number is the <\/span><span id=\"E1382\">same<\/span><span id=\"E1383\">. For instance, when citing pages 1388 through <\/span><span id=\"E1384\">13<\/span><span id=\"E1385\">92, you\u2019d write: \u201c1388-<\/span><span id=\"E1386\">92<\/span><span id=\"E1387\">,\u201d but for pages 1388 through <\/span><span id=\"E1388\">14<\/span><span id=\"E1389\">03, you\u2019d write: \u201c1388-<\/span><span id=\"E1390\">1403<\/span><span id=\"E1391\">.\"<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Author Named Signal Phrase\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"761150\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"761150\"]In fact, journalist Bill Walsh argues \u201ca story without quotes is flat and lifeless. And you can quote me on that\u201d (49). Note: Page numbers are given without any use of p. or other symbols. The period goes after the closing parenthesis.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Author Named in Parentheses\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"481322\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"481322\"]Some believe the word quote is a perfect way to describe \u201cthose nuggets of speech that journalists mine from the living to give their stories credibility\u201d (Walsh 49-50). [\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Author Not Listed\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"756149\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"756149\"]Two methods exist: use the whole title in a signal phrase or include the first few words of the title in parentheses. In a parenthetical citation, also drop any \u201cThe,\u201d \u201cAn,\u201d or \u201cA\u201d that might begin the title. According to \u201cAthlete\u2019s Foot \u2013 Topic Overview,\u201d this infection can be transmitted by skin contact. OR Skin contact can easily transmit the infection (\u201cAthlete\u2019s Foot\u201d). Remember: Titles of books and government publications are italicized; titles of articles and webpages are put in quotation marks. In the case of webpages, as in the example above, there are usually no page numbers to be cited unless the document is a PDF.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Two Authors\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"830344\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"830344\"]Refer to them both in a signal phrase by using either their last names or full names, or use only their last names with \u201cand\u201d in a parenthetical citation. Maintain the same order of the last names as listed in the source. This research investigated ways in which family meals affected relationships between teenagers and their parents (Hall and Langellier 142).[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Three or More Authors\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"173323\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"173323\"]Provide the first of the last names (according to their listed order) and then add \"et al.\" (the abbreviation for \"et alia,\" Latin for \"and others\"). Furthermore, researchers found that insurance plans that provided poor mental health care were much more likely to provide poor service in other areas of health care (Druss et al. 861).[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Two or More Works by the Same Author\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"923424\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"923424\"]Since, as a rule, you must use the first element in your in-text citation, in this case you would add the second element so that it is clear which source you are using. Judith Butler denies that the anatomy of the body has any essential value but that the sex of a body is meaningless until culture assigns meaning to it (Gender Trouble 142). What we say to one another is indeed an action: \u201cWe do things with language, produce effects with language, and we do things to language, but language is also the thing that we do.\u201d (Butler, Excitable Speech 49).[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Page Number Unknown\u00a0<span id=\"E1592\">(inclu<\/span><span id=\"E1593\">des web<\/span><span id=\"E1594\">site<\/span><span id=\"E1595\">s\/<\/span><span id=\"E1596\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1597\">web<\/span><span id=\"E1598\">pages<\/span><span id=\"E1599\">\/e-books<\/span><span id=\"E1600\">)\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"995780\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"995780\"]If the page number is unknown or, as in a web page, unusable (because printers paginate inconsistently), do not include a page number in the in-text citation. If the page numbers are viewable on the computer screen (as in a PDF), do use those page numbers. Do not use paragraph numbers unless they have already been pre-numbered in the text AND either there are no page numbers or your instructor prefers paragraph numbers. If that is the case, you can use the abbreviation \u201cpar.\u201d You may also use \u201cch.\u201d to cite summarized material that encompasses several pages in a single book chapter, to cite material from an e-book that lacks permanent pagination, or to supplement the page number from a classic work that might appear in several different editions. Vulchinich et al. point out that adolescents are more likely to pick a fight with their mothers than with their fathers. Heilbroner explains that \u201cstereotypes make us mentally lazy\u201d (par. 10). By 1864, towns across Kentucky were rife with civilian murders, espionage, and terrorism (Buhk, ch. 12). The Bishop of Digne is portrayed as a man of \u201cdivine childish goodness\u201d (Hugo 53, ch. 13).[\/hidden-answer]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Poetry\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"906733\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"906733\"]The numbers should always reference line numbers. MLA no longer use l. or ll. for \u201cline\u201d or \u201clines\u201d since these might be misread as numbers. Instead, use the poet\u2019s last name and the whole word \u201cline\u201d or \u201clines\u201d in a signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite a specific part of the poem. Subsequent citations for other parts of the poem only need the actual numbers. \u201cThe first time I walked \/ With a girl, I was twelve, \/ Cold and weighted down\u201d (Soto lines 1-3). \u201cA few cars hissing past, \/ Fog hanging like old \/ Coats between the trees\u201d (44-46).[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Drama\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"514138\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"514138\"]MLA recommends using both page numbers and act number. Remember, the author\u2019s name is not necessary unless it is the first time using that source, or if you are switching back to that source from another source. Mama insists to Beneatha, \u201cThere is always something left to love. And if you ain\u2019t learned that, you ain\u2019t learned nothing\u201d (Hansberry 1236, act 3). Shakespeare and other verse-based drama can be exceptions. Ask your instructor if he or she has a preference. When face-to face with the ghost, Hamlet proclaims, \u201cThere are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, \/ Than are dreamt of in your philosophy\u201d (Ham. 1.5.167-68).[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reference Work\u00a0<span id=\"E1703\">(Dictionary, <\/span><span id=\"E1704\">e<\/span><span id=\"E1705\">ncyclopedia,<\/span><span id=\"E1706\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1707\">etc.)\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"723662\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"723662\"]Most encyclopedias and dictionaries are listed in the Works Cited page under the word that was looked up, so that is what goes in the parenthetical citation. No page number is required, as readers can simply look up the entry by that word. Another way Krager dupes the reader is his use of syllogisms. Known as \u201ca subtle, specious, or crafty argument,\u201d these can prove a point by setting up false premises, as he does (\u201csyllogism\u201d).[\/hidden-answer]<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Scripture (Bible, Quran, etc.)\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"811301\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"811301\"]Print source: The first time you reference the work, use the item at the beginning of your entry in the Works Cited list (often the title of the Bible, minus \u201cThe\u201d), followed by a comma, the abbreviated title of the specific book (e.g. Gen. or 1 Cor.), and the chapter and verse numbers (divided by periods) instead of page numbers. Thereafter, use just the book, chapter, and verse. Don\u2019t hesitate to inquire if you are not sure how to abbreviate a particular book. First time: Thereafter: (NIV Study Bible, Matt. 25.34-40) (Matt. 25.41-46) (Qur'an, 12:68-69) (12:97-98) However, if you are using an online reference source to find and use the sacred text, cite it as you would another online reference without a given author, such as an online encyclopedia. The scripture reference then serves as the webpage title, which you would list first in an internet source listing. Each time, it would just look like this, using the shortened form of the webpage title: (\u201cPsalm 25\u201d). This parenthetical citation would link to this listing on your Works Cited page: \u201cPsalm 25. English Standard Version (ESV).\u201d Bible Gateway, www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Psalm+25&amp;version=ESV. Accessed 3 Jan. 2017.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Indirect Sources\u00a0(Quoting what someone else has quoted)\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"44865\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"44865\"]When you are using a quote from your source that comes from another source, you need to give attribution to both sources. Use a signal phrase to specify the actual author\/speaker of the quote as you lead into it. Then, in a parenthetical citation, put the abbreviation qtd. in (\u201cquoted in\u201d) before the name of the source that contained it (e.g. Pink). Only that containing source (Pink) goes in your Works Cited list. Working towards mastery requires a great amount of dedication, but as Carol Dweck asserts, \u201cEffort is one of the things that gives meaning to life\u201d (qtd. in Pink 123).[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Works Cited Page<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Purpose<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E1827\">The <\/span><span id=\"E1828\">MLA rules for the <\/span><span id=\"E1829\">Works Cited portion of <\/span><span id=\"E1830\">your<\/span><span id=\"E1831\"> paper <\/span><span id=\"E1832\">are<\/span><span id=\"E1833\"> designed to give readers a<\/span><span id=\"E1834\">n accurate,<\/span><span id=\"E1835\"> detailed, <\/span><span id=\"E1836\">organized<\/span><span id=\"E1837\">, and easy-to-understand list of information about <\/span><span id=\"E1838\">all <\/span><span id=\"E1839\">the sources that <\/span><span id=\"E1840\">you have<\/span><span id=\"E1841\"> cited.<\/span><span id=\"E1842\"> It is alphabetically ordered to make it easy for the reader to locate a source listing.<\/span>\r\n<h3>Formatting<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1849\">The <\/span><span id=\"E1850\">last<\/span><span id=\"E1851\"> page of your paper is the works cited list.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1855\">The entire Works Cited page should be <\/span><span id=\"E1856\">double-spaced.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1861\">Use the <\/span><span id=\"E1862\">center <\/span><span id=\"E1863\">function to place the title in the middle of the first line: Works Cited.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1867\">Skip a line between the title and your text and <\/span><span id=\"E1868\">left-justify <\/span><span id=\"E1869\">your text.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1873\">Set up the body of your works cited page for <\/span><span id=\"E1874\">hanging indents<\/span><span id=\"E1875\">. To do this, click on the symbol in the bottom right-hand corner of the <\/span><span id=\"E1876\">Paragraph <\/span><span id=\"E1877\">section on the Home tab.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1887\">In the <\/span><span id=\"E1888\">Indentation <\/span><span id=\"E1889\">section of the Paragraph pop-up menu, under <\/span><span id=\"E1890\">Special<\/span><span id=\"E1891\">, click on the <\/span><span id=\"E1892\">arrow<\/span><span id=\"E1893\"> (<\/span><span id=\"E1894\">Figure<\/span><span id=\"E1895\"> 2) and select <\/span><span id=\"E1896\">Hanging <\/span><span id=\"E1897\">from the drop-down menu. Then, click the OK button at the bottom of the menu.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1935\">Ensure that your page has <\/span><span id=\"E1936\">1\u201d margins <\/span><span id=\"E1937\">on all sides.<\/span><span id=\"E1938\"><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1942\">Place your works cited entries <\/span><span id=\"E1943\">in alphabetical order by the first item in the entry<\/span><span id=\"E1944\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1946\">If the word-processing program <\/span><span id=\"E1948\">auto-corrects<\/span><span id=\"E1949\"> mechanical aspects such as capitalization, you may need to change it back so it conforms to the MLA guidelines.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E1982\">Word-processing programs will often change a <\/span><span id=\"E1983\">URL into a hyperlink<\/span><span id=\"E1984\"> (blue and underlined<\/span><span id=\"E1985\">)<\/span><span id=\"E1986\">. If this happens, right click and select \u201cRemove hyperlink.\u201d Also, never use <\/span><span id=\"E1987\">http:\/\/ <\/span><span id=\"E1988\">or <\/span><span id=\"E1989\">https:\/\/<\/span><span id=\"E1990\">. Instead, type or copy the URL beginning to the right of that material (including <\/span><span id=\"E1991\">www<\/span><span id=\"E1992\"> if present).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Elements of Works Cited Entries<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E1999\">Works Cited entr<\/span><span id=\"E2000\">ies are the listings of <\/span><span id=\"E2001\">every source cited<\/span><span id=\"E2002\"> <\/span><span id=\"E2003\">at least once<\/span><span id=\"E2004\"> in the body of the paper. <\/span><span id=\"E2005\">The<\/span><span id=\"E2006\"> <\/span><span id=\"E2007\">standard<\/span><span id=\"E2008\"> elements <\/span><span id=\"E2009\">of each entry are listed <\/span><span id=\"E2010\">in order <\/span><span id=\"E2011\">below, though often certain elements are skipped if the information is not relevant or available for that type of source. Note the punctuation that typically follows each core element:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Author<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Title of Source<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Title of Container (see \"Containers\" below)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other Contributors<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Version<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Number<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Publisher<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Publication Date\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Months longer than four letters are abbreviated to three letters, with the exception of September (Sept.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E2045\">Location<\/span><span id=\"E2046\">.<\/span><span id=\"E2047\"> <\/span><span id=\"E2048\">(<\/span><span id=\"E2049\">Page numbers<\/span><span id=\"E2050\"> if the source is a text inside a larger container, or a <\/span><span id=\"E2051\">URL or permalink<\/span><span id=\"E2052\"> if found on the internet or in an online database, respectively.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E2054\">Internet a<\/span><span id=\"E2055\">ccess date<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E2059\">Recommended <\/span><span id=\"E2060\">if no publication date is given<\/span><span id=\"E2062\"><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Containers<\/h3>\r\n<span id=\"E2126\">A container<\/span><span id=\"E2127\"> is the larger source that <\/span><span id=\"E2128\">contains<\/span><span id=\"E2129\"> your source\u2014where you found your title, such as a <\/span><span id=\"E2130\">newspaper, <\/span><span id=\"E2131\">journal, anthology, reference <\/span><span id=\"E2132\">book, website<\/span><span id=\"E2133\">, etc. <\/span><span id=\"E2134\">Elements 3 \u2013 9 <\/span><span id=\"E2135\">(previous page)<\/span><span id=\"E2136\"> <\/span><span id=\"E2137\">all provide information about that \u201ccontainer.\u201d <\/span><span id=\"E2138\"><\/span><span id=\"E2153\"><\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Book with One Author\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"188740\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"188740\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. Title. Publisher, Date of Publication.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"652243\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"652243\"]Tannen, Deborah. <em>You're Wearing That?<\/em> Random House, 2006.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Book with Multiple Authors\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"629778\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"629778\"]Reverse only the name of the first author in the list. Two authors: Last Name, First Name and First Last. Three authors or more Authors: Last Name, First Name, et al. [\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An Encyclopedia or Dictionary\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"299469\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"299469\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name (if known). \u201cTitle of the Article or Entry.\u201d Title of the Work. Edition, Publisher, Date of Publication.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"758421\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"758421\"]\"Delight.\u201d <em>The American Heritage Dictionary<\/em>. 4th ed., Dell, 2001.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Work in an Anthology\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"411727\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"411727\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, First Name. \u201cTitle of Work.\u201d Title of Anthology, edited by (Editor\u2019s Name\/s), Edition (if any), Publisher, Date of Publication. Page(s).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"535972\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"535972\"]Carver, Raymond. \u201cCathedral.\u201d <em>Literature for Composition: An Introduction to Literature<\/em>, edited by Sylvan Barnet et al., 11th ed., Pearson, 2017, pp. 1317-26.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Scripture (Bible, Quran, etc.)\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"706751\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"706751\"]Title. Version. Edited\/Translated by (name of head editor\/translator, if known), Publisher, Year of Publication.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"394596\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"394596\"]<em>The NIV Study Bible<\/em>. New International Version. Edited by Kenneth Barker, Zondervan, 1985.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E2368\">E<\/span><span id=\"E2369\">-<\/span><span id=\"E2370\">Book from <\/span><span id=\"E2371\">an Online Digital Library\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"951816\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"951816\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Date of Publication. Title of Digital Library, Permalink URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier.[\/hidden-answer]<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"877546\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"877546\"]Gikandi, Simon. <em>Ngugi wa Thiong\u2019o<\/em>. Cambridge UP, 2000. <em>ACLS Humanities E-book<\/em>, hdl.handle.net\/2027\/heb.07588.0001.001.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E2394\">E<\/span><span id=\"E2395\">-<\/span><span id=\"E2396\">Book from <\/span><span id=\"E2397\">a Digital Read<\/span><span id=\"E2400\">er\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"764858\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"764858\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. Title of the Book. Version, Publisher, Date of Publication.[\/hidden-answer]<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"851665\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"851665\"]Joyce, James. <em>Dubliners<\/em>. Kindle ed., Open Road, 2014.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Article in a Scholarly Journal\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"95846\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"95846\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Name of the Periodical, Volume Number, Issue Number, Date of Publication, Page(s).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"751210\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"751210\"]Segal, Sabrina K. and Larry Cahill. \u201cEndogenous Noradrenergic Activation and Memory for Emotional Material in Men and Women.\u201d <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology<\/em>, vol. 34, no.1, Oct. 2009, pp.1263-71.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Article in a Magazine\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"408050\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"408050\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Title of Magazine, Date of Publication, Page(s).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"793221\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"793221\"]Woodard, Helen. \u201cComing Out Late in Life.\u201d <em>Redbook<\/em>, Nov. 2011, pp. 28-30.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Article in a Newspaper\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"548671\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"548671\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Title of Newspaper, Date of Publication, Page(s) Note: If the newspaper uses numbers for sections, use \u201csec. #: page #\u201d for pages.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"558587\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"558587\"]Seigfeld, Troy. \u201cThe Health Care Debate.\u201d <em>Los Angeles Times<\/em>, 7 Apr. 2013, sec. 2: p. 13.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Online Newspaper or Magazine Article\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"992147\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"992147\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Title of Overall Web Site, Date of Publication, URL.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"857075\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"857075\"]Frizell, Sam. \u201cWhat\u2019s Next for Democrats After the Clintons?\u201d <em>Time Magazine<\/em>, 10 Nov. 2016, time.com\/4565964\/whats-next-for-democrats\/.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Article in a Library Database\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"892747\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"892747\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Name of the Periodical, Volume Number, Issue Number, Date of Publication, Page Numbers*. Name of Database, URL\/DOI*. *If an article has a DOI, use it instead of a URL. To use a URL, find the \u201cPermalink\u201d from the side toolbar and copy that.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"302062\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"302062\"]Shayan, Hossein. \"Organ Transplantation: From Myth to Reality.\" <em>Journal Of Investigative Surgery<\/em>, vol. 14, no. 3, May\/June 2001. pp. 135-138. <em>Academic Search Complete<\/em>, doi: 10.1080\/089419301300343282. [\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Work on the Web (Author)\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"273057\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"273057\"]Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name (if known). \u201cTitle of Source.\u201d Container (entire website name), Version or Edition (if known), Publisher\/Sponsor (if different from website name), Date of Publication or Last Edit\/Upload, Location (URL). Date of Access (if no date of publication, edit, or upload available). Do not use copyright dates as dates of publication for internet sources.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"737727\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"737727\"]Terdiman, Daniel. \u201cInside the Eiffel Tower's 'Secret' Bunker.\u201d <em>CNET<\/em>, CBS Interactive Inc., 26 June 2011, www.cnet.com\/news\/inside-the-eiffel-towers-secret-bunker\/.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Work on the Web (Author not listed) -- Example of Alteration for this Type\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"177256\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"177256\"]\u201cHouse Says 'No' To Pet Primates.\u201d CNN, Cable News Network, www.cnn.com\/2009\/POLITICS\/02\/24\/primates.pets.bill\/index.html?eref=ib_us. Accessed 15 Dec. 2016.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"114610\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"114610\"]\"House Says 'No' To Pet Primates.\u201d <em>CNN<\/em>, Cable News Network, www.cnn.com\/2009\/POLITICS\/02\/24\/primates.pets.bill\/index.html?eref =ib_us. Accessed 15 Dec. 2016.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Work on the Web (Entire Website) -- Example of Alteration for this Type\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"411684\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"411684\"]Only use this in your Works Cited list when referencing it as a whole in your paper (not citing material from specific webpages), or if you if you use material from multiple webpages within the website. World Wildlife Fund. www.worldwildlife.org. Accessed 10 Jan. 2017.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"792011\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"792011\"]<em>World Wildlife Fund<\/em>. www.worldwildlife.org. Accessed 10 Jan. 2017.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>E-Mail\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"681312\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"681312\"]Name of the Writer (Last Name, First Name). \u201cSubject of E-mail.\u201d Name of Recipient, Date.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"348104\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"348104\"]Moon, Melanie. \u201cRe: Interview of My Father.\u201d Received by Mike T. Bassett, 23 Oct. 2013.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Government Publication\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"186460\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"186460\"]These documents can vary widely. Check with the Learning Commons if you find that the general example below does not work for your document. Author (if any individual person). Name of the organization or government (usually a state or country), Name of the Agency\/Department*. Title. Publisher, Date of Publication, URL (if accessed online).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"866363\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"866363\"]United States, Congressional Research Service. <em>Same-Sex Marriages: Legal Issues<\/em>. Library of Congress, 2005. https:\/\/www.glad.org\/uploads\/docs\/cases\/gill-v-office-of-personnel-mana gement\/6-2005-same-sex-marriage-legal-issues.pdf[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tweet\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"501380\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"501380\"]The full text of the tweet should be your title. Enclose the text in quotation marks, and include the date, time, and URL. Alphabetize the entry on your Works Cited list based on the first letters following the @[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"223714\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"223714\"]@lclambeck (Linda Lambeck). \u201cThe #bridgeport school funding upshot: the state legislature lacks political will to do right thing.\u201d <em>Twitter<\/em>, 7 June 2016, 5:59 p.m., twitter.com\/lclambeck\/status\/ 752985641261162496.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Weblog\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"241929\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"241929\"]Author (if known). \u201cTitle of Entry.\u201d Container. Publisher\/Sponsor, Date of Most Recent Update (if any), Location (URL).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"417718\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"417718\"]Merritt, Pamela. \u201cThe Ways Cats Ask.\u201d <em>Way of Cats<\/em>, Pamela Merritt\/WereBear Media, 21 Oct. 2016, www.wayofcats.com\/blog\/the-ways-cats-ask\/36008.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Radio \/ Television Program\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"877824\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"877824\"]\u201cTitle of Episode.\u201d Title of the Program or Series, Number (if any, season, episode), Publisher, Broadcast D ate, Title of Second Container (if any, Local station or streaming source*), Location (City or URL).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"972772\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"972772\"]\u201cLisa Kudrow: Episode 103.\u201d <em>Who Do You Think You Are?<\/em>, NBC Universal, 19 Mar. 2010, WETM, Elmira, NY.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Film\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"522513\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"522513\"]Title of Film. Directed by (Director\u2019s Name), Performance by (Lead Performer\u2019s Name\/s), Name of Distributor, Year of Release.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"322870\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"322870\"]<em>Moll Flanders<\/em>. Directed by Pen Densham, Performance by Kim Novak, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1996.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Youtube Videos\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"538699\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"538699\"]Author (if different from poster). \"Title of Video.\" <em>YouTube.com<\/em>, Uploaded by Name of Poster, Date, URL.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"611056\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"611056\"]\u201cA River of Waste: The Hazardous Truth About Factory Farms.\u201d <em>YouTube.com<\/em>, Uploaded by Cinedigm, 30 Sep. 2010, www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c-WAGf-4gC8.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Advertisement\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"275649\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"275649\"]Name of company (the one whose product is being advertised). Advertisement. Title of Periodical, Website or Channel (italicize if required), Relevant Container Information.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"280627\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"280627\"]Target. Advertisement. NBC Universal, 8 Sept. 2016, <em>WETM<\/em>, Elmira, NY.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Personal Interview (Conducted by You)\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"32476\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"32476\"]Name of the Interviewee (Last, First). Type of Interview (personal, telephone, Skype, etc.). Date.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"564502\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"564502\"]Peterson, Ardella. Personal Interview. 12 Jan. 2017.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Live Presentation (Lecture, Performance, etc.)\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"889175\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"889175\"]Artist\/Presenter. \u201cTitle of Artwork\/Presentation.\u201d Series or Forum (if any), Date, Venue, City. Type of art\/presentation (optional).[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"579870\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"579870\"]Dougherty, Edward. \u201cFramed in Glory: The World Trade Center Poems.\u201d Inspired at CCC Series, 14 Sept. 2016, Corning Community College, Corning, NY. Poetry reading.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Musical Recording\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"466039\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"466039\"]Artist\/Band. \u201cTitle of Song.\u201d Written\/Performance by (if different)*, Album, Recording Company, Recording Year. Title of Second Container, Location (if applicable). *Songwriter and Performer can be switched depending on whether your paper focuses on the lyrics\/music or on the performance.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"617995\"]Show\/Hide Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"617995\"]Phish. \u201cWading in the Velvet Sea.\u201d Ghost, Elektra Records, 1998. Spotify, play.spotify.com\/track\/3WmN0R4loh6ft6B2guDyat?play=true&amp;utm_sou rce=open.spotify.com&amp;utm_medium=open.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>A Final Note on Citations<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"E3320\"><span id=\"E3321\">While this packet gives you much of the information you may need to cite your research in MLA style, you may find you need additional assistance. If so, please do not hesitate to contact the Learning Commons for help. Our<\/span><span id=\"E3322\"> location and phone numbers are<\/span><span id=\"E3323\">\u00a0at the bottom of the first page in this packet; you can also contact us by e-mail at writing<\/span><span id=\"E3324\">tutoring<\/span><span id=\"E3325\">@corning-cc.edu. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"E3326\"><span id=\"E3327\">Please note that while there are a variety of websites and tools to help you cite your research (such as EasyBib, \u201cReferences\u201d tools in MS Word, and the citation tools on the library\u2019s article databases), these \u201ceasy citation machines\u201d are quite often inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise unreliable. It can take <\/span><span id=\"E3328\">more <\/span><span id=\"E3329\">time to check these over for accuracy than it does to simply write them yourself. In the end, <\/span><span id=\"E3330\">you <\/span><span id=\"E3331\">are responsible for your citations<\/span><span id=\"E3332\"> and Works Cited entries<\/span><span id=\"E3333\">, so do your best to ensure they are done in accordance with your <\/span><span id=\"E3334\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E3335\">\u2019s expectations. Double-check your work, follow the requirements of your <\/span><span id=\"E3336\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E3337\"> exactly (and if you are confused, contact him or her for more information), and <\/span><span id=\"E3338\">don\u2019t forget that the friendly Learning Commons St<\/span><span id=\"E3339\">aff is always here to help you!<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Additional Resources on MLA<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E3353\">MLA Handbook, <\/span><span id=\"E3354\">Eighth <\/span><span id=\"E3355\">Edition <\/span><span id=\"E3356\">(a copy of this is available for use in both Learning Commons)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E3360\">The Successful Writer\u2019s Handbook<\/span><span id=\"E3361\">, <\/span><span id=\"E3362\">Third<\/span><span id=\"E3363\"> <\/span><span id=\"E3364\">Edition, <\/span><span id=\"E3365\">packaged<\/span><span id=\"E3366\"> <\/span><span id=\"E3367\">with <\/span><span id=\"E3368\">The Pearson Guide to the 2016 MLA Handbook<\/span><span id=\"E3369\"> <\/span><span id=\"E3370\">(<\/span><span id=\"E3371\">T<\/span><span id=\"E3372\">his is available for purchase in the CCC bookstore<\/span><span id=\"E3373\">.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/\"><span id=\"E3377\">The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue<\/span><span id=\"E3378\"> University<\/span><\/a><span id=\"E3379\">: <\/span><span id=\"E3380\">http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span id=\"E3384\">Citation information in the English 1010 and 1020 textbooks (<\/span><span id=\"E3385\">C<\/span><span id=\"E3386\">heck to make sure they\u2019ve been updated to <\/span><span id=\"E3387\">the <\/span><span id=\"E3388\">8<\/span><span id=\"E3389\">th<\/span><span id=\"E3390\"> edition <\/span><span id=\"E3391\">of MLA before using them<\/span><span id=\"E3392\">.<\/span><span id=\"E3393\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2>What is MLA?<\/h2>\n<p>The Modern Language Association (MLA) is a group of librarians, researchers, and instructors in the fields of \u201clanguage and literature.\u201d As a group, they have agreed upon a set of rules for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>formatting research writing<\/li>\n<li>providing &#8220;in-text&#8221; citations within your writing<\/li>\n<li>providing a list of works you&#8217;ve cited<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span id=\"E653\">When a<\/span><span id=\"E654\">n<\/span><span id=\"E655\"> <\/span><span id=\"E656\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E657\"> asks a student to \u201cuse MLA style,\u201d he or she may be referring to the format of a paper, the method of citation (telling where you found your information), or both. Please <\/span><span id=\"E658\">check with your <\/span><span id=\"E659\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E660\"> <\/span><span id=\"E661\">if you are unsure about what <\/span><span id=\"E662\">he or she<\/span><span id=\"E663\"> mean<\/span><span id=\"E664\">s.<\/span><span id=\"E665\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Who Should Use MLA?<\/h3>\n<p>While MLA style is generally used in the Humanities and Liberal Arts fields, it is specifically used in most:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>English Classes<\/li>\n<li>other languages and humanities classes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Why is MLA Important?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Reading papers is easier for everybody when the format is the same: when your document is set up exactly as all the others in your class, everyone knows what to expect when they read.<\/li>\n<li>Your citations allow those who read your paper to:\n<ul>\n<li>Trust that your statements are based on reliable information.<\/li>\n<li>Locate the original source of your information, so they can read more or use it in their own work.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Whenever you use the ideas or words of another person, you need to ensure that others know the work is not your own; this is easily accomplished by following the MLA citation guidelines. If your work is not clearly and correctly cited, you run the risk of committing plagiarism, which can have a very negative impact on your college experience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>What is Plagiarism?<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"E723\">According to <\/span><span id=\"E724\">The Successful Writer\u2019s Handbook, Second Edition<\/span><span id=\"E725\">, by Kathleen T. McWhorter and Jane E. Aaron, plagiarism, which comes from the Latin word for <\/span><span id=\"E726\">kidnapper<\/span><span id=\"E727\">, is using another person\u2019s ideas or words in a way that makes t<\/span><span id=\"E728\">hem seem as if they were yours.<\/span><span id=\"E729\"> McWhorter and Aaron note that it is a \u201cserious offense\u201d whether you plagiarize on purpose or without realizing you\u2019ve done so (452).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E731\"><span id=\"E732\">An additional form of plagiarism is creating paraphrases (putting the author\u2019s ideas into your own words)<\/span><span id=\"E733\"> that<\/span><span id=\"E734\"> are <\/span><span id=\"E735\">too<\/span><span id=\"E736\"> similar to<\/span><span id=\"E737\"> the original writing.<\/span><span id=\"E738\"> Examples of this are on the following page.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E739\"><span id=\"E740\">McWhorter and Aar<\/span><span id=\"E742\">on suggest that the best way to<\/span><span id=\"E743\"> avoid plagiarism is simple: \u201cEvery time you borrow the words, facts or ideas of others, you must <\/span><span id=\"E744\">document <\/span><span id=\"E745\">the source\u2014that is, supply a r<\/span><span id=\"E746\">eference &#8230; telling<\/span><span id=\"E747\"> readers that you borrowed the material and where you borrowed it from\u201d (457).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E751\">Below<\/span><span id=\"E752\"> are various examples of plagiarism and ways to avoid plagiarizing:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Original source of the examples below:\n<ul>\n<li>Experts generally agree that the Internet and other modern technologies have made plagiarism easier (Hansen).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Direct Quotation:\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E765\">Plagiarism: <\/span><span id=\"E766\">Those who have studied it say that the Internet and other modern technologies have made plagiarism easier (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E767\"> This is plagiarism because the direct quotation is not documented with quotation marks<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E771\">Fair use: <\/span><span id=\"E772\">Those who have studied it say, \u201cthat the Internet and other modern technologies have made plagiarism easier\u201d (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E773\">Direct quotation is correctly documented with quotation marks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Quoting Key Words:\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E781\">Plagiarism:<\/span><span id=\"E782\"> Care ought to be taken with certain modern technologies that encourage academic dishonesty (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E783\">This is plagiarism because key words are not documented with quotation marks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E787\">Fair use:<\/span><span id=\"E788\"> Care ought to be taken with certain \u201cmodern technologies\u201d that encourage academic dishonesty (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E789\">Key words are correctly documented with quotation marks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Paraphrasing:\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E797\">Plagiarism: <\/span><span id=\"E798\">Experts mostly think that the Internet and other new technologies make it easier for people to plagiarize (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E799\">This is plagiarism because the paraphrase is constructed out of synonyms <\/span><span id=\"E800\">but<\/span><span id=\"E801\"> retains the source\u2019s word order<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E805\">Fair use: <\/span><span id=\"E806\">Committing acts of academic dishonesty have become nearly effortless with the rise of new, fast ways to procure information, such as the Internet, say most experts (Hansen). <\/span><span id=\"E807\"> The paraphrase contains the same information as the source but is shaped and phrased differently.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Plagiarism is a Serious Offense<\/h3>\n<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\n<div id=\"contents\">\n<p id=\"E811\"><span id=\"E812\">Under Corning Community College\u2019s Academic Dishonesty Policy, acts of plagiarism are\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">considered unethical and may result in severe punishment\u2014sometimes in the form of expulsion from a course. For more information on what constitutes a violation and penalties, see Corning Community College Student Handbook, Academic Dishonesty Section.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E814\">Bottom Line<\/span><span id=\"E815\">: <\/span><span id=\"E816\">If the information you are using comes from <\/span><span id=\"E817\">anyone <\/span><span id=\"E818\">other than you, you need to <\/span><span id=\"E819\">cite it. <\/span><span id=\"E821\">When in doubt, cite<\/span><span id=\"E822\">.<\/span><span id=\"E823\"> <\/span><span id=\"E824\">I<\/span><span id=\"E825\">f your citation isn\u2019t needed, your <\/span><span id=\"E826\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E827\"> will let you know.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E831\">For more information on avoiding plagiarism<\/span><span id=\"E832\">, check out the <\/span><span id=\"E833\">Purdue University\u2019s Online Writing <\/span><span id=\"E834\">L<\/span><span id=\"E835\">ab (OWL)<\/span><span id=\"E836\"> (http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu), <\/span><span id=\"E837\">the Learning Commons<\/span><span id=\"E838\">, <\/span><span id=\"E839\">your handbook<\/span><span id=\"E840\">, and <\/span><span id=\"E841\">your textbook<\/span><span id=\"E842\">. <\/span><span id=\"E843\">The <\/span><span id=\"E844\">OWL has an article entitled \u201cIs It Plagiarism Yet?\u201d that you may find especially helpful.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>How to Format Your Paper<\/h2>\n<h3>Heading and Title<\/h3>\n<p>One inch from the top on the left-hand side, type your heading: on separate lines, type your name, your instructor\u2019s name, the course number, and the date (Ex: 17 June 2016), double-spacing between the lines.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E860\">Capitalize the first letter of all <\/span><span id=\"E861\">keywords in your title,<\/span><span id=\"E862\"> <\/span><span id=\"E863\">including the first and last word<\/span><span id=\"E864\">. Do not capitalize prepositions, conjunctions, and articles (\u201cof,\u201d \u201cand,\u201d \u201cthe,\u201d etc.) unless one is at the beginning or end of the title. <\/span><span id=\"E865\">Do not format the title in any other way<\/span><span id=\"E866\"> (<\/span><span id=\"E867\">no underlining, bolding, italicizing, <\/span><span id=\"E868\">quotation marks, or all-caps) unless your title <\/span><span id=\"E869\">contains<\/span><span id=\"E870\"> the title of another work. Then only quote or italicize that portion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E874\">If your <\/span><span id=\"E875\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E876\"> requires a title page, follow the directions he or she gives you.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Page Numbering<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E932\">Insert the page number in the top right-hand corner. Type your last name <\/span><span id=\"E933\">to the left of<\/span><span id=\"E934\"> the page number. Do not include the abbreviation <\/span><span id=\"E935\">p.<\/span><span id=\"E936\">, a period, or any other symbols with the page number.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Font<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E943\">Choose a font that is easy to read, and in which the difference between regular and italic style is <\/span><span id=\"E944\">clear, such as Times New Roman.<\/span><span id=\"E945\"> Set the font size to 12 points.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Margins<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E950\">The margins should be set at <\/span><span id=\"E951\">1<\/span><span id=\"E952\"> inch for the sides, top, and bottom of your pages.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Line Spacing<\/h3>\n<p>Keep your text set to double line spacing for the whole paper, from your heading through your Works Cited page.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E959\">Note: In order to conserve space, this style packet often single-spaces its text and examples. Make sure that all parts of <\/span><span id=\"E960\">your<\/span><span id=\"E961\"> paper are double-spaced. Do <\/span><span id=\"E962\">not<\/span><span id=\"E963\"> hit \u201cEnter\u201d to double-space your lines. Instead, use the line spacing settings in your word processing program.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Titles: Quotes or Italics for my Sources?<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E970\">The rule of thumb is that <\/span><span id=\"E971\">\u201c<\/span><span id=\"E972\">little stuff<\/span><span id=\"E973\">\u201d<\/span><span id=\"E974\"> gets quotation marks and <\/span><span id=\"E975\">\u201c<\/span><span id=\"E976\">big stuff<\/span><span id=\"E977\">\u201d<\/span><span id=\"E978\"> gets italicized. For example, the titles of poems, short stories, <\/span><span id=\"E979\">chapters, <\/span><span id=\"E980\">individual articles, and specific webpages usually<\/span><span id=\"E981\"> have quotation marks<\/span><span id=\"E982\">, while the titles of whole novels, other books, and entire newspapers, magazines, journals, and websites get italicized. Another way of looking at it is that the small, individual works get quoted while their <\/span><span id=\"E983\">containers<\/span><span id=\"E984\"> (the larger publications that contain <\/span><span id=\"E985\">several<\/span><span id=\"E986\"> works) get italicized. However, there are exceptions<\/span><span id=\"E987\">. For example,<\/span><span id=\"E988\"> plays, even when contained in an anthology, and government publications, even when viewed by way of a larger website, also get italicized. If you have a question regarding this formatting issue, do not hesitate to ask.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>How to Quote a Source<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"E999\">When you include someone else\u2019s writing in your own work, you need to give the author(s) credit in two ways: place quotation marks before and after the <\/span><span id=\"E1000\">text<\/span><span id=\"E1001\"> you are using, and include an in-text citation (see Section III). This section will help you learn how to format your quotations.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\n<div id=\"contents\">\n<p id=\"E1004\"><span id=\"E1005\">It is very important for you to <\/span><span id=\"E1006\">copy the words you are quoting <\/span><span id=\"E1007\">exactly <\/span><span id=\"E1008\">as they appear in the original text. If you want to <\/span><span id=\"E1009\">include extra words<\/span><span id=\"E1010\">, you need to put <\/span><span id=\"E1011\">square brackets ( [ ] ) <\/span><span id=\"E1012\">around those words<\/span><span id=\"E1013\">. <\/span><span id=\"E1014\">If you want to <\/span><span id=\"E1015\">omit words<\/span><span id=\"E1016\">, you need to put an <\/span><span id=\"E1017\">ellipsis ( . . . ) <\/span><span id=\"E1018\">in the space where the words were removed<\/span><span id=\"E1019\">. (Note the spaces between and around the periods.) Additionally, if the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">original text makes use of double quotation marks <\/span><span id=\"E1020\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">(\u201c \u201d)<\/span><span id=\"E1021\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, you must change them to single quotation marks <\/span><span id=\"E1022\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">(\u2018 \u2019)<\/span><span id=\"E1023\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">. See the example below for the application of all three rules:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E1027\">Original <\/span><span id=\"E1028\">text<\/span><span id=\"E1029\"> by Barbara Ehrenreich<\/span><span id=\"E1030\">:<\/span><span id=\"E1031\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1032\">The top 20 percent routinely exercises other, far more consequential forms of power in the world. This stratum, which contains what I have termed in an earlier book the \u201cprofessional-managerial class,\u201d is the home of our decision makers, opinion shapers, culture creators\u2014our professors, lawyers, executives, entertainers, politicians, judges, writers, producers, and editors.<\/span><sup><span id=\"E1033\">13<\/span><\/sup><span id=\"E1034\"> When they speak, they are listened to.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1039\">Quotation: <\/span><span id=\"E1040\">Ehrenreich addresses the relationships of income, class, and power: \u201c<\/span><span id=\"E1041\">The top 20 percent [of income earners] routinely exercises other, far more consequential forms of power in the world. This stratum, which contains . . . the \u2018professional-managerial class,\u2019 is the home of our decision makers, opinion shapers, culture creators . . . When they speak, they are listened to\u201d (215).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Double Quotes Versus Single Quotes<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E1050\">Although you will usually use double quotation marks (<\/span><span id=\"E1051\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1052\">\u201c \u201d<\/span><span id=\"E1053\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1054\">), there are times when you\u2019ll need to use single quotation marks (<\/span><span id=\"E1055\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1056\">\u2018 \u2019<\/span><span id=\"E1057\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1058\">). <\/span><span id=\"E1059\">When quoting part of a work of literature, you\u2019ll use double quotation marks before and after <\/span><span id=\"E1060\">the text that the author wrote.<\/span><span id=\"E1061\"> However, if the quotation itself already includes double quotation marks, you\u2019ll need to turn those into single <\/span><span id=\"E1062\">quotes<\/span><span id=\"E1063\">. Sometimes, they might be placed directly next to each other. Here\u2019s an example:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Original Text:\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E1068\">George Washington offered a series<\/span><span id=\"E1069\"> of warnings, what he called a \u201c<\/span><span id=\"E1070\">solemn contemplation.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Quotation:\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E1099\">Regarding the tradition of the presidential farewell address, <\/span><span id=\"E1100\">Tamara Keith <\/span><span id=\"E1101\">recount<\/span><span id=\"E1102\">s that \u201cGeorge Washington offered a series of warnings, what he called a \u2018solemn contemplation.\u2019&#8221;<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li>Note: The single quotes around the phrase &#8220;solemn contemplation&#8221; inside the double quotes that surround the entire source material.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Block Quotes<\/h3>\n<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\n<div id=\"contents\">\n<p id=\"E1109\"><span id=\"E1110\">If the part you are quoting ends up longer than <\/span><span id=\"E1111\">four <\/span><span id=\"E1112\">lines when you put it in your essay, you need to format it differently: this is called a <\/span><span id=\"E1113\">block quote<\/span><span id=\"E1114\">.<\/span><span id=\"E1115\"> Here\u2019s what to do: lead into your quote with an introductory statement ending in a full colon. Start on a new line, type the quote <\/span><span id=\"E1116\">without <\/span><span id=\"E1117\">quotation marks, indent the entire quote one inch from the left margin, maintain your double spacing, a<\/span><span id=\"E1118\">nd\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">end the quote with a period.<\/span><span id=\"E1119\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> The in-text citation goes in parentheses <\/span><span id=\"E1120\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">after <\/span><span id=\"E1121\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">the period, next to the end of the quote.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Quoting Poetry<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E1143\">When quoting special text like this, the overall goal is to maintain clarity about the special formatting of the original text<\/span><span id=\"E1144\">.<\/span><span id=\"E1145\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1146\">You can put <\/span><span id=\"E1147\">one to three<\/span><span id=\"E1148\"> lines of poetry within your text, in quotation marks <\/span><span id=\"E1149\">with a slash <\/span><span id=\"E1150\">( \/ ) <\/span><span id=\"E1151\">between each line.<\/span><span id=\"E1152\"> Put a space before and after the slash<\/span><span id=\"E1153\">, as shown in the example below<\/span><span id=\"E1154\">. Use two slashes ( \/\/ ) to indicate a stanza break.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E1157\">\u201cNow the chimney was all of the house that stood, \/ Like a pistil after the petals go\u201d<\/span><span id=\"E1158\"> (<\/span><span id=\"E1159\">Frost lines <\/span><span id=\"E1160\">3-4).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E1163\">When citing <\/span><span id=\"E1164\">four or more<\/span><span id=\"E1165\"> lines of text, you should start your citation on a new line (following the same guidelines as block quotations). Follow the formatting used by the poet: if the lines <\/span><span id=\"E1166\">are center-justified<\/span><span id=\"E1167\">, yours should do so as well.<\/span><span id=\"E1168\"> If the words <\/span><span id=\"E1169\">have a different arrangement<\/span><span id=\"E1170\">, try to imitate that arrangement as well as possible in your block quote. Here\u2019s an example of<\/span><span id=\"E1171\"> a center-justified block quote:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E1175\">\u201cThe Sidewalk Racer\u201d seems to undulate <\/span><span id=\"E1176\">from line to<\/span><span id=\"E1177\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1178\">line <\/span><span id=\"E1179\">due to the formatting<\/span><span id=\"E1180\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1181\">and enjambment <\/span><span id=\"E1182\">employed by<\/span><span id=\"E1183\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1184\">the poet:<\/span><span id=\"E1185\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1186\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1187\">Skimming<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1188\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1189\">an asphalt sea<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1190\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1191\">I swerve, I curve, I<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1192\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1193\">sway; I speed to whirring<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1194\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1195\">sound an inch above the<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1196\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span id=\"E1197\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1198\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1199\">ground; I\u2019m the sailor<\/span><span id=\"E1200\"> (Morrison <\/span><span id=\"E1201\">lines <\/span><span id=\"E1202\">1-6)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Quoting Lines of Drama<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E1220\">When quoting dialogue between two <\/span><span id=\"E1221\">or more <\/span><span id=\"E1222\">characters in a play, start the quotation on a new line, following the guidelines for block quotations. Start with the first character\u2019s name, written in all capital letters<\/span><span id=\"E1223\">, \u00bd inch from the left margin<\/span><span id=\"E1224\">. Follow the name with a period and one space, a<\/span><span id=\"E1225\">nd then start the quotation.<\/span><span id=\"E1226\"> If that character\u2019s speech goes on to a second line or further, indent those lines an additional quarter inch. Start a new line for each character\u2019s speech, following the directions above.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1228\"><span id=\"E1229\">The chairman\u2019s anxiety is plain<\/span><span id=\"E1230\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1231\">as he <\/span><span id=\"E1232\">attempts<\/span><span id=\"E1233\"> to tell the Youngers <\/span><span id=\"E1234\">about the committee\u2019s offer<\/span><span id=\"E1235\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1236\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span id=\"E1237\">LIDNER. Thank you. I would sort of like to explain this thing in my own way. I mean I want to explain to you in a certain way.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1238\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span id=\"E1239\">WALTER. Go ahead.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1240\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span id=\"E1241\">LIDNER. Yes. Well. I\u2019m going to try to get right to the point. <\/span><span id=\"E1242\">(Hansberry <\/span><span id=\"E1243\">1223; act <\/span><span id=\"E1244\">2)<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>In-Text Citations<\/h2>\n<p id=\"E1263\"><span id=\"E1264\">Documenting your sources using MLA is a two-part process. <\/span><span id=\"E1265\">First<\/span><span id=\"E1266\">, you <\/span><span id=\"E1267\">make an in-text citation to <\/span><span id=\"E1268\">identify the source <\/span><span id=\"E1269\">from which you drew the information or ideas.<\/span><span id=\"E1270\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1271\">Second<\/span><span id=\"E1272\">, you give an extended amount of information about the source on the last page of your paper, under the heading \u201cWorks Cited\u201d (see pages 9-13).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1274\"><span id=\"E1275\">Remember! <\/span><span id=\"E1276\">In-text citations are not just for direct quotes; they are for any information or ideas that came from your source material!<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1278\"><span id=\"E1279\">In-text citations can be accomplished in two ways: <\/span><span id=\"E1280\">(1)<\/span><span id=\"E1281\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1282\">parenthetical citations <\/span><span id=\"E1283\">and<\/span><span id=\"E1284\"> (2) signal phrases.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E1287\">For most<\/span><span id=\"E1288\"> parenthetical citations<\/span><span id=\"E1289\">, use an author-page number format.<\/span><span id=\"E1290\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1291\">I<\/span><span id=\"E1292\">n parentheses, <\/span><span id=\"E1293\">type<\/span><span id=\"E1294\"> the last name of the author, <\/span><span id=\"E1295\">then <\/span><span id=\"E1296\">a space, and the<\/span><span id=\"E1297\">n<\/span><span id=\"E1298\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1299\">the <\/span><span id=\"E1300\">nu<\/span><span id=\"E1301\">mber(s) of the page(s)* cited <\/span><span id=\"E1302\">(<\/span><span id=\"E1303\">Anderson 1<\/span><span id=\"E1304\">8).<\/span><span id=\"E1305\"> Note the space before the first parenthesis and that the period of the sentence comes immediately after the second parenthesis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1308\">A <\/span><span id=\"E1309\">signal phrase <\/span><span id=\"E1310\">provides the author\u2019s last name in the wording of the sentence that quotes, paraphrases, or introduces the source material. It is <\/span><span id=\"E1311\">optional<\/span><span id=\"E1312\"> in this case to give the author\u2019s full name and even more information about the source. <\/span><span id=\"E1313\">A signal phrase is preferable to a\u00a0parenthetical citation when you are introduci<span id=\"E1314\">ng a source for the first time. <\/span><span id=\"E1315\">Example<\/span><span id=\"E1316\">: <\/span><span id=\"E1317\">In <\/span><span id=\"E1318\">Crucible of War<\/span><span id=\"E1319\">, <\/span><span id=\"E1320\">Fred Anderson <\/span><span id=\"E1321\">called the Onondagan control of the Ohio Country \u201cthe fulcrum . . . of relations between the French and the English\u201d<\/span><span id=\"E1322\"> (<\/span><span id=\"E1323\">1<\/span><span id=\"E1324\">8<\/span><span id=\"E1325\">)<\/span><span id=\"E1326\">. <\/span><span id=\"E1327\">Since you already named the author, you only put t<\/span><span id=\"E1328\">he page number, if available, <\/span><span id=\"E1329\">in parenthese<\/span><span id=\"E1330\">s after the <\/span><span id=\"E1331\">quotation or paraphrased information.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span id=\"E1334\">TIP: <\/span><span id=\"E1335\">You can omit the author\u2019s name from a citation and use only the page number or other <\/span><span id=\"E1336\">location information (if applicable), so long as <\/span><span id=\"E1338\">a)<\/span><span id=\"E1339\"> the material is from the same source as the previous source material, and <\/span><span id=\"E1340\">b)<\/span><span id=\"E1341\"> it is clear that it is that source\u2019s information or ideas, not yours. If there is any possibility for confusion, then cite the author\u2019s name again.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Most Importantly:<\/p>\n<p id=\"E1333\"><span id=\"E1334\">TIP: <\/span><span id=\"E1335\">You can omit the author\u2019s name from a citation and use only the page number or other <\/span><span id=\"E1336\">location information (if applicable), so long as <\/span><span id=\"E1338\">a)<\/span><span id=\"E1339\"> the material is from the same source as the previous source material, and <\/span><span id=\"E1340\">b)<\/span><span id=\"E1341\"> it is clear that it is that source\u2019s information or ideas, not yours. If there is any possibility for confusion, then cite the author\u2019s name again.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E1343\"><span id=\"E1344\">Most Importantly<\/span><span id=\"E1345\">:\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"E1347\">W<\/span><span id=\"E1348\">hether your in-text citation is <\/span><span id=\"E1349\">a signal phrase or <\/span><span id=\"E1350\">is <\/span><span id=\"E1351\">parenthetical, you must provide the element that <\/span><span id=\"E1352\">begins<\/span><span id=\"E1353\"> the source\u2019s entry on your Works Cited page. Usually this is the author\u2019s\/authors\u2019 last name(s), but sometimes there is no author and therefore the first element is the title of the work. However, your in-text citation must match it, or your reader will have a harder time locating <\/span><span id=\"E1354\">your source<\/span><span id=\"E1355\"> on your alphabetized Works Cited list.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Two Notes About Page Numbers<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E1366\">Only worry about page numbers if there are actual page numbers provided <\/span><span id=\"E1367\">with the<\/span><span id=\"E1368\"> text, such as in a book, magazine, or in a database article that is in PDF format (visible page numbers on the screen). <\/span><span id=\"E1369\">D<\/span><span id=\"E1370\">o <\/span><span id=\"E1371\">NOT<\/span><span id=\"E1372\"> use page numbers that the printer puts on the corners of the pages, such as when printing out webpages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1375\">When giving a range of pages with page numbers greater than 100, only give the <\/span><span id=\"E1376\">last <\/span><span id=\"E1377\">two <\/span><span id=\"E1378\">digits<\/span><span id=\"E1379\"> for the last page <\/span><span id=\"E1380\">if <\/span><span id=\"E1381\">the first part of the number is the <\/span><span id=\"E1382\">same<\/span><span id=\"E1383\">. For instance, when citing pages 1388 through <\/span><span id=\"E1384\">13<\/span><span id=\"E1385\">92, you\u2019d write: \u201c1388-<\/span><span id=\"E1386\">92<\/span><span id=\"E1387\">,\u201d but for pages 1388 through <\/span><span id=\"E1388\">14<\/span><span id=\"E1389\">03, you\u2019d write: \u201c1388-<\/span><span id=\"E1390\">1403<\/span><span id=\"E1391\">.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Author Named Signal Phrase\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q761150\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q761150\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">In fact, journalist Bill Walsh argues \u201ca story without quotes is flat and lifeless. And you can quote me on that\u201d (49). Note: Page numbers are given without any use of p. or other symbols. The period goes after the closing parenthesis.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Author Named in Parentheses\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q481322\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q481322\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Some believe the word quote is a perfect way to describe \u201cthose nuggets of speech that journalists mine from the living to give their stories credibility\u201d (Walsh 49-50). <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Author Not Listed\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q756149\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q756149\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Two methods exist: use the whole title in a signal phrase or include the first few words of the title in parentheses. In a parenthetical citation, also drop any \u201cThe,\u201d \u201cAn,\u201d or \u201cA\u201d that might begin the title. According to \u201cAthlete\u2019s Foot \u2013 Topic Overview,\u201d this infection can be transmitted by skin contact. OR Skin contact can easily transmit the infection (\u201cAthlete\u2019s Foot\u201d). Remember: Titles of books and government publications are italicized; titles of articles and webpages are put in quotation marks. In the case of webpages, as in the example above, there are usually no page numbers to be cited unless the document is a PDF.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Two Authors\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q830344\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q830344\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Refer to them both in a signal phrase by using either their last names or full names, or use only their last names with \u201cand\u201d in a parenthetical citation. Maintain the same order of the last names as listed in the source. This research investigated ways in which family meals affected relationships between teenagers and their parents (Hall and Langellier 142).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Three or More Authors\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q173323\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q173323\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Provide the first of the last names (according to their listed order) and then add &#8220;et al.&#8221; (the abbreviation for &#8220;et alia,&#8221; Latin for &#8220;and others&#8221;). Furthermore, researchers found that insurance plans that provided poor mental health care were much more likely to provide poor service in other areas of health care (Druss et al. 861).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Two or More Works by the Same Author\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q923424\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q923424\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Since, as a rule, you must use the first element in your in-text citation, in this case you would add the second element so that it is clear which source you are using. Judith Butler denies that the anatomy of the body has any essential value but that the sex of a body is meaningless until culture assigns meaning to it (Gender Trouble 142). What we say to one another is indeed an action: \u201cWe do things with language, produce effects with language, and we do things to language, but language is also the thing that we do.\u201d (Butler, Excitable Speech 49).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Page Number Unknown\u00a0<span id=\"E1592\">(inclu<\/span><span id=\"E1593\">des web<\/span><span id=\"E1594\">site<\/span><span id=\"E1595\">s\/<\/span><span id=\"E1596\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1597\">web<\/span><span id=\"E1598\">pages<\/span><span id=\"E1599\">\/e-books<\/span><span id=\"E1600\">)\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q995780\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q995780\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">If the page number is unknown or, as in a web page, unusable (because printers paginate inconsistently), do not include a page number in the in-text citation. If the page numbers are viewable on the computer screen (as in a PDF), do use those page numbers. Do not use paragraph numbers unless they have already been pre-numbered in the text AND either there are no page numbers or your instructor prefers paragraph numbers. If that is the case, you can use the abbreviation \u201cpar.\u201d You may also use \u201cch.\u201d to cite summarized material that encompasses several pages in a single book chapter, to cite material from an e-book that lacks permanent pagination, or to supplement the page number from a classic work that might appear in several different editions. Vulchinich et al. point out that adolescents are more likely to pick a fight with their mothers than with their fathers. Heilbroner explains that \u201cstereotypes make us mentally lazy\u201d (par. 10). By 1864, towns across Kentucky were rife with civilian murders, espionage, and terrorism (Buhk, ch. 12). The Bishop of Digne is portrayed as a man of \u201cdivine childish goodness\u201d (Hugo 53, ch. 13).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Poetry\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q906733\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q906733\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The numbers should always reference line numbers. MLA no longer use l. or ll. for \u201cline\u201d or \u201clines\u201d since these might be misread as numbers. Instead, use the poet\u2019s last name and the whole word \u201cline\u201d or \u201clines\u201d in a signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite a specific part of the poem. Subsequent citations for other parts of the poem only need the actual numbers. \u201cThe first time I walked \/ With a girl, I was twelve, \/ Cold and weighted down\u201d (Soto lines 1-3). \u201cA few cars hissing past, \/ Fog hanging like old \/ Coats between the trees\u201d (44-46).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Drama\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q514138\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q514138\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">MLA recommends using both page numbers and act number. Remember, the author\u2019s name is not necessary unless it is the first time using that source, or if you are switching back to that source from another source. Mama insists to Beneatha, \u201cThere is always something left to love. And if you ain\u2019t learned that, you ain\u2019t learned nothing\u201d (Hansberry 1236, act 3). Shakespeare and other verse-based drama can be exceptions. Ask your instructor if he or she has a preference. When face-to face with the ghost, Hamlet proclaims, \u201cThere are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, \/ Than are dreamt of in your philosophy\u201d (Ham. 1.5.167-68).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Reference Work\u00a0<span id=\"E1703\">(Dictionary, <\/span><span id=\"E1704\">e<\/span><span id=\"E1705\">ncyclopedia,<\/span><span id=\"E1706\"> <\/span><span id=\"E1707\">etc.)\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q723662\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q723662\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Most encyclopedias and dictionaries are listed in the Works Cited page under the word that was looked up, so that is what goes in the parenthetical citation. No page number is required, as readers can simply look up the entry by that word. Another way Krager dupes the reader is his use of syllogisms. Known as \u201ca subtle, specious, or crafty argument,\u201d these can prove a point by setting up false premises, as he does (\u201csyllogism\u201d).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Scripture (Bible, Quran, etc.)\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q811301\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q811301\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Print source: The first time you reference the work, use the item at the beginning of your entry in the Works Cited list (often the title of the Bible, minus \u201cThe\u201d), followed by a comma, the abbreviated title of the specific book (e.g. Gen. or 1 Cor.), and the chapter and verse numbers (divided by periods) instead of page numbers. Thereafter, use just the book, chapter, and verse. Don\u2019t hesitate to inquire if you are not sure how to abbreviate a particular book. First time: Thereafter: (NIV Study Bible, Matt. 25.34-40) (Matt. 25.41-46) (Qur&#8217;an, 12:68-69) (12:97-98) However, if you are using an online reference source to find and use the sacred text, cite it as you would another online reference without a given author, such as an online encyclopedia. The scripture reference then serves as the webpage title, which you would list first in an internet source listing. Each time, it would just look like this, using the shortened form of the webpage title: (\u201cPsalm 25\u201d). This parenthetical citation would link to this listing on your Works Cited page: \u201cPsalm 25. English Standard Version (ESV).\u201d Bible Gateway, www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Psalm+25&amp;version=ESV. Accessed 3 Jan. 2017.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Indirect Sources\u00a0(Quoting what someone else has quoted)\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q44865\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q44865\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">When you are using a quote from your source that comes from another source, you need to give attribution to both sources. Use a signal phrase to specify the actual author\/speaker of the quote as you lead into it. Then, in a parenthetical citation, put the abbreviation qtd. in (\u201cquoted in\u201d) before the name of the source that contained it (e.g. Pink). Only that containing source (Pink) goes in your Works Cited list. Working towards mastery requires a great amount of dedication, but as Carol Dweck asserts, \u201cEffort is one of the things that gives meaning to life\u201d (qtd. in Pink 123).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Works Cited Page<\/h2>\n<h3>Purpose<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E1827\">The <\/span><span id=\"E1828\">MLA rules for the <\/span><span id=\"E1829\">Works Cited portion of <\/span><span id=\"E1830\">your<\/span><span id=\"E1831\"> paper <\/span><span id=\"E1832\">are<\/span><span id=\"E1833\"> designed to give readers a<\/span><span id=\"E1834\">n accurate,<\/span><span id=\"E1835\"> detailed, <\/span><span id=\"E1836\">organized<\/span><span id=\"E1837\">, and easy-to-understand list of information about <\/span><span id=\"E1838\">all <\/span><span id=\"E1839\">the sources that <\/span><span id=\"E1840\">you have<\/span><span id=\"E1841\"> cited.<\/span><span id=\"E1842\"> It is alphabetically ordered to make it easy for the reader to locate a source listing.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Formatting<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E1849\">The <\/span><span id=\"E1850\">last<\/span><span id=\"E1851\"> page of your paper is the works cited list.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1855\">The entire Works Cited page should be <\/span><span id=\"E1856\">double-spaced.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1861\">Use the <\/span><span id=\"E1862\">center <\/span><span id=\"E1863\">function to place the title in the middle of the first line: Works Cited.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1867\">Skip a line between the title and your text and <\/span><span id=\"E1868\">left-justify <\/span><span id=\"E1869\">your text.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1873\">Set up the body of your works cited page for <\/span><span id=\"E1874\">hanging indents<\/span><span id=\"E1875\">. To do this, click on the symbol in the bottom right-hand corner of the <\/span><span id=\"E1876\">Paragraph <\/span><span id=\"E1877\">section on the Home tab.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1887\">In the <\/span><span id=\"E1888\">Indentation <\/span><span id=\"E1889\">section of the Paragraph pop-up menu, under <\/span><span id=\"E1890\">Special<\/span><span id=\"E1891\">, click on the <\/span><span id=\"E1892\">arrow<\/span><span id=\"E1893\"> (<\/span><span id=\"E1894\">Figure<\/span><span id=\"E1895\"> 2) and select <\/span><span id=\"E1896\">Hanging <\/span><span id=\"E1897\">from the drop-down menu. Then, click the OK button at the bottom of the menu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1935\">Ensure that your page has <\/span><span id=\"E1936\">1\u201d margins <\/span><span id=\"E1937\">on all sides.<\/span><span id=\"E1938\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1942\">Place your works cited entries <\/span><span id=\"E1943\">in alphabetical order by the first item in the entry<\/span><span id=\"E1944\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1946\">If the word-processing program <\/span><span id=\"E1948\">auto-corrects<\/span><span id=\"E1949\"> mechanical aspects such as capitalization, you may need to change it back so it conforms to the MLA guidelines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E1982\">Word-processing programs will often change a <\/span><span id=\"E1983\">URL into a hyperlink<\/span><span id=\"E1984\"> (blue and underlined<\/span><span id=\"E1985\">)<\/span><span id=\"E1986\">. If this happens, right click and select \u201cRemove hyperlink.\u201d Also, never use <\/span><span id=\"E1987\">http:\/\/ <\/span><span id=\"E1988\">or <\/span><span id=\"E1989\">https:\/\/<\/span><span id=\"E1990\">. Instead, type or copy the URL beginning to the right of that material (including <\/span><span id=\"E1991\">www<\/span><span id=\"E1992\"> if present).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Elements of Works Cited Entries<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E1999\">Works Cited entr<\/span><span id=\"E2000\">ies are the listings of <\/span><span id=\"E2001\">every source cited<\/span><span id=\"E2002\"> <\/span><span id=\"E2003\">at least once<\/span><span id=\"E2004\"> in the body of the paper. <\/span><span id=\"E2005\">The<\/span><span id=\"E2006\"> <\/span><span id=\"E2007\">standard<\/span><span id=\"E2008\"> elements <\/span><span id=\"E2009\">of each entry are listed <\/span><span id=\"E2010\">in order <\/span><span id=\"E2011\">below, though often certain elements are skipped if the information is not relevant or available for that type of source. Note the punctuation that typically follows each core element:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Author<\/li>\n<li>Title of Source<\/li>\n<li>Title of Container (see &#8220;Containers&#8221; below)<\/li>\n<li>Other Contributors<\/li>\n<li>Version<\/li>\n<li>Number<\/li>\n<li>Publisher<\/li>\n<li>Publication Date\n<ul>\n<li>Months longer than four letters are abbreviated to three letters, with the exception of September (Sept.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E2045\">Location<\/span><span id=\"E2046\">.<\/span><span id=\"E2047\"> <\/span><span id=\"E2048\">(<\/span><span id=\"E2049\">Page numbers<\/span><span id=\"E2050\"> if the source is a text inside a larger container, or a <\/span><span id=\"E2051\">URL or permalink<\/span><span id=\"E2052\"> if found on the internet or in an online database, respectively.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E2054\">Internet a<\/span><span id=\"E2055\">ccess date<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E2059\">Recommended <\/span><span id=\"E2060\">if no publication date is given<\/span><span id=\"E2062\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Containers<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"E2126\">A container<\/span><span id=\"E2127\"> is the larger source that <\/span><span id=\"E2128\">contains<\/span><span id=\"E2129\"> your source\u2014where you found your title, such as a <\/span><span id=\"E2130\">newspaper, <\/span><span id=\"E2131\">journal, anthology, reference <\/span><span id=\"E2132\">book, website<\/span><span id=\"E2133\">, etc. <\/span><span id=\"E2134\">Elements 3 \u2013 9 <\/span><span id=\"E2135\">(previous page)<\/span><span id=\"E2136\"> <\/span><span id=\"E2137\">all provide information about that \u201ccontainer.\u201d <\/span><span id=\"E2138\"><\/span><span id=\"E2153\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Book with One Author\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q188740\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q188740\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. Title. Publisher, Date of Publication.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q652243\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q652243\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Tannen, Deborah. <em>You&#8217;re Wearing That?<\/em> Random House, 2006.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Book with Multiple Authors\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q629778\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q629778\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Reverse only the name of the first author in the list. Two authors: Last Name, First Name and First Last. Three authors or more Authors: Last Name, First Name, et al. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>An Encyclopedia or Dictionary\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q299469\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q299469\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name (if known). \u201cTitle of the Article or Entry.\u201d Title of the Work. Edition, Publisher, Date of Publication.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q758421\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q758421\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">&#8220;Delight.\u201d <em>The American Heritage Dictionary<\/em>. 4th ed., Dell, 2001.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Work in an Anthology\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q411727\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q411727\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, First Name. \u201cTitle of Work.\u201d Title of Anthology, edited by (Editor\u2019s Name\/s), Edition (if any), Publisher, Date of Publication. Page(s).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q535972\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q535972\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Carver, Raymond. \u201cCathedral.\u201d <em>Literature for Composition: An Introduction to Literature<\/em>, edited by Sylvan Barnet et al., 11th ed., Pearson, 2017, pp. 1317-26.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Scripture (Bible, Quran, etc.)\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q706751\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q706751\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Title. Version. Edited\/Translated by (name of head editor\/translator, if known), Publisher, Year of Publication.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q394596\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q394596\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><em>The NIV Study Bible<\/em>. New International Version. Edited by Kenneth Barker, Zondervan, 1985.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E2368\">E<\/span><span id=\"E2369\">&#8211;<\/span><span id=\"E2370\">Book from <\/span><span id=\"E2371\">an Online Digital Library\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q951816\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q951816\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Date of Publication. Title of Digital Library, Permalink URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q877546\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q877546\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Gikandi, Simon. <em>Ngugi wa Thiong\u2019o<\/em>. Cambridge UP, 2000. <em>ACLS Humanities E-book<\/em>, hdl.handle.net\/2027\/heb.07588.0001.001.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E2394\">E<\/span><span id=\"E2395\">&#8211;<\/span><span id=\"E2396\">Book from <\/span><span id=\"E2397\">a Digital Read<\/span><span id=\"E2400\">er\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q764858\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q764858\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. Title of the Book. Version, Publisher, Date of Publication.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q851665\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q851665\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Joyce, James. <em>Dubliners<\/em>. Kindle ed., Open Road, 2014.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Article in a Scholarly Journal\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q95846\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q95846\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Name of the Periodical, Volume Number, Issue Number, Date of Publication, Page(s).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q751210\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q751210\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Segal, Sabrina K. and Larry Cahill. \u201cEndogenous Noradrenergic Activation and Memory for Emotional Material in Men and Women.\u201d <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology<\/em>, vol. 34, no.1, Oct. 2009, pp.1263-71.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Article in a Magazine\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q408050\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q408050\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Title of Magazine, Date of Publication, Page(s).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q793221\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q793221\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Woodard, Helen. \u201cComing Out Late in Life.\u201d <em>Redbook<\/em>, Nov. 2011, pp. 28-30.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Article in a Newspaper\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q548671\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q548671\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Title of Newspaper, Date of Publication, Page(s) Note: If the newspaper uses numbers for sections, use \u201csec. #: page #\u201d for pages.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q558587\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q558587\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Seigfeld, Troy. \u201cThe Health Care Debate.\u201d <em>Los Angeles Times<\/em>, 7 Apr. 2013, sec. 2: p. 13.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Online Newspaper or Magazine Article\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q992147\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q992147\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Title of Overall Web Site, Date of Publication, URL.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q857075\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q857075\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Frizell, Sam. \u201cWhat\u2019s Next for Democrats After the Clintons?\u201d <em>Time Magazine<\/em>, 10 Nov. 2016, time.com\/4565964\/whats-next-for-democrats\/.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Article in a Library Database\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q892747\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q892747\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name. \u201cTitle of the Article.\u201d Name of the Periodical, Volume Number, Issue Number, Date of Publication, Page Numbers*. Name of Database, URL\/DOI*. *If an article has a DOI, use it instead of a URL. To use a URL, find the \u201cPermalink\u201d from the side toolbar and copy that.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q302062\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q302062\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Shayan, Hossein. &#8220;Organ Transplantation: From Myth to Reality.&#8221; <em>Journal Of Investigative Surgery<\/em>, vol. 14, no. 3, May\/June 2001. pp. 135-138. <em>Academic Search Complete<\/em>, doi: 10.1080\/089419301300343282. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Work on the Web (Author)\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q273057\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q273057\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author\u2019s Last Name, Author\u2019s First Name (if known). \u201cTitle of Source.\u201d Container (entire website name), Version or Edition (if known), Publisher\/Sponsor (if different from website name), Date of Publication or Last Edit\/Upload, Location (URL). Date of Access (if no date of publication, edit, or upload available). Do not use copyright dates as dates of publication for internet sources.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q737727\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q737727\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Terdiman, Daniel. \u201cInside the Eiffel Tower&#8217;s &#8216;Secret&#8217; Bunker.\u201d <em>CNET<\/em>, CBS Interactive Inc., 26 June 2011, www.cnet.com\/news\/inside-the-eiffel-towers-secret-bunker\/.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Work on the Web (Author not listed) &#8212; Example of Alteration for this Type\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q177256\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q177256\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\u201cHouse Says &#8216;No&#8217; To Pet Primates.\u201d CNN, Cable News Network, www.cnn.com\/2009\/POLITICS\/02\/24\/primates.pets.bill\/index.html?eref=ib_us. Accessed 15 Dec. 2016.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q114610\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q114610\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">&#8220;House Says &#8216;No&#8217; To Pet Primates.\u201d <em>CNN<\/em>, Cable News Network, www.cnn.com\/2009\/POLITICS\/02\/24\/primates.pets.bill\/index.html?eref =ib_us. Accessed 15 Dec. 2016.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Work on the Web (Entire Website) &#8212; Example of Alteration for this Type\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q411684\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q411684\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Only use this in your Works Cited list when referencing it as a whole in your paper (not citing material from specific webpages), or if you if you use material from multiple webpages within the website. World Wildlife Fund. www.worldwildlife.org. Accessed 10 Jan. 2017.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q792011\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q792011\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><em>World Wildlife Fund<\/em>. www.worldwildlife.org. Accessed 10 Jan. 2017.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>E-Mail\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q681312\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q681312\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Name of the Writer (Last Name, First Name). \u201cSubject of E-mail.\u201d Name of Recipient, Date.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q348104\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q348104\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Moon, Melanie. \u201cRe: Interview of My Father.\u201d Received by Mike T. Bassett, 23 Oct. 2013.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Government Publication\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q186460\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q186460\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">These documents can vary widely. Check with the Learning Commons if you find that the general example below does not work for your document. Author (if any individual person). Name of the organization or government (usually a state or country), Name of the Agency\/Department*. Title. Publisher, Date of Publication, URL (if accessed online).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q866363\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q866363\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">United States, Congressional Research Service. <em>Same-Sex Marriages: Legal Issues<\/em>. Library of Congress, 2005. https:\/\/www.glad.org\/uploads\/docs\/cases\/gill-v-office-of-personnel-mana gement\/6-2005-same-sex-marriage-legal-issues.pdf<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tweet\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q501380\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q501380\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The full text of the tweet should be your title. Enclose the text in quotation marks, and include the date, time, and URL. Alphabetize the entry on your Works Cited list based on the first letters following the @<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q223714\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q223714\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">@lclambeck (Linda Lambeck). \u201cThe #bridgeport school funding upshot: the state legislature lacks political will to do right thing.\u201d <em>Twitter<\/em>, 7 June 2016, 5:59 p.m., twitter.com\/lclambeck\/status\/ 752985641261162496.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Weblog\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q241929\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q241929\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author (if known). \u201cTitle of Entry.\u201d Container. Publisher\/Sponsor, Date of Most Recent Update (if any), Location (URL).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q417718\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q417718\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Merritt, Pamela. \u201cThe Ways Cats Ask.\u201d <em>Way of Cats<\/em>, Pamela Merritt\/WereBear Media, 21 Oct. 2016, www.wayofcats.com\/blog\/the-ways-cats-ask\/36008.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Radio \/ Television Program\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q877824\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q877824\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\u201cTitle of Episode.\u201d Title of the Program or Series, Number (if any, season, episode), Publisher, Broadcast D ate, Title of Second Container (if any, Local station or streaming source*), Location (City or URL).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q972772\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q972772\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\u201cLisa Kudrow: Episode 103.\u201d <em>Who Do You Think You Are?<\/em>, NBC Universal, 19 Mar. 2010, WETM, Elmira, NY.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Film\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q522513\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q522513\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Title of Film. Directed by (Director\u2019s Name), Performance by (Lead Performer\u2019s Name\/s), Name of Distributor, Year of Release.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q322870\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q322870\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><em>Moll Flanders<\/em>. Directed by Pen Densham, Performance by Kim Novak, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1996.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Youtube Videos\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q538699\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q538699\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Author (if different from poster). &#8220;Title of Video.&#8221; <em>YouTube.com<\/em>, Uploaded by Name of Poster, Date, URL.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q611056\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q611056\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\u201cA River of Waste: The Hazardous Truth About Factory Farms.\u201d <em>YouTube.com<\/em>, Uploaded by Cinedigm, 30 Sep. 2010, www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c-WAGf-4gC8.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Advertisement\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q275649\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q275649\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Name of company (the one whose product is being advertised). Advertisement. Title of Periodical, Website or Channel (italicize if required), Relevant Container Information.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q280627\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q280627\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Target. Advertisement. NBC Universal, 8 Sept. 2016, <em>WETM<\/em>, Elmira, NY.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Personal Interview (Conducted by You)\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q32476\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q32476\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Name of the Interviewee (Last, First). Type of Interview (personal, telephone, Skype, etc.). Date.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q564502\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q564502\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Peterson, Ardella. Personal Interview. 12 Jan. 2017.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Live Presentation (Lecture, Performance, etc.)\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q889175\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q889175\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Artist\/Presenter. \u201cTitle of Artwork\/Presentation.\u201d Series or Forum (if any), Date, Venue, City. Type of art\/presentation (optional).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q579870\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q579870\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Dougherty, Edward. \u201cFramed in Glory: The World Trade Center Poems.\u201d Inspired at CCC Series, 14 Sept. 2016, Corning Community College, Corning, NY. Poetry reading.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Musical Recording\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q466039\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q466039\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Artist\/Band. \u201cTitle of Song.\u201d Written\/Performance by (if different)*, Album, Recording Company, Recording Year. Title of Second Container, Location (if applicable). *Songwriter and Performer can be switched depending on whether your paper focuses on the lyrics\/music or on the performance.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Example\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q617995\">Show\/Hide Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q617995\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Phish. \u201cWading in the Velvet Sea.\u201d Ghost, Elektra Records, 1998. Spotify, play.spotify.com\/track\/3WmN0R4loh6ft6B2guDyat?play=true&amp;utm_sou rce=open.spotify.com&amp;utm_medium=open.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>A Final Note on Citations<\/h3>\n<p id=\"E3320\"><span id=\"E3321\">While this packet gives you much of the information you may need to cite your research in MLA style, you may find you need additional assistance. If so, please do not hesitate to contact the Learning Commons for help. Our<\/span><span id=\"E3322\"> location and phone numbers are<\/span><span id=\"E3323\">\u00a0at the bottom of the first page in this packet; you can also contact us by e-mail at writing<\/span><span id=\"E3324\">tutoring<\/span><span id=\"E3325\">@corning-cc.edu. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E3326\"><span id=\"E3327\">Please note that while there are a variety of websites and tools to help you cite your research (such as EasyBib, \u201cReferences\u201d tools in MS Word, and the citation tools on the library\u2019s article databases), these \u201ceasy citation machines\u201d are quite often inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise unreliable. It can take <\/span><span id=\"E3328\">more <\/span><span id=\"E3329\">time to check these over for accuracy than it does to simply write them yourself. In the end, <\/span><span id=\"E3330\">you <\/span><span id=\"E3331\">are responsible for your citations<\/span><span id=\"E3332\"> and Works Cited entries<\/span><span id=\"E3333\">, so do your best to ensure they are done in accordance with your <\/span><span id=\"E3334\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E3335\">\u2019s expectations. Double-check your work, follow the requirements of your <\/span><span id=\"E3336\">instructor<\/span><span id=\"E3337\"> exactly (and if you are confused, contact him or her for more information), and <\/span><span id=\"E3338\">don\u2019t forget that the friendly Learning Commons St<\/span><span id=\"E3339\">aff is always here to help you!<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Additional Resources on MLA<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span id=\"E3353\">MLA Handbook, <\/span><span id=\"E3354\">Eighth <\/span><span id=\"E3355\">Edition <\/span><span id=\"E3356\">(a copy of this is available for use in both Learning Commons)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E3360\">The Successful Writer\u2019s Handbook<\/span><span id=\"E3361\">, <\/span><span id=\"E3362\">Third<\/span><span id=\"E3363\"> <\/span><span id=\"E3364\">Edition, <\/span><span id=\"E3365\">packaged<\/span><span id=\"E3366\"> <\/span><span id=\"E3367\">with <\/span><span id=\"E3368\">The Pearson Guide to the 2016 MLA Handbook<\/span><span id=\"E3369\"> <\/span><span id=\"E3370\">(<\/span><span id=\"E3371\">T<\/span><span id=\"E3372\">his is available for purchase in the CCC bookstore<\/span><span id=\"E3373\">.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/\"><span id=\"E3377\">The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue<\/span><span id=\"E3378\"> University<\/span><\/a><span id=\"E3379\">: <\/span><span id=\"E3380\">http:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E3384\">Citation information in the English 1010 and 1020 textbooks (<\/span><span id=\"E3385\">C<\/span><span id=\"E3386\">heck to make sure they\u2019ve been updated to <\/span><span id=\"E3387\">the <\/span><span id=\"E3388\">8<\/span><span id=\"E3389\">th<\/span><span id=\"E3390\"> edition <\/span><span id=\"E3391\">of MLA before using them<\/span><span id=\"E3392\">.<\/span><span id=\"E3393\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-166\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Adaptations for format \/ ADA compliance. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Dann Coble. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Corning Community College. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li><strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Keith Wart. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Corning Community College. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t 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