{"id":128,"date":"2019-03-11T17:06:29","date_gmt":"2019-03-11T17:06:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=128"},"modified":"2019-04-12T18:06:50","modified_gmt":"2019-04-12T18:06:50","slug":"5-1-prelude-to-lipids","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/chapter\/5-1-prelude-to-lipids\/","title":{"raw":"5.1: Prelude To Lipids","rendered":"5.1: Prelude To Lipids"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n\r\nIn this chapter, we look at the types, structure, and roles of lipids, and we explain the different types of cholesterol in the blood. We also explore topics of interest such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and trans fats.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">In the 1920s, anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson lived with and studied a group of Inuit. The Inuit were fishers and hunters, primarily of sea mammals such as whales, walruses, and seals. They consumed a high-protein, high-fat diet. In fact, the Inuit consumed an average of 75 percent of their daily energy intake from fat.\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_001\" class=\"footnote\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Patricia Gadsby,\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">\u201cThe Inuit Paradox,\u201d Discover<\/em>, 1 October 2004.\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/discovermagazine.com\/2004\/oct\/inuit-paradox\/article_print\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/discovermagazine.com\/2004\/oct\/inuit-paradox\/article_print<\/a>.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Stefansson\u2019s research focused on the fact that the Inuit diet had no adverse effects on either their health or his own.<\/span><span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_002\" class=\"footnote\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Lieb, C. W. \u201cThe Effects of an Exclusive Long-Continued Meat Diet.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">JAMA<\/em>\u00a087, no. 1 (1926): 25\u201326. doi:10.1001\/jama.1926.02680010025006<\/span>\r\n<div id=\"note\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">VIDEO 5.1.1: WHY OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ARE ESSENTIAL<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_n02\" class=\"video block\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">Dr. Gerard L. Guillory reviews the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in this video, as part of a \u201c10 Steps to Better Health\u201d series<\/p>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/08ZYEGQmiLc[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section class=\"mt-content-container\">\r\n<div id=\"s478\" class=\"mt-include\">\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_p02\" class=\"para block\">These findings were supported by a later study in 1972, when the Greenland Inuit first caught the attention of Dr. H. O. Bang from Aalborg University in Denmark. He noted that although the Inuit consumed massive amounts of fatty ocean fish, which are packed with omega-3s, none of the Inuit tested showed signs of heart disease. In addition, there was significantly less evidence of joint disease and skin disease than found in Western countries. Further research led Bang and his associate, Dyerberg, to conclude that the omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA) present in the diet offer significant health benefits:<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_003\" class=\"footnote\">Bang, H.O. and J. Dyerberg. \u201cFatty Acid Composition of the Plasma Lipids in Greenland Eskimos.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Am J Clin Nutr<\/em>\u00a028 (1975): 958\u201366.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist block\">\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Heart disease.<\/strong>\u00a0Further research supports Bang and Dyerberg\u2019s finding and shows DHA and EPA to be beneficial to heart health and human development. EPA and DHA tend to reduce blood pressure, prevent blood-clot formation (thereby reducing the risk of stroke), and protect against irregular heartbeats.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Inflammation and autoimmune diseases.<\/strong>\u00a0According to research published in the\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Journal of the American College of Nutrition<\/em>, animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties.<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_004\" class=\"footnote\">Sears, B. \u201cAnti-Inflammatory Diets for Obesity and Diabetes.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">J Am Coll Nutr<\/em>\u00a021 (2008).<\/span>\u00a0The low incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis, asthma, and Type 1 diabetes and the complete absence of multiple sclerosis has been observed and studied in the Inuit population in Greenland.<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_005\" class=\"footnote\">Brzezinski, A. \u201cReview.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Gastroenterol Hepatol<\/em>\u00a03, no. 10 (2007): 787\u201388.\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3104160\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3104160\/<\/a>.<\/span>\u00a0Subsequent studies concur with these findings and it is believed that omega-3 fats play an important role in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, arthritis, other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and cancer.<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_006\" class=\"footnote\">Simopoulos, A. \u201cOmega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">J Am Coll Nutr<\/em>\u00a021, no. 6 (2002): 495\u2013505.\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jacn.org\/content\/21\/6\/495.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.jacn.org\/content\/21\/6\/495.full<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Brain health.<\/strong>\u00a0Omega-3 fats play an important role in maintaining mental health and are crucial for brain function. Omega-3 fatty acids may provide benefits such as expanding learning and memory capacities. Early evidence suggests that the consumption of omega-3 fats is essential for synaptic transmission in the brain. Furthermore, omega-3 fats seem to be most effective when obtained from foods rather than from supplements.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_n01\" class=\"callout block\">\r\n<div id=\"section_1\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"You_Decide-478\">You Decide<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_p03\" class=\"para\">What sources of omega-3 fatty acids would you include in your diet and why?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_p04\" class=\"para block\">As you read further, you will learn the different types of fats, their essential roles in the body, and the potential health consequences and benefits of diets rich in particular lipids. You will be better equipped to decide the best way to get your nutritional punch from various fats in your diet.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<p>In this chapter, we look at the types, structure, and roles of lipids, and we explain the different types of cholesterol in the blood. We also explore topics of interest such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and trans fats.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">In the 1920s, anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson lived with and studied a group of Inuit. The Inuit were fishers and hunters, primarily of sea mammals such as whales, walruses, and seals. They consumed a high-protein, high-fat diet. In fact, the Inuit consumed an average of 75 percent of their daily energy intake from fat.\u00a0<\/span><span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_001\" class=\"footnote\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Patricia Gadsby,\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">\u201cThe Inuit Paradox,\u201d Discover<\/em>, 1 October 2004.\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/discovermagazine.com\/2004\/oct\/inuit-paradox\/article_print\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/discovermagazine.com\/2004\/oct\/inuit-paradox\/article_print<\/a>.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0Stefansson\u2019s research focused on the fact that the Inuit diet had no adverse effects on either their health or his own.<\/span><span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_002\" class=\"footnote\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">Lieb, C. W. \u201cThe Effects of an Exclusive Long-Continued Meat Diet.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">JAMA<\/em>\u00a087, no. 1 (1926): 25\u201326. doi:10.1001\/jama.1926.02680010025006<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"note\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">VIDEO 5.1.1: WHY OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ARE ESSENTIAL<\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<div id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_n02\" class=\"video block\">\n<p class=\"para\">Dr. Gerard L. Guillory reviews the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in this video, as part of a \u201c10 Steps to Better Health\u201d series<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Part 6 of Dr. G&#39;s 10 Steps to Better Health Series\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/08ZYEGQmiLc?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"mt-content-container\">\n<div id=\"s478\" class=\"mt-include\">\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_p02\" class=\"para block\">These findings were supported by a later study in 1972, when the Greenland Inuit first caught the attention of Dr. H. O. Bang from Aalborg University in Denmark. He noted that although the Inuit consumed massive amounts of fatty ocean fish, which are packed with omega-3s, none of the Inuit tested showed signs of heart disease. In addition, there was significantly less evidence of joint disease and skin disease than found in Western countries. Further research led Bang and his associate, Dyerberg, to conclude that the omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA) present in the diet offer significant health benefits:<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_003\" class=\"footnote\">Bang, H.O. and J. Dyerberg. \u201cFatty Acid Composition of the Plasma Lipids in Greenland Eskimos.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Am J Clin Nutr<\/em>\u00a028 (1975): 958\u201366.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist block\">\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Heart disease.<\/strong>\u00a0Further research supports Bang and Dyerberg\u2019s finding and shows DHA and EPA to be beneficial to heart health and human development. EPA and DHA tend to reduce blood pressure, prevent blood-clot formation (thereby reducing the risk of stroke), and protect against irregular heartbeats.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Inflammation and autoimmune diseases.<\/strong>\u00a0According to research published in the\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Journal of the American College of Nutrition<\/em>, animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties.<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_004\" class=\"footnote\">Sears, B. \u201cAnti-Inflammatory Diets for Obesity and Diabetes.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">J Am Coll Nutr<\/em>\u00a021 (2008).<\/span>\u00a0The low incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis, asthma, and Type 1 diabetes and the complete absence of multiple sclerosis has been observed and studied in the Inuit population in Greenland.<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_005\" class=\"footnote\">Brzezinski, A. \u201cReview.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Gastroenterol Hepatol<\/em>\u00a03, no. 10 (2007): 787\u201388.\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3104160\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3104160\/<\/a>.<\/span>\u00a0Subsequent studies concur with these findings and it is believed that omega-3 fats play an important role in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, arthritis, other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and cancer.<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn05_006\" class=\"footnote\">Simopoulos, A. \u201cOmega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">J Am Coll Nutr<\/em>\u00a021, no. 6 (2002): 495\u2013505.\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jacn.org\/content\/21\/6\/495.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.jacn.org\/content\/21\/6\/495.full<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Brain health.<\/strong>\u00a0Omega-3 fats play an important role in maintaining mental health and are crucial for brain function. Omega-3 fatty acids may provide benefits such as expanding learning and memory capacities. Early evidence suggests that the consumption of omega-3 fats is essential for synaptic transmission in the brain. Furthermore, omega-3 fats seem to be most effective when obtained from foods rather than from supplements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_n01\" class=\"callout block\">\n<div id=\"section_1\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"You_Decide-478\">You Decide<\/h2>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_p03\" class=\"para\">What sources of omega-3 fatty acids would you include in your diet and why?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch05_s00_p04\" class=\"para block\">As you read further, you will learn the different types of fats, their essential roles in the body, and the potential health consequences and benefits of diets rich in particular lipids. You will be better equipped to decide the best way to get your nutritional punch from various fats in your diet.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-128\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Prelude to Lipids. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Medical LibreTexts Contributors. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: LibreTexts. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/05%3A_Lipids\/5.1%3A_Prelude_to_Lipids\">https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/05%3A_Lipids\/5.1%3A_Prelude_to_Lipids<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":44985,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Prelude to Lipids\",\"author\":\"Medical LibreTexts Contributors\",\"organization\":\"LibreTexts\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/05%3A_Lipids\/5.1%3A_Prelude_to_Lipids\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-128","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":126,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44985"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":869,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/revisions\/869"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/126"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=128"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=128"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}