{"id":189,"date":"2015-07-21T03:17:55","date_gmt":"2015-07-21T03:17:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/bio2labsxmaster2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=189"},"modified":"2016-01-06T22:28:26","modified_gmt":"2016-01-06T22:28:26","slug":"reading-fetal-pig-dissection","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/chapter\/reading-fetal-pig-dissection\/","title":{"raw":"Reading: Fetal Pig Dissection","rendered":"Reading: Fetal Pig Dissection"},"content":{"raw":"The fetal pig that you will dissect has been injected with a colored latex (rubber) compound. The arteries have been filled with red latex and the veins with blue. An incision was made on the side of the neck to enable the injections. The incision can be seen in the first photograph below.\r\n\r\nSeveral different pig dissections were used to obtain the photographs below. As a result, a structure shown in one photograph\u00a0 may look different than the same structure shown in another photograph.\r\n\r\nClick on any of the photographs to view enlargements. Links to high-resolution, unlabeled photographs are also provided for many of the photographs.\r\n<h2>Orientation<\/h2>\r\nThe following words will be used to help identify the location of structures.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Anterior<\/b> refers to the head end. If a structure is anterior to another, then it is closer to the head.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Posterior<\/b> refers to the tail end.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Dorsal<\/b> refers to the back side. The pig in figure 1\u00a0is lying on its dorsal side.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Ventral<\/b> is the belly side. It is opposite the dorsal side. The pig in figure 1\u00a0below has its ventral side up.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>External Structures<\/h2>\r\nObtain a fetal pig and identify the structures listed in figure 1.\u00a0Use figures 1\u20134 below to identify its sex.\r\n\r\nUse your pig and also a pig of the opposite sex to identify the structures in the photographs below. The word \"urogenital\" refers to an opening that serves both the urinary (excretory) and the reproductive systems.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_451\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-451\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1. Female: injection site, nipples, umbilical cord\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 1. Female: injection site, nipples, umbilical cord[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_452\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-452\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2. Female: genital papilla, urogenital opening, anus\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 2. Female: genital papilla, urogenital opening, anus[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_453\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-453\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3. Male: scrotum\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 3. Male: scrotum[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_454\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-454\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4. Male: urogenital opening, penis, anus \" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 4. Male: urogenital opening, penis, anus[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Preparation and Initial Cuts<\/h2>\r\nTie one front leg of the animal with a string that passes underneath the dissecting pan to the other leg. Repeat this with the back leg.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_456\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-456\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000079-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The first step is to tie the pig to the dissecting pan so that it remains in place for easy viewing. A string tied to one front leg of the animal passes underneath the dissecting pan to the other leg. A string passing under the pan also holds the two back legs in place.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 5.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nInsert one blade of scissors through the body wall on one side of the umbilical cord and cut posteriorly to the base of the leg as shown in figure 6. Continue cutting from the anterior end of this cut so that it resembles an upside-down U. Your finished cut will be anterior to the navel and along each side of the navel. The flap of body wall that contains the navel can be folded posteriorly to reveal the internal organs of the abdomen.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_457\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-457\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000080-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"One blade of the scissors is inserted through the body wall on one side of the umbilical cord and a cut is made posteriorly to the base of the leg.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 6.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_458\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-458\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000081-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The cut is extended from the anterior end around the navel and then posterior again so that it resembles an upside-down U. the finished cut is anterior to the navel and extends in a posterior direction on each side of the navel.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 7.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_459\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-459\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000082-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The flap of body wall that contains the navel can be folded posteriorly to reveal the internal organs of the abdomen\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 8.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nExtend a single cut along the midline of the ventral surface of the animal to about 2 cm. from the chin. Cut completely through the body wall in the abdominal area but keep the cut shallow in the neck region.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_460\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-460\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000083-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A single cut is extended along the midline of the ventral surface of the animal to about 2 centimeters from the chin. In the abdominal area, this cut is completely through the body wall but in the neck area, care must be taken to keep it shallow so that the underlying glands are not destroyed.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 9.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nA cut is made on the side of the animal from the point just posterior to the diaphragm dorsally. A similar cut is made on the other side. These two cuts will enable you to spread open the abdominal cavity.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_461\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-461\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Initial_cuts_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A cut is made on the side of the animal from the point just posterior to the diaphragm dorsally. A similar cut is made on the other side. These two cuts will enable you to spread open the abdominal cavity.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 10.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Mouth and Neck Region<\/h2>\r\nUse a scalpel to cut the sides of the mouth so that the bottom jaw can be opened for easier viewing (see figure 11). You will need to cut through the musculature and the joint that holds the lower jaw to the skull.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_462\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-462\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/IMG_4589-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A scalpel is used to cut the sides of the mouth so that the bottom jaw can be opened for easier viewing. It is necessary to cut through the musculature and the joint that holds the lower jaw to the skull.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 11.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOpen the jaw wide enough so that the <b>glottis<\/b> and <b>epiglottis<\/b> are exposed. The epiglottis projects up through the soft palate into a region called the\u00a0<b>nasopharynx<\/b>. The <b>hard palate<\/b> and <b>soft palate<\/b> separate the nasal and oral cavities. When breathing, air passes through the nasal passages to the\u00a0<b>pharynx<\/b>. The pharynx is the space in the posterior portion of the mouth that both food and air pass through. From the pharynx, it passes through the glottis to the <b>trachea<\/b>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_463\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-463\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The jaw is opened wide enough so that the glottis and epiglottis are exposed. The epiglottis projects up through the soft palate into a region called nasopharynx. The hard palate and soft palate separate the nasal and oral cavities. When breathing, air passes through the nasal passages to the pharynx. The pharynx is the space in the posterior portion of the mouth that both food and air pass through. From the pharynx, it passes through the glottis to the trachea.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 12. Hard palate, soft palate, glottis, epiglottis, and tongue.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nCarefully, peel the skin away from the incision in the neck region using a blunt probe (a needle or the point of scissors will do if a blunt probe is not available). Use the probe to peel away muscle tissue until the thymus gland on each side of the trachea is exposed.\r\n\r\nUse a probe to separate the two lobes of the thymus gland and to further separate the musculature over the trachea. The thyroid gland is darker and lies between the posterior ends of the two lobes of the thymus gland.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_464\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-464\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The skin is carefully peeled away from the incision in the neck region using either a blunt probe, a needle, or the point of scissors. The muscle tissue around the thymus gland is also peeled away until the thymus gland on each side of the trachea is exposed.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 13. Thymus[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_465\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-465\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A blunt probe is used to separate the two lobes of the thymus gland and to further separate the musculature over the trachea. The thyroid gland is darker and lies between the posterior ends of the two lobes of the thymus gland.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 14. The surrounding tissues have been separated to reveal the thyroid gland.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nContinue separating the tissue with a probe until the <b>trachea<\/b> and <b>esophagus<\/b> are exposed. The esophagus is dorsal to the trachea. The large hard structure attached to the trachea is the <b>larynx<\/b>. It contains the vocal chords.\r\n\r\nIn the photograph below, the heart and blood vessels of the neck region have been removed so that the trachea can be seen more clearly. You should not remove these structures yet because you will need to identify the blood vessels later in the dissection.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_466\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-466\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A probe is used to continue separating the tissue in the neck region until the trachea and esophagus are exposed. The esophagus is dorsal to the trachea. the large hard structure attached to the trachea is the larynx. It contains the vocal chords. In this photograph, the heart and blood vessels of the neck region have been removed so that the trachea can be seen more clearly.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 15. Esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and lungs.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Respiratory System<\/h2>\r\nObserve how the <b>diaphragm<\/b> attaches to the body wall and separates the abdominal cavity from the lung (pleural) and heart (pericardial) cavities (figure 16 and 18 below). Contraction of the diaphragm forces air into the lungs.\r\n\r\nYou have already seen the nasopharynx, hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, and larynx. Follow the trachea to where it branches into two <b>bronchi <\/b>and observe that each bronchus leads to a <b>lung<\/b><i>.<\/i> The left lung contains three lobes and the right lung contains four. Each lung is located in a body cavity called a <b>pleural cavity<\/b>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_467\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-467\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The diaphragm attaches to the body wall and separates the abdominal cavity from the lung (pleural) and heart (pericardial) cavities. Contraction of the diaphragm forces air into the lungs.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 16. Diaphragm.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_468\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-468\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"In this photograph, the diaphragm has been cut so that the body wall can be spread open to reveal the lungs.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 17.\u00a0Lungs[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_469\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-469\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Diaphragm and lungs are labelled. \" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> 18.\u00a0Lungs, diaphragm.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Lungs, heart, and diaphragm labelled\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 19.\u00a0Lungs, diaphragm (cut)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_471\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-471\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_6-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The heart and major blood vessels have been removed in this photograph to reveal details of the respiratory system. You have already seen the nares, hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, and larynx when you viewed the mouth and neck region. The trachea branches into two bronchi and each bronchus leads to a lung. The left lung contains three lobes and the right lung contains four.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 20.\u00a0Esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and lung.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Digestive System<\/h2>\r\nYou have already seen how the <b>esophagus<\/b> leads from the <b>pharynx<\/b> through the neck region. Using a probe, trace follow the esophagus to the\u00a0<b>stomach<\/b>. Identify the <b>small intestine<\/b> and <b>large intestine<\/b>. Find the posterior part of the large intestine called the <b>rectum<\/b> and observe that it leads to the <b>anus<\/b>. Locate the <b>cecum<\/b>, a blind pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine.\r\n\r\nIdentify the <b>liver<\/b>. Lift the right lobe and find the <b>gallbladder<\/b>. This structure stores bile produced by the liver. Find the <b>bile duct<\/b> that leads to the small intestine. The <b>pancreas<\/b> is located dorsal and posterior to the stomach. It extends along the length of the stomach from the left side of the body (your right) to the point where the stomach joins the small intestine. Lift the stomach and identify this light-colored organ.\r\n\r\nThe <b>spleen<\/b> is an elongate, flattened, brownish organ that extends along the posterior part of the stomach ventral to (above) the pancreas.\r\n\r\nThe cecum is a blind pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine. It houses bacteria used to digest plant materials such as cellulose. The cecum is large in herbivores but much of it has been lost during evolution in humans. The appendix in humans is the evolutionary remains of a larger cecum in human ancestors.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_472\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-472\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Food passes through the esophagus to the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. Secretions released from the pancreas and gall bladder empty into the duodenum. \" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 21. Duodenum, gallbladder, liver, lungs, large intestine, pancreas, small intestine, stomach. The liver has been lifted to reveal the gallbladder.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_473\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-473\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_6-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Digestive system is labelled\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 22. bile duct, gallbladder, large intestine, liver, and small intestine. The liver has been lifted to reveal the gallbladder.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_474\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-474\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Organs are labelled\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 23. Large intestine, liver, small intestine, spleen, and stomach.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_475\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-475\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The stomach and spleen have been moved to the right to show the pancreas underneath. \" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 24. small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, spleen, stomach - The spleen has been moved aside to reveal the pancreas.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_476\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-476\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_8-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Pancreas is labelled\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" \/> Figure 25. The stomach and liver are lifted to show the pancreas.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_477\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-477\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 26. Large intestine, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, and stomach.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 26. Large intestine, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, and stomach.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_478\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-478\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The cecum is a blind pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine. It houses bacteria used to digest the plant materials such as cellulose. The cecum is large in herbivores, but much of it has been lost during evolution in humans. The appendix in humans is the evolutionary remains of a larger cecum in human ancestors.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 27. cecum, large intestine, liver, small intestine, spleen. The cecum is found at the point where the small intestine joins the large intestine.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_479\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-479\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_7-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Organs are labelled\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 28. Large intestine, liver, small intestine, spleen, and stomach.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Circulatory System<\/h2>\r\nFigures 29 and 30 summarize the circulatory system of a mammal.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_13-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Blood flow between the lungs and body as its oxygenation levels change. When oxygenated blood becomes unoxygenated, it flows from the rest of the body to the lungs. Blood flows at a low pressure from other areas of the body through the vena cava, to the right atrium, and into the right ventricle, entering through the right atrioventricular valve (also known as the tricuspid valve). The blood leaves the right ventricle through the right semilunar valve at a high pressure, and travels through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. It then becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood flows at a low pressure through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, to the left ventricle through the left atrioventricular valve (also known as the mitral or bicuspid valve). The blood then leaves the left ventricle at a high pressure through the left semilunar valve and travels through the aorta to the rest of the body.\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/> Figure 29. Circulatory system[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_481\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-481\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_12-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Another diagram, very similar to the one just before. However, the two ventricles are next to each other, which more accurately reflects the structure of the heart.\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/> Figure 30. Circulatory system[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe drawing below shows some of the major arteries that carry blood to the body. Blood vessels that branch from the aorta carry blood to most of the body.\r\n\r\nThe pulmonary artery is capable of delivering a large amount of blood to the lungs but the lungs are not needed to oxygenate the blood of a fetus, so most of the blood is diverted to the aorta. This diagram shows that the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood that would otherwise go to the lungs.\r\n\r\nShortly after birth, the ductus arteriosus closes and blood in the pulmonary artery goes to the lungs instead of the body.\r\n\r\nBlood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic arch and aorta to the body. The first branch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery. The second branch is the left subclavian artery which goes to the left front leg. The right subvclavian carries blood to the right front leg and the carotids carry blood to the head.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_482\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"550\"]<img class=\"wp-image-482 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Fetal-1.jpg\" alt=\"The pulmonary trunk is attached to the heart. It splits off into the pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus. The ductus attaches to the aorta, just below the aortic arch. The aorta is also attached to the heart. The aorta arches (the aortic arch) and runs down the body. There are branch points on the aorta for the right and left renal (to kidney) and for right and left external iliac (to legs). The right subclavian, brachiocephalic, and left subclavian (to the left forelimb) arteries all branch from the aorta before the aortic arch. The Brachiocephalic diverges into two arteries: the right and left common carotids (to the head).\" width=\"550\" height=\"457\" \/> Figure 31. Major arteries[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity. It contains a lubricating fluid and isolates the heart from body\u00a0 movements such as the expansion and contraction of the nearby pleural (lung) cavity.\r\n\r\nTo view details of the aortic arch, ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary artery, it will be helpful to remove the left lung. With the left lung removed, the heart can be pushed to the right side to reveal the aorta and other blood vessels shown in\u00a0figures 33\u201342.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_487\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-487\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system15-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The diaphragm has been cut from the body walls. The pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity. It contains a lubricating fluid and isolates the heart from body movements, such as the expansion and contraction of the nearby pleural (lung) cavity. The pericardium in the photograph has been cut, revealing the heart within.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 32. Diaphragm, heart, lungs, and pericardium[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_488\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-488\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system16-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Aortic arch, coronary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 33.\u00a0Aortic arch, coronary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_489\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-489\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic arch and aorta to the body. The first branch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery. The second branch is the left subclavian artery, which goes to the left front leg.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 34. Aorta, aortic arch, left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, ductus arteriosus, lung, pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk, left subclavian artery,[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_490\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-490\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The first branch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery. The second branch is the left subclavian artery, which goes to the left front leg. The right subclavian carries blood to the right front leg and the carotids carry blood to the head.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 35.\u00a0Aorta, aortic arch, left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, ductus arterious, pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, trachea, left ventricle[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_491\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-491\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 36. Aortic arch, left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, larynx, pulmonary trunk, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, left ventricle.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 36. Aortic arch, left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, larynx, pulmonary trunk, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, left ventricle.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_492\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-492\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The anterior vena cava receives blood from the anterior part of the body and carries it to the right atrium. \" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 37. Anterior vena cava, coronary artery, larynx, posterior vena cava, right subclavian vein, trachea.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_496\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-496\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Anterior\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 38. Anterior vena cava, coronary artery, right external jugular vein, right internal jugular vein, larynx, lungs, right subclavian vein, trachea[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_493\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-493\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system11-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Circulatory system\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 39. Anterior vena cava, posterior vena cava.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_494\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-494\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The posterior vena cava receives blood from the posterior portion of the body and carries it to the right atrium.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 40.\u00a0Heart, liver, lung, posterior vena cava, thymus, thyroid[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_495\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-495\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 41.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 41.\u00a0Aorta, colon, kidney, posterior vena cava, renal artery, renal vein, testicular artery, testis, umbilical artery, ureter, urinary bladder, vas deferens. The renal artery passes blood from the aorta to the kidney. The renal vein returns blood from the kidney to the posterior vena cava.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_498\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-498\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"42.\u00a0\u00a0 aorta, colon (large intestine), diaphragm, heart, kidney, lung, renal artery, posterior vena cava, renal vein, small intestine, spleen, stomach, ureter\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 42. Aorta, colon (large intestine), diaphragm, heart, kidney, lung, renal artery, posterior vena cava, renal vein, small intestine, spleen, stomach, ureter.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_499\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-499\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 43. External iliac artery, kidney, large intestine, posterior vena cava, renal vein, small intestine, testis, umbilical artery, ureter, urinary bladder.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_500\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-500\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Full pig, as dissected so far\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 44. Left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, coronary artery, external iliac artery, external iliac vein, posterior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, renal artery, renal vein, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, umbilical artery, left ventricle.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Excretory System<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_502\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-502\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Posterior blood vessels\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 45. Aorta, colon (large intestine), diaphragm, heart, kidney, lung, renal artery, posterior vena cava, renal vein, small intestine, spleen, stomach, ureter.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_503\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-503\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Blood from the aorta passes through the renal artery and then to the kidney. The kidneys remove wastes and return blood via the renal vein to the posterior vena cava.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 46. Aorta, kidney, liver, posterior vena cava, renal artery, renal vein, spleen, ureter, urinary bladder.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_504\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-504\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The ureter carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 47. Kidney, liver, posterior vena cava, renal vein, spleen, ureter, urinary bladder[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Reproductive System (Female)<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_452\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-452\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Female posterior, ventral side up. The urogenital opening is an opening to both the urinary and reproductive system.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 48. Urogenital papilla, anus[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_505\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-505\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The uterus of a pig is different than that of a human in that the upper part of the pig uterus is divided into two uterine horns. Near the ovaries, the uterine horns become oviducts.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 49.\u00a0Colon, horn of uterus, ovary, urinary bladder[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_506\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-506\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The urethra (carries urine from the bladder) merges with the vagina to form a common duct called the urogenital sinus.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 50.\u00a0Colon, body of uterus, horn of uterus, ovaries, urethra, urinary bladder, urogenital sinus[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Reproductive System (Male)<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_454\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-454\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Male ventral view. The urogenital opening is an opening to both the urinary and reproductive systems.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 51.\u00a0Penis, scrotum, urogenital opening[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_507\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-507\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Seminal vesicle, testis, ureter, urinary bladder, vas deferens\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 52.\u00a0Seminal vesicle, testis, ureter, urinary bladder, vas deferens[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_508\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-508\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Spermatic cord (includes vas deferens, a nerve, and blood vessels)\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 53.\u00a0Bulbourethral gland,\u00a0spermatic cord, testis, urethra, urinary bladder, vas deferens[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_509\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-509\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Urine travels from the urinary bladder on top of the penis through the urethra, which goes down and around the length of the penis.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" \/> Figure 54.\u00a0Path of urine flow[\/caption]","rendered":"<p>The fetal pig that you will dissect has been injected with a colored latex (rubber) compound. The arteries have been filled with red latex and the veins with blue. An incision was made on the side of the neck to enable the injections. The incision can be seen in the first photograph below.<\/p>\n<p>Several different pig dissections were used to obtain the photographs below. As a result, a structure shown in one photograph\u00a0 may look different than the same structure shown in another photograph.<\/p>\n<p>Click on any of the photographs to view enlargements. Links to high-resolution, unlabeled photographs are also provided for many of the photographs.<\/p>\n<h2>Orientation<\/h2>\n<p>The following words will be used to help identify the location of structures.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Anterior<\/b> refers to the head end. If a structure is anterior to another, then it is closer to the head.<\/li>\n<li><b>Posterior<\/b> refers to the tail end.<\/li>\n<li><b>Dorsal<\/b> refers to the back side. The pig in figure 1\u00a0is lying on its dorsal side.<\/li>\n<li><b>Ventral<\/b> is the belly side. It is opposite the dorsal side. The pig in figure 1\u00a0below has its ventral side up.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>External Structures<\/h2>\n<p>Obtain a fetal pig and identify the structures listed in figure 1.\u00a0Use figures 1\u20134 below to identify its sex.<\/p>\n<p>Use your pig and also a pig of the opposite sex to identify the structures in the photographs below. The word &#8220;urogenital&#8221; refers to an opening that serves both the urinary (excretory) and the reproductive systems.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_451\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-451\" class=\"wp-image-451\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1. Female: injection site, nipples, umbilical cord\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-451\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Female: injection site, nipples, umbilical cord<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_452\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-452\" class=\"wp-image-452\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2. Female: genital papilla, urogenital opening, anus\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-452\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Female: genital papilla, urogenital opening, anus<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_453\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-453\" class=\"wp-image-453\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3. Male: scrotum\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_4-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_4-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_4-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_4-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_4.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-453\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Male: scrotum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_454\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-454\" class=\"wp-image-454\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4. Male: urogenital opening, penis, anus\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-454\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Male: urogenital opening, penis, anus<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Preparation and Initial Cuts<\/h2>\n<p>Tie one front leg of the animal with a string that passes underneath the dissecting pan to the other leg. Repeat this with the back leg.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_456\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-456\" class=\"wp-image-456\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000079-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The first step is to tie the pig to the dissecting pan so that it remains in place for easy viewing. A string tied to one front leg of the animal passes underneath the dissecting pan to the other leg. A string passing under the pan also holds the two back legs in place.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000079-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000079-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000079-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000079-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000079-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000079.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-456\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Insert one blade of scissors through the body wall on one side of the umbilical cord and cut posteriorly to the base of the leg as shown in figure 6. Continue cutting from the anterior end of this cut so that it resembles an upside-down U. Your finished cut will be anterior to the navel and along each side of the navel. The flap of body wall that contains the navel can be folded posteriorly to reveal the internal organs of the abdomen.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_457\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-457\" class=\"wp-image-457\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000080-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"One blade of the scissors is inserted through the body wall on one side of the umbilical cord and a cut is made posteriorly to the base of the leg.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000080-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000080-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000080-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000080-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000080-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000080.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_458\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-458\" class=\"wp-image-458\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000081-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The cut is extended from the anterior end around the navel and then posterior again so that it resembles an upside-down U. the finished cut is anterior to the navel and extends in a posterior direction on each side of the navel.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000081-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000081-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000081-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000081-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000081-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000081.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-458\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_459\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-459\" class=\"wp-image-459\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000082-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The flap of body wall that contains the navel can be folded posteriorly to reveal the internal organs of the abdomen\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000082-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000082-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000082-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000082-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000082-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000082.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-459\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Extend a single cut along the midline of the ventral surface of the animal to about 2 cm. from the chin. Cut completely through the body wall in the abdominal area but keep the cut shallow in the neck region.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_460\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-460\" class=\"wp-image-460\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000083-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A single cut is extended along the midline of the ventral surface of the animal to about 2 centimeters from the chin. In the abdominal area, this cut is completely through the body wall but in the neck area, care must be taken to keep it shallow so that the underlying glands are not destroyed.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000083-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000083-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000083-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000083-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000083-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/P0000083.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-460\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>A cut is made on the side of the animal from the point just posterior to the diaphragm dorsally. A similar cut is made on the other side. These two cuts will enable you to spread open the abdominal cavity.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_461\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-461\" class=\"wp-image-461\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Initial_cuts_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A cut is made on the side of the animal from the point just posterior to the diaphragm dorsally. A similar cut is made on the other side. These two cuts will enable you to spread open the abdominal cavity.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Initial_cuts_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Initial_cuts_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Initial_cuts_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Initial_cuts_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Initial_cuts_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Initial_cuts_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-461\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Mouth and Neck Region<\/h2>\n<p>Use a scalpel to cut the sides of the mouth so that the bottom jaw can be opened for easier viewing (see figure 11). You will need to cut through the musculature and the joint that holds the lower jaw to the skull.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_462\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-462\" class=\"wp-image-462\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/IMG_4589-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A scalpel is used to cut the sides of the mouth so that the bottom jaw can be opened for easier viewing. It is necessary to cut through the musculature and the joint that holds the lower jaw to the skull.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/IMG_4589-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/IMG_4589-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/IMG_4589-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/IMG_4589-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/IMG_4589-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/IMG_4589.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-462\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 11.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Open the jaw wide enough so that the <b>glottis<\/b> and <b>epiglottis<\/b> are exposed. The epiglottis projects up through the soft palate into a region called the\u00a0<b>nasopharynx<\/b>. The <b>hard palate<\/b> and <b>soft palate<\/b> separate the nasal and oral cavities. When breathing, air passes through the nasal passages to the\u00a0<b>pharynx<\/b>. The pharynx is the space in the posterior portion of the mouth that both food and air pass through. From the pharynx, it passes through the glottis to the <b>trachea<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_463\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-463\" class=\"wp-image-463\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The jaw is opened wide enough so that the glottis and epiglottis are exposed. The epiglottis projects up through the soft palate into a region called nasopharynx. The hard palate and soft palate separate the nasal and oral cavities. When breathing, air passes through the nasal passages to the pharynx. The pharynx is the space in the posterior portion of the mouth that both food and air pass through. From the pharynx, it passes through the glottis to the trachea.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-463\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 12. Hard palate, soft palate, glottis, epiglottis, and tongue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Carefully, peel the skin away from the incision in the neck region using a blunt probe (a needle or the point of scissors will do if a blunt probe is not available). Use the probe to peel away muscle tissue until the thymus gland on each side of the trachea is exposed.<\/p>\n<p>Use a probe to separate the two lobes of the thymus gland and to further separate the musculature over the trachea. The thyroid gland is darker and lies between the posterior ends of the two lobes of the thymus gland.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_464\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-464\" class=\"wp-image-464\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The skin is carefully peeled away from the incision in the neck region using either a blunt probe, a needle, or the point of scissors. The muscle tissue around the thymus gland is also peeled away until the thymus gland on each side of the trachea is exposed.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-464\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 13. Thymus<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_465\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-465\" class=\"wp-image-465\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A blunt probe is used to separate the two lobes of the thymus gland and to further separate the musculature over the trachea. The thyroid gland is darker and lies between the posterior ends of the two lobes of the thymus gland.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_3-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_3-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_3-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_3.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-465\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14. The surrounding tissues have been separated to reveal the thyroid gland.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Continue separating the tissue with a probe until the <b>trachea<\/b> and <b>esophagus<\/b> are exposed. The esophagus is dorsal to the trachea. The large hard structure attached to the trachea is the <b>larynx<\/b>. It contains the vocal chords.<\/p>\n<p>In the photograph below, the heart and blood vessels of the neck region have been removed so that the trachea can be seen more clearly. You should not remove these structures yet because you will need to identify the blood vessels later in the dissection.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_466\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-466\" class=\"wp-image-466\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A probe is used to continue separating the tissue in the neck region until the trachea and esophagus are exposed. The esophagus is dorsal to the trachea. the large hard structure attached to the trachea is the larynx. It contains the vocal chords. In this photograph, the heart and blood vessels of the neck region have been removed so that the trachea can be seen more clearly.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_4-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_4-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_4-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_4-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Mouth_and_neck_region_4.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-466\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 15. Esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and lungs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Respiratory System<\/h2>\n<p>Observe how the <b>diaphragm<\/b> attaches to the body wall and separates the abdominal cavity from the lung (pleural) and heart (pericardial) cavities (figure 16 and 18 below). Contraction of the diaphragm forces air into the lungs.<\/p>\n<p>You have already seen the nasopharynx, hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, and larynx. Follow the trachea to where it branches into two <b>bronchi <\/b>and observe that each bronchus leads to a <b>lung<\/b><i>.<\/i> The left lung contains three lobes and the right lung contains four. Each lung is located in a body cavity called a <b>pleural cavity<\/b>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_467\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-467\" class=\"wp-image-467\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The diaphragm attaches to the body wall and separates the abdominal cavity from the lung (pleural) and heart (pericardial) cavities. Contraction of the diaphragm forces air into the lungs.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_5-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_5-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_5-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_5-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_5-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_5.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-467\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 16. Diaphragm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_468\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-468\" class=\"wp-image-468\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"In this photograph, the diaphragm has been cut so that the body wall can be spread open to reveal the lungs.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-468\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 17.\u00a0Lungs<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_469\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-469\" class=\"wp-image-469\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Diaphragm and lungs are labelled.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_4-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_4-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_4-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_4-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_4.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-469\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">18.\u00a0Lungs, diaphragm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_470\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-470\" class=\"wp-image-470\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Lungs, heart, and diaphragm labelled\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_3-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_3-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_3-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_3.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-470\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 19.\u00a0Lungs, diaphragm (cut)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_471\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-471\" class=\"wp-image-471\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_6-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The heart and major blood vessels have been removed in this photograph to reveal details of the respiratory system. You have already seen the nares, hard palate, soft palate, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, and larynx when you viewed the mouth and neck region. The trachea branches into two bronchi and each bronchus leads to a lung. The left lung contains three lobes and the right lung contains four.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_6-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_6-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_6-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_6-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Respiratory_system_6.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-471\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 20.\u00a0Esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and lung.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Digestive System<\/h2>\n<p>You have already seen how the <b>esophagus<\/b> leads from the <b>pharynx<\/b> through the neck region. Using a probe, trace follow the esophagus to the\u00a0<b>stomach<\/b>. Identify the <b>small intestine<\/b> and <b>large intestine<\/b>. Find the posterior part of the large intestine called the <b>rectum<\/b> and observe that it leads to the <b>anus<\/b>. Locate the <b>cecum<\/b>, a blind pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine.<\/p>\n<p>Identify the <b>liver<\/b>. Lift the right lobe and find the <b>gallbladder<\/b>. This structure stores bile produced by the liver. Find the <b>bile duct<\/b> that leads to the small intestine. The <b>pancreas<\/b> is located dorsal and posterior to the stomach. It extends along the length of the stomach from the left side of the body (your right) to the point where the stomach joins the small intestine. Lift the stomach and identify this light-colored organ.<\/p>\n<p>The <b>spleen<\/b> is an elongate, flattened, brownish organ that extends along the posterior part of the stomach ventral to (above) the pancreas.<\/p>\n<p>The cecum is a blind pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine. It houses bacteria used to digest plant materials such as cellulose. The cecum is large in herbivores but much of it has been lost during evolution in humans. The appendix in humans is the evolutionary remains of a larger cecum in human ancestors.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_472\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-472\" class=\"wp-image-472\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Food passes through the esophagus to the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. Secretions released from the pancreas and gall bladder empty into the duodenum.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-472\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 21. Duodenum, gallbladder, liver, lungs, large intestine, pancreas, small intestine, stomach. The liver has been lifted to reveal the gallbladder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_473\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-473\" class=\"wp-image-473\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_6-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Digestive system is labelled\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_6-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_6-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_6-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_6-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_6.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-473\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 22. bile duct, gallbladder, large intestine, liver, and small intestine. The liver has been lifted to reveal the gallbladder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_474\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-474\" class=\"wp-image-474\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Organs are labelled\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-474\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 23. Large intestine, liver, small intestine, spleen, and stomach.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_475\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-475\" class=\"wp-image-475\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The stomach and spleen have been moved to the right to show the pancreas underneath.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_3-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_3-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_3-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_3.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-475\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 24. small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, spleen, stomach &#8211; The spleen has been moved aside to reveal the pancreas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_476\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-476\" class=\"wp-image-476\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_8-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Pancreas is labelled\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_8-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_8-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_8-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_8-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_8-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_8.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-476\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 25. The stomach and liver are lifted to show the pancreas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_477\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-477\" class=\"wp-image-477\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 26. Large intestine, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, and stomach.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_4-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_4-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_4-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_4-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_4.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-477\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 26. Large intestine, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, and stomach.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_478\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-478\" class=\"wp-image-478\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The cecum is a blind pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine. It houses bacteria used to digest the plant materials such as cellulose. The cecum is large in herbivores, but much of it has been lost during evolution in humans. The appendix in humans is the evolutionary remains of a larger cecum in human ancestors.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_5-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_5-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_5-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_5-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_5-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_5.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-478\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 27. cecum, large intestine, liver, small intestine, spleen. The cecum is found at the point where the small intestine joins the large intestine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_479\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-479\" class=\"wp-image-479\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_7-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Organs are labelled\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_7-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_7-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_7-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_7-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_7-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Digestive_System_7.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-479\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 28. Large intestine, liver, small intestine, spleen, and stomach.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Circulatory System<\/h2>\n<p>Figures 29 and 30 summarize the circulatory system of a mammal.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_480\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-480\" class=\"wp-image-480\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_13-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Blood flow between the lungs and body as its oxygenation levels change. When oxygenated blood becomes unoxygenated, it flows from the rest of the body to the lungs. Blood flows at a low pressure from other areas of the body through the vena cava, to the right atrium, and into the right ventricle, entering through the right atrioventricular valve (also known as the tricuspid valve). The blood leaves the right ventricle through the right semilunar valve at a high pressure, and travels through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. It then becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood flows at a low pressure through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, to the left ventricle through the left atrioventricular valve (also known as the mitral or bicuspid valve). The blood then leaves the left ventricle at a high pressure through the left semilunar valve and travels through the aorta to the rest of the body.\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_13-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_13-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_13-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_13-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_13-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_13.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-480\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 29. Circulatory system<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_481\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-481\" class=\"wp-image-481\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_12-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Another diagram, very similar to the one just before. However, the two ventricles are next to each other, which more accurately reflects the structure of the heart.\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_12-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_12-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_12-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_12-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_12-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory_system_12.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-481\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 30. Circulatory system<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The drawing below shows some of the major arteries that carry blood to the body. Blood vessels that branch from the aorta carry blood to most of the body.<\/p>\n<p>The pulmonary artery is capable of delivering a large amount of blood to the lungs but the lungs are not needed to oxygenate the blood of a fetus, so most of the blood is diverted to the aorta. This diagram shows that the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood that would otherwise go to the lungs.<\/p>\n<p>Shortly after birth, the ductus arteriosus closes and blood in the pulmonary artery goes to the lungs instead of the body.<\/p>\n<p>Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic arch and aorta to the body. The first branch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery. The second branch is the left subclavian artery which goes to the left front leg. The right subvclavian carries blood to the right front leg and the carotids carry blood to the head.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_482\" style=\"width: 560px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-482\" class=\"wp-image-482 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Fetal-1.jpg\" alt=\"The pulmonary trunk is attached to the heart. It splits off into the pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus. The ductus attaches to the aorta, just below the aortic arch. The aorta is also attached to the heart. The aorta arches (the aortic arch) and runs down the body. There are branch points on the aorta for the right and left renal (to kidney) and for right and left external iliac (to legs). The right subclavian, brachiocephalic, and left subclavian (to the left forelimb) arteries all branch from the aorta before the aortic arch. The Brachiocephalic diverges into two arteries: the right and left common carotids (to the head).\" width=\"550\" height=\"457\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Fetal-1.jpg 550w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Fetal-1-300x249.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Fetal-1-65x54.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Fetal-1-225x187.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Fetal-1-350x291.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-482\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 31. Major arteries<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity. It contains a lubricating fluid and isolates the heart from body\u00a0 movements such as the expansion and contraction of the nearby pleural (lung) cavity.<\/p>\n<p>To view details of the aortic arch, ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary artery, it will be helpful to remove the left lung. With the left lung removed, the heart can be pushed to the right side to reveal the aorta and other blood vessels shown in\u00a0figures 33\u201342.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_487\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-487\" class=\"wp-image-487\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system15-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The diaphragm has been cut from the body walls. The pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity. It contains a lubricating fluid and isolates the heart from body movements, such as the expansion and contraction of the nearby pleural (lung) cavity. The pericardium in the photograph has been cut, revealing the heart within.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system15-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system15-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system15-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system15-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system15-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system15.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-487\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 32. Diaphragm, heart, lungs, and pericardium<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_488\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-488\" class=\"wp-image-488\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system16-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Aortic arch, coronary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system16-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system16-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system16-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system16-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system16-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system16.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-488\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 33.\u00a0Aortic arch, coronary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_489\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-489\" class=\"wp-image-489\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic arch and aorta to the body. The first branch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery. The second branch is the left subclavian artery, which goes to the left front leg.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-489\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 34. Aorta, aortic arch, left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, ductus arteriosus, lung, pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk, left subclavian artery,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_490\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-490\" class=\"wp-image-490\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The first branch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery. The second branch is the left subclavian artery, which goes to the left front leg. The right subclavian carries blood to the right front leg and the carotids carry blood to the head.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-490\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 35.\u00a0Aorta, aortic arch, left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, ductus arterious, pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, trachea, left ventricle<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_491\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-491\" class=\"wp-image-491\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 36. Aortic arch, left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, larynx, pulmonary trunk, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, left ventricle.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_3-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_3-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_3-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_3.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-491\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 36. Aortic arch, left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, larynx, pulmonary trunk, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, left ventricle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_492\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-492\" class=\"wp-image-492\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The anterior vena cava receives blood from the anterior part of the body and carries it to the right atrium.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_4-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_4-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_4-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_4-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_4.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 37. Anterior vena cava, coronary artery, larynx, posterior vena cava, right subclavian vein, trachea.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_496\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-496\" class=\"wp-image-496\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Anterior\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_5-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_5-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_5-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_5-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_5-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Anterior_blood_vessels_5.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-496\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 38. Anterior vena cava, coronary artery, right external jugular vein, right internal jugular vein, larynx, lungs, right subclavian vein, trachea<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_493\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-493\" class=\"wp-image-493\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system11-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Circulatory system\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system11-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system11-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system11-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system11-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system11-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Circulatory-system11.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-493\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 39. Anterior vena cava, posterior vena cava.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_494\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-494\" class=\"wp-image-494\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The posterior vena cava receives blood from the posterior portion of the body and carries it to the right atrium.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-494\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 40.\u00a0Heart, liver, lung, posterior vena cava, thymus, thyroid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_495\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-495\" class=\"wp-image-495\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 41.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-495\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 41.\u00a0Aorta, colon, kidney, posterior vena cava, renal artery, renal vein, testicular artery, testis, umbilical artery, ureter, urinary bladder, vas deferens. The renal artery passes blood from the aorta to the kidney. The renal vein returns blood from the kidney to the posterior vena cava.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_498\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-498\" class=\"wp-image-498\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"42.\u00a0\u00a0 aorta, colon (large intestine), diaphragm, heart, kidney, lung, renal artery, posterior vena cava, renal vein, small intestine, spleen, stomach, ureter\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-498\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 42. Aorta, colon (large intestine), diaphragm, heart, kidney, lung, renal artery, posterior vena cava, renal vein, small intestine, spleen, stomach, ureter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_499\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-499\" class=\"wp-image-499\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_4-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_4-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_4-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_4-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_4.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-499\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 43. External iliac artery, kidney, large intestine, posterior vena cava, renal vein, small intestine, testis, umbilical artery, ureter, urinary bladder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_500\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-500\" class=\"wp-image-500\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Full pig, as dissected so far\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_5-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_5-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_5-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_5-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_5-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_5.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-500\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 44. Left atrium, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, coronary artery, external iliac artery, external iliac vein, posterior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, renal artery, renal vein, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, umbilical artery, left ventricle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Excretory System<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_502\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-502\" class=\"wp-image-502\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Posterior blood vessels\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Posterior_blood_vessels_3-1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-502\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 45. Aorta, colon (large intestine), diaphragm, heart, kidney, lung, renal artery, posterior vena cava, renal vein, small intestine, spleen, stomach, ureter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_503\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-503\" class=\"wp-image-503\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Blood from the aorta passes through the renal artery and then to the kidney. The kidneys remove wastes and return blood via the renal vein to the posterior vena cava.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-503\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 46. Aorta, kidney, liver, posterior vena cava, renal artery, renal vein, spleen, ureter, urinary bladder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_504\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-504\" class=\"wp-image-504\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The ureter carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Excretory_System_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-504\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 47. Kidney, liver, posterior vena cava, renal vein, spleen, ureter, urinary bladder<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Reproductive System (Female)<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_452\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-452\" class=\"wp-image-452\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Female posterior, ventral side up. The urogenital opening is an opening to both the urinary and reproductive system.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-452\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 48. Urogenital papilla, anus<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_505\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-505\" class=\"wp-image-505\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The uterus of a pig is different than that of a human in that the upper part of the pig uterus is divided into two uterine horns. Near the ovaries, the uterine horns become oviducts.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-505\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 49.\u00a0Colon, horn of uterus, ovary, urinary bladder<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_506\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-506\" class=\"wp-image-506\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The urethra (carries urine from the bladder) merges with the vagina to form a common duct called the urogenital sinus.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Female_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-506\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 50.\u00a0Colon, body of uterus, horn of uterus, ovaries, urethra, urinary bladder, urogenital sinus<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Reproductive System (Male)<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_454\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-454\" class=\"wp-image-454\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Male ventral view. The urogenital opening is an opening to both the urinary and reproductive systems.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/External_anatomy_3.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-454\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 51.\u00a0Penis, scrotum, urogenital opening<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_507\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-507\" class=\"wp-image-507\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Seminal vesicle, testis, ureter, urinary bladder, vas deferens\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_1.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-507\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 52.\u00a0Seminal vesicle, testis, ureter, urinary bladder, vas deferens<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_508\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-508\" class=\"wp-image-508\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_2-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Spermatic cord (includes vas deferens, a nerve, and blood vessels)\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_2.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-508\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 53.\u00a0Bulbourethral gland,\u00a0spermatic cord, testis, urethra, urinary bladder, vas deferens<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_509\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-509\" class=\"wp-image-509\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Urine travels from the urinary bladder on top of the penis through the urethra, which goes down and around the length of the penis.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_3-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_3-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_3-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Reproductive_System-_Male_3.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-509\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 54.\u00a0Path of urine flow<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-189\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Fetal Pig Dissection, Biology 102. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Michael J. Gregory, Ph.D.. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/b51ab7d9e5e1e7063dcb70cee5c33cf7f4b7bad8.googledrive.com\/host\/0Bx6hk6AUBHxDc2d4TDJZTFIyMGs\/files\/Bio%20102\/Bio%20102%20Laboratory\/Fetal%20Pig\/Fetal%20Pig.htm\">https:\/\/b51ab7d9e5e1e7063dcb70cee5c33cf7f4b7bad8.googledrive.com\/host\/0Bx6hk6AUBHxDc2d4TDJZTFIyMGs\/files\/Bio%20102\/Bio%20102%20Laboratory\/Fetal%20Pig\/Fetal%20Pig.htm<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: The Biology Web. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Fetal Pig Dissection, Biology 102\",\"author\":\"Michael J. 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