{"id":256,"date":"2018-01-01T08:35:19","date_gmt":"2018-01-01T08:35:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/chapter\/zinc\/"},"modified":"2019-04-19T13:42:54","modified_gmt":"2019-04-19T13:42:54","slug":"zinc","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/chapter\/zinc\/","title":{"raw":"8.7 Zinc","rendered":"8.7 Zinc"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Learn about the role of Zinc<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nZinc is a cofactor for over two hundred enzymes in the human body and plays a direct role in RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis. Zinc also is a cofactor for enzymes involved in energy metabolism. As the result of its prominent roles in anabolic and energy metabolism, a zinc deficiency in infants and children blunts growth. The reliance of growth on adequate dietary zinc was discovered in the early 1960s in the Middle East where adolescent nutritional dwarfism was linked to diets containing high amounts of phytate. Cereal grains and some vegetables contain chemicals, one being phytate, which blocks the absorption of zinc and other minerals in the gut. It is estimated that half of the world\u2019s population has a zinc-deficient diet.[footnote]Prasad, Ananda. \u201cZinc deficiency.\u201d BMJ 2003 February 22; 326(7386): 409\u2013410. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.326.7386.409. Accessed October 2, 2011. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1125304\/?tool=pmcentrez.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThis is largely a consequence of the lack of red meat and seafood in the diet and reliance on cereal grains as the main dietary staple. In adults, severe zinc deficiency can cause hair loss, diarrhea, skin sores, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Zinc is a required cofactor for an enzyme that synthesizes the heme portion of hemoglobin and severely deficient zinc diets can result in anemia.\r\n<h2>Dietary Reference Intakes for Zinc<\/h2>\r\n<h4><em>Table <strong>1:<\/strong> Dietary Reference Intakes for Zinc<\/em><\/h4>\r\n<div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Age Group<\/td>\r\n<td>RDA (mg\/day)<\/td>\r\n<td>UL (mg\/day)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Infant (0\u20136 months)<\/td>\r\n<td>2*<\/td>\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Infants (6\u201312 months)<\/td>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td>5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Children (1\u20133 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td>7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Children (4\u20138 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>5<\/td>\r\n<td>12<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Children (9\u201313 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>8<\/td>\r\n<td>23<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Adolescents (14\u201318 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>11 (males), 9 (females)<\/td>\r\n<td>34<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Adults (19 + years)<\/td>\r\n<td>11 (males), 8 (females)<\/td>\r\n<td>40<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>* denotes Adequate Intake<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<em>Fact Sheet for Health Professionals: Zinc. National Institute of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. <a href=\"https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/\">https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/<\/a>. Updated February 11, 2016. Accessed November 10, 2017.<\/em>\r\n<h2>Dietary Sources of Zinc<\/h2>\r\n<h4><em>Table 2: Zinc Content of Various Foods<\/em><\/h4>\r\n<div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Food<\/td>\r\n<td>Serving<\/td>\r\n<td>Zinc (mg)<\/td>\r\n<td>Percent Daily Value<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Oysters<\/td>\r\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>74<\/td>\r\n<td>493<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Beef, chuck roast<\/td>\r\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>7<\/td>\r\n<td>47<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Crab<\/td>\r\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.5<\/td>\r\n<td>43<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Lobster<\/td>\r\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>3.4<\/td>\r\n<td>23<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pork loin<\/td>\r\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>2.9<\/td>\r\n<td>19<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Baked beans<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00bd c.<\/td>\r\n<td>2.9<\/td>\r\n<td>19<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Yogurt, low fat<\/td>\r\n<td>8 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>1.7<\/td>\r\n<td>11<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Oatmeal, instant<\/td>\r\n<td>1 packet<\/td>\r\n<td>1.1<\/td>\r\n<td>7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Almonds<\/td>\r\n<td>1 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>0.9<\/td>\r\n<td>6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<em>Fact Sheet for Health Professionals: Zinc. National Institute of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. <a href=\"https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/\">https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/<\/a>. Updated February 11, 2016. Accessed November 10, 2017.<\/em>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Learn about the role of Zinc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Zinc is a cofactor for over two hundred enzymes in the human body and plays a direct role in RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis. Zinc also is a cofactor for enzymes involved in energy metabolism. As the result of its prominent roles in anabolic and energy metabolism, a zinc deficiency in infants and children blunts growth. The reliance of growth on adequate dietary zinc was discovered in the early 1960s in the Middle East where adolescent nutritional dwarfism was linked to diets containing high amounts of phytate. Cereal grains and some vegetables contain chemicals, one being phytate, which blocks the absorption of zinc and other minerals in the gut. It is estimated that half of the world\u2019s population has a zinc-deficient diet.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Prasad, Ananda. \u201cZinc deficiency.\u201d BMJ 2003 February 22; 326(7386): 409\u2013410. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.326.7386.409. Accessed October 2, 2011. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1125304\/?tool=pmcentrez.\" id=\"return-footnote-256-1\" href=\"#footnote-256-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This is largely a consequence of the lack of red meat and seafood in the diet and reliance on cereal grains as the main dietary staple. In adults, severe zinc deficiency can cause hair loss, diarrhea, skin sores, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Zinc is a required cofactor for an enzyme that synthesizes the heme portion of hemoglobin and severely deficient zinc diets can result in anemia.<\/p>\n<h2>Dietary Reference Intakes for Zinc<\/h2>\n<h4><em>Table <strong>1:<\/strong> Dietary Reference Intakes for Zinc<\/em><\/h4>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Age Group<\/td>\n<td>RDA (mg\/day)<\/td>\n<td>UL (mg\/day)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Infant (0\u20136 months)<\/td>\n<td>2*<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Infants (6\u201312 months)<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Children (1\u20133 years)<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Children (4\u20138 years)<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Children (9\u201313 years)<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adolescents (14\u201318 years)<\/td>\n<td>11 (males), 9 (females)<\/td>\n<td>34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adults (19 + years)<\/td>\n<td>11 (males), 8 (females)<\/td>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>* denotes Adequate Intake<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Fact Sheet for Health Professionals: Zinc. National Institute of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. <a href=\"https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/\">https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/<\/a>. Updated February 11, 2016. Accessed November 10, 2017.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Dietary Sources of Zinc<\/h2>\n<h4><em>Table 2: Zinc Content of Various Foods<\/em><\/h4>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Food<\/td>\n<td>Serving<\/td>\n<td>Zinc (mg)<\/td>\n<td>Percent Daily Value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oysters<\/td>\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\n<td>74<\/td>\n<td>493<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Beef, chuck roast<\/td>\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Crab<\/td>\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\n<td>6.5<\/td>\n<td>43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lobster<\/td>\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\n<td>3.4<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pork loin<\/td>\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\n<td>2.9<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Baked beans<\/td>\n<td>\u00bd c.<\/td>\n<td>2.9<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Yogurt, low fat<\/td>\n<td>8 oz.<\/td>\n<td>1.7<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oatmeal, instant<\/td>\n<td>1 packet<\/td>\n<td>1.1<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Almonds<\/td>\n<td>1 oz.<\/td>\n<td>0.9<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Fact Sheet for Health Professionals: Zinc. National Institute of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. <a href=\"https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/\">https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/<\/a>. Updated February 11, 2016. Accessed November 10, 2017.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-256\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Zinc . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Allison Calabrese, Cheryl Gibby, Billy Meinke, Marie Kainoa Fialkowski Revilla, and Alan Titchenal. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Hawai&#039;i at Manoa. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/zinc\/\">http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/zinc\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Zinc. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Medical LibreTexts Contributors. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: LibreTexts. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/8%3A_Water_and_Minerals\/8.7%3A_Trace_Minerals\/8.04E%3A_Zinc\">https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/8%3A_Water_and_Minerals\/8.7%3A_Trace_Minerals\/8.04E%3A_Zinc<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-256-1\">Prasad, Ananda. \u201cZinc deficiency.\u201d BMJ 2003 February 22; 326(7386): 409\u2013410. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.326.7386.409. Accessed October 2, 2011. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1125304\/?tool=pmcentrez. <a href=\"#return-footnote-256-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":44985,"menu_order":17,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Zinc \",\"author\":\"Allison Calabrese, Cheryl Gibby, Billy Meinke, Marie Kainoa Fialkowski Revilla, and Alan Titchenal\",\"organization\":\"University of Hawai\\'i at Manoa\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/zinc\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Zinc\",\"author\":\"Medical LibreTexts Contributors\",\"organization\":\"LibreTexts\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/8%3A_Water_and_Minerals\/8.7%3A_Trace_Minerals\/8.04E%3A_Zinc\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-256","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":180,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44985"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":685,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/256\/revisions\/685"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/180"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/256\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=256"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=256"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}