{"id":248,"date":"2018-02-14T00:29:33","date_gmt":"2018-02-14T00:29:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/chapter\/introduction-14\/"},"modified":"2019-04-19T13:42:26","modified_gmt":"2019-04-19T13:42:26","slug":"introduction-14","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/chapter\/introduction-14\/","title":{"raw":"8.7 Prelude to Trace Minerals","rendered":"8.7 Prelude to Trace Minerals"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Skills to develop<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the functional role, intake recommendations and sources of trace minerals<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nTrace minerals are classified as minerals required in the diet each day in smaller amounts, specifically 100 milligrams or less. \u00a0These include copper, zinc, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, and others. \u00a0Although trace minerals are needed in smaller amounts it is important to remember that a deficiency in a trace mineral can be just as detrimental to your health as a major mineral deficiency.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_367\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"408\"]<img class=\"wp-image-367\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4101\/2018\/01\/11181117\/Trace-minerals-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"408\" height=\"482\" \/> Figure 11.1 The Trace Minerals Image by Allison Calabrese \/ CC BY 4.0[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIodine deficiency is a major concern in countries around the world such as Fiji. \u00a0In the 1990\u2019s, almost 50% of the population had signs of iodine deficiency also known as goiter. To combat this national issue, the government of Fiji banned non-iodized salt and allowed only fortified iodized salt into the country in hopes of increasing the consumption of iodine in people's diets. \u00a0With this law, and health promotion efforts encouraging the consumption of seafood, great progress has been made in decreasing the prevalence of iodine deficiency in Fiji.[footnote]Micronutrient Deficiencies. Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Shaping Fiji\u2019s Health. http:\/\/www.health.gov.fj\/?page_id=1406. Published 2015. Accessed November 12, 2017.[\/footnote]\r\n<table class=\"mt-table-big mt-responsive-table\" style=\"height: 638px\"><caption><em><strong>Table\u00a0<span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" style=\"font-style: normal;font-weight: normal;line-height: normal;font-size: 14.4px;text-indent: 0px;text-align: left;letter-spacing: normal;float: none;direction: ltr;max-width: none;max-height: none;min-width: 0px;min-height: 0px;border: 0px;padding: 0px;margin: 0px\" role=\"presentation\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"mn\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\" role=\"presentation\">1<\/span><\/span>:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<em>Summary of the\u00a0Trace Minerals.<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 40px\">\r\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 82.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Micronutrient<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 102.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 92.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Recommended Intakes for adults<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 138.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Major Functions<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 166.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Deficiency diseases and symptoms<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 77.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Groups at risk for deficiency<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 94.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Toxicity<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 52.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>UL<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 124px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 82.5px\">Iron<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 102.5px\">Red meat, egg yolks, dark leafy vegetables, dried fruit, iron-fortified foods<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 92.5px\">8-18 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 138.5px\">Assists in\u00a0energy\u00a0production, DNA synthesis required for red blood cell function<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 166.5px\">Anemia: fatigue, paleness, faster heart rate<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 77.5px\">Infants and preschool children, adolescents, women, pregnant women, athletes, vegetarians<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 94.5px\">Liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and cancer<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 52.5px\">45 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 68px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 82.5px\">Copper<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 102.5px\">Nuts, seeds, whole grains, seafood<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 92.5px\">900 mcg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 138.5px\">Assists in energy production, iron\u00a0metabolism<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 166.5px\">Anemia: fatigue, paleness, faster heart rate<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 77.5px\">Those who consume excessive zinc supplements<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 94.5px\">Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, liver damage<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 52.5px\">10 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 82px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 82.5px\">Zinc<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 102.5px\">oysters, wheat germ, pumpkin seeds, squash,, beans, sesame seeds, tahini, beef, lamb<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 92.5px\">8-11 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 138.5px\">Assists in energy production,\u00a0protein, RNA and DNA synthesis; required for\u00a0hemoglobinsynthesis<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 166.5px\">Growth retardation in children, hair loss, diarrhea, skin sores, loss of appetite,\u00a0weight\u00a0loss<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 77.5px\">Vegetarians, older adults<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 94.5px\">Depressed immune function<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 52.5px\">40 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 54px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 82.5px\">Selenium<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 102.5px\">Meat, seafood, eggs, nuts<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 92.5px\">55 mcg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 138.5px\">Essential for\u00a0thyroid hormone activity<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 166.5px\">Fatigue, muscle pain, weakness, Keshan disease<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 77.5px\">Populations where the soil is low in selenium<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 94.5px\">Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 52.5px\">400 \u00a0mcg\/day<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 82px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 82.5px\">Iodine<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 102.5px\">Iodized salt, seaweed, dairy products<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 92.5px\">150 mcg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 138.5px\">Making thyroid hormone, metabolism, growth and development<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 166.5px\">Goiter,\u00a0cretinism, other signs and symptoms include fatigue, depression, weight gain, itchy skin, low heart-rate<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 77.5px\">Populations where the soil is low in iodine, and iodized salt is not used<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 94.5px\">Enlarged thyroid<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 52.5px\">1110 mcg\/day<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 40px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 82.5px\">Chromium<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 102.5px\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 92.5px\">25-35 mcg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 138.5px\">Assists\u00a0insulin\u00a0in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 166.5px\">abnormal\u00a0glucosemetabolism<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 77.5px\">Malnourished children<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 94.5px\">None<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 52.5px\">ND<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 82px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 82.5px\">Fluoride<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 102.5px\">Fluoridated\u00a0water, foods prepared in fluoridated water, seafood<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 92.5px\">3-4 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 138.5px\">Component of mineralized bone, provides structure and microarchitecture, stimulates new bone growth<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 166.5px\">Increased risk of dental caries<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 77.5px\">Populations with non fluoridated water<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 94.5px\">Fluorosismottled teeth, kidney damage<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 52.5px\">10 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 40px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 82.5px\">Manganese<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 102.5px\">Legumes, nuts, leafy green vegetables<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 92.5px\">1.8-2.3 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 138.5px\">Glucose synthesis, amino-acid catabolism<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 166.5px\">Impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities, abnormal glucose metabolism<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 77.5px\">None<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 94.5px\">Nerve damage<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 52.5px\">11 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26px\">\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 82.5px\">Molybdenum<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 102.5px\">Milk, grains, legumes<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 92.5px\">45 mcg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 138.5px\">Cofactor for a number of\u00a0enzymes<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 166.5px\">Unknown<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 77.5px\">None<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 94.5px\">Arthritis, joint inflammation<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 52.5px\">2 mg\/day<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>Contributors<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>University of Hawai\u2019i at M\u0101noa Food Science and Human Nutrition Program: Allison Calabrese, Cheryl Gibby, Billy Meinke, Marie Kainoa Fialkowski Revilla, and Alan Titchenal<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Skills to develop<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the functional role, intake recommendations and sources of trace minerals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Trace minerals are classified as minerals required in the diet each day in smaller amounts, specifically 100 milligrams or less. \u00a0These include copper, zinc, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, and others. \u00a0Although trace minerals are needed in smaller amounts it is important to remember that a deficiency in a trace mineral can be just as detrimental to your health as a major mineral deficiency.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_367\" style=\"width: 418px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-367\" class=\"wp-image-367\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4101\/2018\/01\/11181117\/Trace-minerals-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"408\" height=\"482\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-367\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 11.1 The Trace Minerals Image by Allison Calabrese \/ CC BY 4.0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Iodine deficiency is a major concern in countries around the world such as Fiji. \u00a0In the 1990\u2019s, almost 50% of the population had signs of iodine deficiency also known as goiter. To combat this national issue, the government of Fiji banned non-iodized salt and allowed only fortified iodized salt into the country in hopes of increasing the consumption of iodine in people&#8217;s diets. \u00a0With this law, and health promotion efforts encouraging the consumption of seafood, great progress has been made in decreasing the prevalence of iodine deficiency in Fiji.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Micronutrient Deficiencies. Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Shaping Fiji\u2019s Health. http:\/\/www.health.gov.fj\/?page_id=1406. Published 2015. Accessed November 12, 2017.\" id=\"return-footnote-248-1\" href=\"#footnote-248-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<table class=\"mt-table-big mt-responsive-table\" style=\"height: 638px\">\n<caption><em><strong>Table\u00a0<span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" style=\"font-style: normal;font-weight: normal;line-height: normal;font-size: 14.4px;text-indent: 0px;text-align: left;letter-spacing: normal;float: none;direction: ltr;max-width: none;max-height: none;min-width: 0px;min-height: 0px;border: 0px;padding: 0px;margin: 0px\" role=\"presentation\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"mn\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\" role=\"presentation\">1<\/span><\/span>:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<em>Summary of the\u00a0Trace Minerals.<\/em><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 40px\">\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 82.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Micronutrient<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 102.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 92.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Recommended Intakes for adults<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 138.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Major Functions<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 166.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Deficiency diseases and symptoms<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 77.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Groups at risk for deficiency<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 94.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Toxicity<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 52.5px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>UL<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 124px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 82.5px\">Iron<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 102.5px\">Red meat, egg yolks, dark leafy vegetables, dried fruit, iron-fortified foods<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 92.5px\">8-18 mg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 138.5px\">Assists in\u00a0energy\u00a0production, DNA synthesis required for red blood cell function<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 166.5px\">Anemia: fatigue, paleness, faster heart rate<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 77.5px\">Infants and preschool children, adolescents, women, pregnant women, athletes, vegetarians<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 94.5px\">Liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and cancer<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 124px;width: 52.5px\">45 mg\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 68px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 82.5px\">Copper<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 102.5px\">Nuts, seeds, whole grains, seafood<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 92.5px\">900 mcg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 138.5px\">Assists in energy production, iron\u00a0metabolism<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 166.5px\">Anemia: fatigue, paleness, faster heart rate<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 77.5px\">Those who consume excessive zinc supplements<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 94.5px\">Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, liver damage<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 68px;width: 52.5px\">10 mg\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 82px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 82.5px\">Zinc<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 102.5px\">oysters, wheat germ, pumpkin seeds, squash,, beans, sesame seeds, tahini, beef, lamb<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 92.5px\">8-11 mg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 138.5px\">Assists in energy production,\u00a0protein, RNA and DNA synthesis; required for\u00a0hemoglobinsynthesis<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 166.5px\">Growth retardation in children, hair loss, diarrhea, skin sores, loss of appetite,\u00a0weight\u00a0loss<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 77.5px\">Vegetarians, older adults<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 94.5px\">Depressed immune function<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 52.5px\">40 mg\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 54px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 82.5px\">Selenium<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 102.5px\">Meat, seafood, eggs, nuts<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 92.5px\">55 mcg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 138.5px\">Essential for\u00a0thyroid hormone activity<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 166.5px\">Fatigue, muscle pain, weakness, Keshan disease<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 77.5px\">Populations where the soil is low in selenium<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 94.5px\">Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 54px;width: 52.5px\">400 \u00a0mcg\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 82px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 82.5px\">Iodine<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 102.5px\">Iodized salt, seaweed, dairy products<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 92.5px\">150 mcg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 138.5px\">Making thyroid hormone, metabolism, growth and development<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 166.5px\">Goiter,\u00a0cretinism, other signs and symptoms include fatigue, depression, weight gain, itchy skin, low heart-rate<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 77.5px\">Populations where the soil is low in iodine, and iodized salt is not used<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 94.5px\">Enlarged thyroid<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 52.5px\">1110 mcg\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 40px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 82.5px\">Chromium<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 102.5px\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 92.5px\">25-35 mcg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 138.5px\">Assists\u00a0insulin\u00a0in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 166.5px\">abnormal\u00a0glucosemetabolism<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 77.5px\">Malnourished children<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 94.5px\">None<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 52.5px\">ND<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 82px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 82.5px\">Fluoride<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 102.5px\">Fluoridated\u00a0water, foods prepared in fluoridated water, seafood<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 92.5px\">3-4 mg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 138.5px\">Component of mineralized bone, provides structure and microarchitecture, stimulates new bone growth<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 166.5px\">Increased risk of dental caries<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 77.5px\">Populations with non fluoridated water<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 94.5px\">Fluorosismottled teeth, kidney damage<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 82px;width: 52.5px\">10 mg\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 40px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 82.5px\">Manganese<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 102.5px\">Legumes, nuts, leafy green vegetables<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 92.5px\">1.8-2.3 mg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 138.5px\">Glucose synthesis, amino-acid catabolism<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 166.5px\">Impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities, abnormal glucose metabolism<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 77.5px\">None<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 94.5px\">Nerve damage<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 52.5px\">11 mg\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 26px\">\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 82.5px\">Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 102.5px\">Milk, grains, legumes<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 92.5px\">45 mcg\/day<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 138.5px\">Cofactor for a number of\u00a0enzymes<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 166.5px\">Unknown<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 77.5px\">None<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 94.5px\">Arthritis, joint inflammation<\/td>\n<td class=\"mt-align-center\" style=\"height: 26px;width: 52.5px\">2 mg\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Contributors<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>University of Hawai\u2019i at M\u0101noa Food Science and Human Nutrition Program: Allison Calabrese, Cheryl Gibby, Billy Meinke, Marie Kainoa Fialkowski Revilla, and Alan Titchenal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-248\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introduction. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Allison Calabrese, Cheryl Gibby, Billy Meinke, Marie Kainoa Fialkowski Revilla, and Alan Titchenal. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Hawai&#039;i at Manoa. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/introduction-14\/\">http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/introduction-14\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Prelude to Trace Minerals. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Medical LibreTexts Contributors. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: LibreTexts. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/8%3A_Water_and_Minerals\/8.7%3A_Trace_Minerals\/8.04A%3A_Prelude_to_Trace_Minerals\">https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/8%3A_Water_and_Minerals\/8.7%3A_Trace_Minerals\/8.04A%3A_Prelude_to_Trace_Minerals<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-248-1\">Micronutrient Deficiencies. Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Shaping Fiji\u2019s Health. http:\/\/www.health.gov.fj\/?page_id=1406. Published 2015. Accessed November 12, 2017. <a href=\"#return-footnote-248-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":44985,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Introduction\",\"author\":\"Allison Calabrese, Cheryl Gibby, Billy Meinke, Marie Kainoa Fialkowski Revilla, and Alan Titchenal\",\"organization\":\"University of Hawai\\'i at Manoa\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/introduction-14\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Prelude to Trace Minerals\",\"author\":\"Medical LibreTexts Contributors\",\"organization\":\"LibreTexts\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/8%3A_Water_and_Minerals\/8.7%3A_Trace_Minerals\/8.04A%3A_Prelude_to_Trace_Minerals\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-248","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":180,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/248","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44985"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":680,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/248\/revisions\/680"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/180"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/248\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=248"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=248"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}