{"id":179,"date":"2015-07-21T02:43:24","date_gmt":"2015-07-21T02:43:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/bio2labsxmaster2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=179"},"modified":"2017-11-02T20:16:09","modified_gmt":"2017-11-02T20:16:09","slug":"deuterosome-lab","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/chapter\/deuterosome-lab\/","title":{"raw":"Deuterostome Lab","rendered":"Deuterostome Lab"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">State the phyla of the organisms discussed in the lab activities<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the characteristics of symmetry, coelom, embryo tissue layers, and patterns of development to differentiate between the different organisms <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Describe the general characteristics of echinoderms<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify and locate external and internal structures of a starfish (tube feet, digestive glands,\u00a0gonads, pyloric stomach, cardiac stomach, water vascular system, ampulla)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">State the common characteristics of all chordates<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Be able to identify the chordate characteristics on a model or picture<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify and locate external and internal structures of a frog (heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, cloaca, ovary, testes, kidney, fat bodies, gall bladder)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/08\/DeuterostomesLab.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download a PDF of the lab to print.<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttp:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/deuterostome-lab\r\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Echinoderms<\/h2>\r\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Procedure<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s2\">Access the page <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/bio2labs2x1xmaster\/chapter\/reading-echinoderms\/\" target=\"_blank\">Reading: Echinoderms<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p3\">Questions<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Skip viewing the slide of the different developmental phases of the sea stars<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Dissect the starfish following the directions on the website. Remember the oral end (with mouth) is actually on the underside of the starfish. <\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">On the oral side make sure you find the <b>mouth<\/b>. <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Also on the oral side in the center region of each leg look for the <b>tube feet<\/b>.<b> <\/b>Tube feet are used for locomotion powered by the water vascular system.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>How many rows of tube feet does your starfish have?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Try to differentiate between the <b>spines<\/b> and the <b>skin gills<\/b>. The spines are longer are used for protection. The skin gills are smaller and used for gas exchange.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Find the <b>sieve plate\/madreporite<\/b> on the aboral side. This is the water entrance point for the water vascular system used for movement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The starfish has plates located underneath the skin for protection and support. What material comprises these plates?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The starfish has a two part stomach, the upper <b>pyloric stomach <\/b>and the lower <b>cardiac stomach. <\/b> Can you differentiate between the two stomachs on your specimen?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">In the starfish arms you should find both <b>digestive glands<\/b> and <b>gonads. <\/b>The digestive glands are brown and typically on top of the off white gonads. Make sure you can identify both structures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The preserved echinoderm specimens will be on display, but may differ from the ones directly mentioned in the lab handout. Please make observations on the available specimens and fill in the chart below.<\/span>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Name of Specimen<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Physical Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2 class=\"p5\">Chordates<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s2\">Access the page <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/bio2labs2x1xmaster\/chapter\/reading-chordates\/\" target=\"_blank\">Reading: Chordates<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p5\">Questions<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">There are two groups of invertebrate chordates, the cephalochordates and the urochordates. We don\u2019t have any urochordate examples in the lab.<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">View the lancelet slide. The lancelet is an example of a cephalochordate. It contains all four chordate characteristics. List the four chordate characteristics below.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">View the lancelet model. Make sure you can identify all four chordate characteristics on the model.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Dissection<\/h2>\r\n<span class=\"s1\">Our vertebrate chordate example of today\u2019s lab is the <b>frog<\/b>. Dissect a frog following the procedure below. <\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">External anatomy<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Place the frog in the dissection pan legs down.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify the eyes, covered by a <b>nicitating membrane<\/b>, the <b>external nares<\/b> (nostrils), and the <b>tympanum<\/b> located behind each eye.<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What is the function of the tympanum?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Examine the front and back limbs. How many phalanges are on the hindfeet? The forefeet? Which pair of limbs is the longest? How does this assist the frog in its movement?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Mouth<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Turn the frog over and open the mouth as wide as you can.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>You can cut the hinges of the jaw if necessary. Identify the following structures:<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Two <b>vomerine teeth<\/b> located in the middle of the roof of the mouth<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Maxillary teeth <\/b>(smaller) located on the sides of the upper jaw<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Tongue<\/b><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Pharynx <\/b>(located behind the tongue)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Esophagus<\/b>, the opening leading to the stomach<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Glottis<\/b>, slit where air passes through to enter the <b>trachea<\/b>, which leads to the lungs<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Eustacian tubes<\/b> (2) openings that lead to the ears. They are located in the angle of the jaw.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Body Dissection<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Place the frog belly side up in the dissecting tray. You can pin down the limbs if necessary.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Lift up the skin with forceps midway between the hind legs of the frog. Use scissors to cut the skin along the midline of the frog starting between the hind legs and ending at the neck. Be careful not too cut too deeply.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Cut the skin horizontally above the hind legs and below the front legs creating skin flaps. <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Pick up a skin flap with forceps and use a scalpel to separate the skin from the muscle below.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Pin the skin flaps to the dissection tray.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Repeat the same procedure to cut through the muscles. Create one long incision along the midline of the frog from between the hind legs to the neck. Be careful not to cut too deeply and damage the internal organs. <\/span><span class=\"s4\">When you reach the area just below the front legs of the frog, turn your scissors sideways to cut through the chest bones and avoid damaging the heart and lungs<\/span><span class=\"s1\">. Then make horizontal incisions above the rear legs and between the front legs. Use forceps and a scalpel to separate the muscle from the tissue below. Then pin the muscle to the dissection tray.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Internal Organs<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The most prominent organ is the <b>liver<\/b>, dark brown in color, and taking up most of the abdominal cavity<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify the <b>lungs<\/b>, two small pouches on opposite sides of the frog midline. They may be partially hidden by the liver.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Lift up the liver and underneath locate the <b>gallbladder.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify the <b>heart<\/b> covered by the protective <b>pericardium<\/b>. Frogs have a three chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle. Try to locate these different areas of the frog heart.<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">How is it a disadvantage to have a 3 chambered heart?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The <b>stomach <\/b>is a j-shaped organ located underneath the left lobe of the liver. It connects to the <b>esophagus <\/b>bringing food from the mouth and the <b>small intestine<\/b> used for nutrient absorption.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The small intestine connect to the <b>large intestine<\/b> which carry any undigested material to the <b>cloaca<\/b>. Frogs have one opening to the outside environment and the cloaca receives materials from the intestine, the urinary system and the reproductive system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Find the <b>pancreas<\/b>, a yellow ribbon located between the stomach and the small intestine.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Locate the <b>spleen<\/b>, shaped similarly to a pea and located near the stomach.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">You will be able to see the yellow, finger like, <b>fat bodies<\/b>, which the frog uses to store fat.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The <b>kidneys<\/b> of the frog are long and narrow and located along the back body wall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Try to find the <b>mesonephric ducts<\/b>, thin white tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the cloaca.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">If your frog is female, the abdominal cavity will be filled with black and white eggs. The eggs are stored in the <b>ovaries.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">If you have a male frog, locate the <b>testes<\/b>. The testes are shaped like a bean and located at the top of the kidneys. They are yellow\/tan in color.<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Do you have a male or female frog?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Review Questions<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Answer the review questions below. The phyla we viewed today were the echinodermata and the chordata.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Which phyla observed today were deuterostomes?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Which phyla exhibited cephalization?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Which phyla were coelomates?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What does the name \u201cechinodermata\u201d mean?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What type of symmetry does the echinoderm larva display?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Give an example of an echinoderm example other than a starfish.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What unique system does the starfish use for movement?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Give an example of a chordate that is not a vertebrate.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">State the four common characteristics shared by all chordates.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Name the two types of teeth found in frogs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Frogs have small lungs that are inefficient. What other structure do frogs use for gas exchange?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Frogs have one opening to the outside environment, the cloaca. What three areas transfer material outside through the cloaca?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">State the phyla of the organisms discussed in the lab activities<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the characteristics of symmetry, coelom, embryo tissue layers, and patterns of development to differentiate between the different organisms <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Describe the general characteristics of echinoderms<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify and locate external and internal structures of a starfish (tube feet, digestive glands,\u00a0gonads, pyloric stomach, cardiac stomach, water vascular system, ampulla)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">State the common characteristics of all chordates<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Be able to identify the chordate characteristics on a model or picture<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify and locate external and internal structures of a frog (heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, cloaca, ovary, testes, kidney, fat bodies, gall bladder)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/08\/DeuterostomesLab.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download a PDF of the lab to print.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/deuterostome-lab<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Echinoderms<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Procedure<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s2\">Access the page <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/bio2labs2x1xmaster\/chapter\/reading-echinoderms\/\" target=\"_blank\">Reading: Echinoderms<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p3\">Questions<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Skip viewing the slide of the different developmental phases of the sea stars<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Dissect the starfish following the directions on the website. Remember the oral end (with mouth) is actually on the underside of the starfish. <\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">On the oral side make sure you find the <b>mouth<\/b>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Also on the oral side in the center region of each leg look for the <b>tube feet<\/b>.<b> <\/b>Tube feet are used for locomotion powered by the water vascular system.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>How many rows of tube feet does your starfish have?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Try to differentiate between the <b>spines<\/b> and the <b>skin gills<\/b>. The spines are longer are used for protection. The skin gills are smaller and used for gas exchange.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Find the <b>sieve plate\/madreporite<\/b> on the aboral side. This is the water entrance point for the water vascular system used for movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The starfish has plates located underneath the skin for protection and support. What material comprises these plates?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The starfish has a two part stomach, the upper <b>pyloric stomach <\/b>and the lower <b>cardiac stomach. <\/b> Can you differentiate between the two stomachs on your specimen?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">In the starfish arms you should find both <b>digestive glands<\/b> and <b>gonads. <\/b>The digestive glands are brown and typically on top of the off white gonads. Make sure you can identify both structures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The preserved echinoderm specimens will be on display, but may differ from the ones directly mentioned in the lab handout. Please make observations on the available specimens and fill in the chart below.<\/span><br \/>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Name of Specimen<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Physical Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"p5\">Chordates<\/h2>\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s2\">Access the page <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/bio2labs2x1xmaster\/chapter\/reading-chordates\/\" target=\"_blank\">Reading: Chordates<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p5\">Questions<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">There are two groups of invertebrate chordates, the cephalochordates and the urochordates. We don\u2019t have any urochordate examples in the lab.<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">View the lancelet slide. The lancelet is an example of a cephalochordate. It contains all four chordate characteristics. List the four chordate characteristics below.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">View the lancelet model. Make sure you can identify all four chordate characteristics on the model.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Dissection<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"s1\">Our vertebrate chordate example of today\u2019s lab is the <b>frog<\/b>. Dissect a frog following the procedure below. <\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">External anatomy<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Place the frog in the dissection pan legs down.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify the eyes, covered by a <b>nicitating membrane<\/b>, the <b>external nares<\/b> (nostrils), and the <b>tympanum<\/b> located behind each eye.<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What is the function of the tympanum?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Examine the front and back limbs. How many phalanges are on the hindfeet? The forefeet? Which pair of limbs is the longest? How does this assist the frog in its movement?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Mouth<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Turn the frog over and open the mouth as wide as you can.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>You can cut the hinges of the jaw if necessary. Identify the following structures:<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Two <b>vomerine teeth<\/b> located in the middle of the roof of the mouth<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Maxillary teeth <\/b>(smaller) located on the sides of the upper jaw<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Tongue<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Pharynx <\/b>(located behind the tongue)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Esophagus<\/b>, the opening leading to the stomach<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Glottis<\/b>, slit where air passes through to enter the <b>trachea<\/b>, which leads to the lungs<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Eustacian tubes<\/b> (2) openings that lead to the ears. They are located in the angle of the jaw.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Body Dissection<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Place the frog belly side up in the dissecting tray. You can pin down the limbs if necessary.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Lift up the skin with forceps midway between the hind legs of the frog. Use scissors to cut the skin along the midline of the frog starting between the hind legs and ending at the neck. Be careful not too cut too deeply.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Cut the skin horizontally above the hind legs and below the front legs creating skin flaps. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Pick up a skin flap with forceps and use a scalpel to separate the skin from the muscle below.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Pin the skin flaps to the dissection tray.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Repeat the same procedure to cut through the muscles. Create one long incision along the midline of the frog from between the hind legs to the neck. Be careful not to cut too deeply and damage the internal organs. <\/span><span class=\"s4\">When you reach the area just below the front legs of the frog, turn your scissors sideways to cut through the chest bones and avoid damaging the heart and lungs<\/span><span class=\"s1\">. Then make horizontal incisions above the rear legs and between the front legs. Use forceps and a scalpel to separate the muscle from the tissue below. Then pin the muscle to the dissection tray.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Internal Organs<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The most prominent organ is the <b>liver<\/b>, dark brown in color, and taking up most of the abdominal cavity<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify the <b>lungs<\/b>, two small pouches on opposite sides of the frog midline. They may be partially hidden by the liver.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Lift up the liver and underneath locate the <b>gallbladder.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify the <b>heart<\/b> covered by the protective <b>pericardium<\/b>. Frogs have a three chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle. Try to locate these different areas of the frog heart.<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">How is it a disadvantage to have a 3 chambered heart?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The <b>stomach <\/b>is a j-shaped organ located underneath the left lobe of the liver. It connects to the <b>esophagus <\/b>bringing food from the mouth and the <b>small intestine<\/b> used for nutrient absorption.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The small intestine connect to the <b>large intestine<\/b> which carry any undigested material to the <b>cloaca<\/b>. Frogs have one opening to the outside environment and the cloaca receives materials from the intestine, the urinary system and the reproductive system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Find the <b>pancreas<\/b>, a yellow ribbon located between the stomach and the small intestine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Locate the <b>spleen<\/b>, shaped similarly to a pea and located near the stomach.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">You will be able to see the yellow, finger like, <b>fat bodies<\/b>, which the frog uses to store fat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The <b>kidneys<\/b> of the frog are long and narrow and located along the back body wall.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Try to find the <b>mesonephric ducts<\/b>, thin white tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the cloaca.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">If your frog is female, the abdominal cavity will be filled with black and white eggs. The eggs are stored in the <b>ovaries.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">If you have a male frog, locate the <b>testes<\/b>. The testes are shaped like a bean and located at the top of the kidneys. They are yellow\/tan in color.<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Do you have a male or female frog?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Review Questions<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Answer the review questions below. The phyla we viewed today were the echinodermata and the chordata.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Which phyla observed today were deuterostomes?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Which phyla exhibited cephalization?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Which phyla were coelomates?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What does the name \u201cechinodermata\u201d mean?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What type of symmetry does the echinoderm larva display?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Give an example of an echinoderm example other than a starfish.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What unique system does the starfish use for movement?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Give an example of a chordate that is not a vertebrate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">State the four common characteristics shared by all chordates.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Name the two types of teeth found in frogs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Frogs have small lungs that are inefficient. What other structure do frogs use for gas exchange?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Frogs have one opening to the outside environment, the cloaca. What three areas transfer material outside through the cloaca?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-179\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 102 Labs. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lynette Hauser. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Tidewater Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/\">http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology 102 Labs\",\"author\":\"Lynette Hauser\",\"organization\":\"Tidewater Community College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-179","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":178,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":910,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/179\/revisions\/910"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/178"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/179\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=179"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=179"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}