{"id":191,"date":"2015-07-21T03:43:33","date_gmt":"2015-07-21T03:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/bio2labsxmaster2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=191"},"modified":"2016-01-08T22:45:38","modified_gmt":"2016-01-08T22:45:38","slug":"lab-topic-cardiovascular-and-respiratory-systems","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/chapter\/lab-topic-cardiovascular-and-respiratory-systems\/","title":{"raw":"Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Lab","rendered":"Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Lab"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>State the parts of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and give the functions of each part.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Identify the parts of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems on the human torso model and other models.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain how the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are interrelated.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe the path of the blood through the heart<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Test the effects of various factors on heart rate and breathing rates<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Measure various respiratory volumes using a spirometer.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Define the following terms:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nostrils<\/td>\r\n<td>trachea<\/td>\r\n<td>spirometer<\/td>\r\n<td>nasopharynx<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>bronchi<\/td>\r\n<td>pleura<\/td>\r\n<td>pharynx<\/td>\r\n<td>larynx<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>forced vital capacity<\/td>\r\n<td>epiglottis<\/td>\r\n<td>lung<\/td>\r\n<td>vital capacity<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>diaphragm<\/td>\r\n<td>glottis<\/td>\r\n<td>forced expiratory volume<\/td>\r\n<td>intercostal muscles<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>aorta<\/td>\r\n<td>brachial artery and vein<\/td>\r\n<td>superior vena cava<\/td>\r\n<td>ventricle<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>hepatic artery and vein<\/td>\r\n<td>inferior vena cava<\/td>\r\n<td>atrium<\/td>\r\n<td>renal artery and vein<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>iliac artery and vein<\/td>\r\n<td>pulmonary artery and vein<\/td>\r\n<td>jugular vein<\/td>\r\n<td>systole<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>diastole<\/td>\r\n<td>coronary artery and vein<\/td>\r\n<td>carotid artery systole<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2016\/01\/CardiovascularandRespiratory.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download a PDF of the lab to print.<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttp:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/circulatory-respiratory-lab\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Activity I: Identifying Structures<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Find the following structures on the human torso model and other models.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Nostrils <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Trachea<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Nasal cavity <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Oral cavity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Bronchi <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Diaphragm<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Pharynx <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Pleura<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Larynx <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Lung<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Epiglottis <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Intercostal muscles<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Glottis <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Iliac artery and vein<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Carotid arteries <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Jugular veins<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Right and left ventricle <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Right and left atria<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Pulmonary artery and vein <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Brachial artery and vein<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Coronary artery and vein <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Renal artery and vein<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Hepatic artery and vein <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Femoral artery and vein<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Superior and inferior vena cava<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the chart on the next page to help organize your understanding of the different arteries and veins. For each one listed, state where the blood is traveling to and from.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Artery or Vein<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Where blood is traveling to and from<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pulmonary Artery<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pulmonary Vein<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Coronary Artery<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Coronary Vein<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Hepatic Artery<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Hepatic Vein<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Iliac Artery<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Iliac Vein<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Jugular Vein<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Carotid Artery<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Brachial Artery<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Brachial Vein<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Femoral Artery<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Femoral Vein<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Renal Artery<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Renal Vein<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the heart picture below and label the different atria and ventricles. Also include the aorta, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-192 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-9.34.04-PM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-07-20 at 9.34.04 PM\" width=\"248\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Activity II: Respiratory Volumes and Lung Capacities\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Spirometry is the classic pulmonary function test. A spirometer is an instrument used to measure how much air and how quickly air is expelled after a deep inhalation. The measurements can be used to calculate how efficiently and how quickly the lungs can be filled upon inspiration and emptied during expiration. The most common measurements obtained from a spirometer are listed in the table below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Abbreviation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Measurement<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>VC<\/td>\r\n<td>Vital Capacity<\/td>\r\n<td>Maximal amount of air exhaled steadily from full inspiration to maximal expiration<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>FVC<\/td>\r\n<td>Forced vital capacity<\/td>\r\n<td>The total amount of air that you blow out in one breath<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>FEV1<\/td>\r\n<td>Forced expiratory volume in one second<\/td>\r\n<td>The amount of air you can blow out in one second. An individual with normal lungs and airways can blow out most of the air from the lungs in the first second<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>FER<\/td>\r\n<td>Forced expiratory ratio (FEV1\/FVC)x100<\/td>\r\n<td>Percentage of the FVC expelled in the first second of a forced expiration<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>PEF<\/td>\r\n<td>Peak expiratory flow<\/td>\r\n<td>Peak expiratory flow in liters per minute<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">The spirometer we will use measures peak expiratory flow, a useful indicator of lung function to assess conditions such as asthma. Peak flow is achieved by blowing out as fast as possible after taking in as much air as possible.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Directions to Operate Spirometer<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For best results, stand. If you are unable to stand, sit in a straight and upright position.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Move the peak indicator (red internal piece) to the start position (all the way on the left).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Hold the spirometer in your hand with your thumb and forefinger on the grips and the mouthpiece facing toward you. Avoid blocking the vent holes as much as possible and do not allow the fingers to interfere with the red peak indicator.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Take as deep a breath as possible filing your lungs completely with air<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Place your mouth on the mouthpiece, past your teeth, and form a tight seal with your lips. Place your tongue below the mouthpiece to make sure it is not blocking the opening at any time.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Blow out as hard and fast as you can. The red indicator will move indicating your peak flow. <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Do not reset the peak indicator. Repeat steps 4-6 two more times for a total of three. The indicator will automatically point to the best of the three efforts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Record your results in the table on the next page.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Clean off the spirometer using a paper towel and rubbing alcohol.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Have your partner complete the same process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>PEF<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>My value<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>My partner<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3><b style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Results<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Comparing Your Results to Expected Values<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the normal predicted average peak expiratory flow tables in the spirometer box and any additional handouts provided by your instructor to compare your readings to expected values based on an individuals gender, age, ethnicity, and height.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How does your average PEF compare with the value for a person your age and height?<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What do These Values Mean in the Real World?<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Individuals suffering from <b>obstructive pulmonary disease<\/b> (narrowed airways) have a low FEV1 but a normal FVC. Since the airways are narrowed less air can be blown out in one second. Individuals with obstructive lung disease also have a FER less than 70% of the predicted value. <b>Asthma<\/b> is one condition which causes narrowing of the airways. Spirometry is used to diagnose asthma and asses the efficiency of treatments.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Individuals can also suffer from <b>restrictive pulmonary disease<\/b>. These individuals have a normal FEV1 since the airways are unobstructed but a lower FVC. The lower FVC is caused by various conditions that affect the lung tissue or the capacity of the lungs to expand.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are some conditions that involve both lung obstruction and restriction, such as <b>cystic fibrous<\/b>. Individuals with cystic fibrous secrete excess mucus which narrows the airways and damages the lung tissue.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Activity III: Investigation<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How do different everyday activities affect your circulation and respiration? You and a partner will work together to come up with and implement a procedure to test the following question:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How does body position (laying down verses sitting verses standing) affect your heart rate and your breathing?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In the space below, write a hypothesis and null hypothesis for the question.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\">Hypothesis:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\">Null Hypothesis:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You have the following tools available to test these questions:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Spirometer<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Measuring pulse<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Measuring breathing rate<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You need to determine how you can test both respiration and circulation. Some points to consider:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How long your experiment should run?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How many trials you should do<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How often should you take measurements?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How could you create a control?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the space below to write out a procedure to test each question. Make sure that your instructor approves your procedures before you begin your experiments.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Procedure for Question 1:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Now begin your experiments. Use the space below to record your results. Feel free to make your own tables to organize your data.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Use your results to answer the following questions:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How did your heart rate change with body position? When was it the lowest? Highest?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How did your breathing rate change with body position? When was it the lowest? Highest?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Why might your heart and breathing rate differ from your partner?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>State the parts of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and give the functions of each part.<\/li>\n<li>Identify the parts of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems on the human torso model and other models.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are interrelated.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the path of the blood through the heart<\/li>\n<li>Test the effects of various factors on heart rate and breathing rates<\/li>\n<li>Measure various respiratory volumes using a spirometer.<\/li>\n<li>Define the following terms:<br \/>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>nostrils<\/td>\n<td>trachea<\/td>\n<td>spirometer<\/td>\n<td>nasopharynx<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>bronchi<\/td>\n<td>pleura<\/td>\n<td>pharynx<\/td>\n<td>larynx<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>forced vital capacity<\/td>\n<td>epiglottis<\/td>\n<td>lung<\/td>\n<td>vital capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>diaphragm<\/td>\n<td>glottis<\/td>\n<td>forced expiratory volume<\/td>\n<td>intercostal muscles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>aorta<\/td>\n<td>brachial artery and vein<\/td>\n<td>superior vena cava<\/td>\n<td>ventricle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hepatic artery and vein<\/td>\n<td>inferior vena cava<\/td>\n<td>atrium<\/td>\n<td>renal artery and vein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>iliac artery and vein<\/td>\n<td>pulmonary artery and vein<\/td>\n<td>jugular vein<\/td>\n<td>systole<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>diastole<\/td>\n<td>coronary artery and vein<\/td>\n<td>carotid artery systole<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2016\/01\/CardiovascularandRespiratory.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download a PDF of the lab to print.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/circulatory-respiratory-lab<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Activity I: Identifying Structures<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Find the following structures on the human torso model and other models.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Nostrils <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Trachea<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Nasal cavity <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Oral cavity<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Bronchi <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Diaphragm<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Pharynx <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Pleura<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Larynx <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Lung<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Epiglottis <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Intercostal muscles<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Glottis <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Iliac artery and vein<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Carotid arteries <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Jugular veins<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Right and left ventricle <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Right and left atria<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Pulmonary artery and vein <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Brachial artery and vein<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Coronary artery and vein <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Renal artery and vein<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Hepatic artery and vein <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Femoral artery and vein<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Superior and inferior vena cava<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the chart on the next page to help organize your understanding of the different arteries and veins. For each one listed, state where the blood is traveling to and from.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Artery or Vein<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Where blood is traveling to and from<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pulmonary Artery<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pulmonary Vein<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Coronary Artery<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Coronary Vein<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hepatic Artery<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hepatic Vein<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Iliac Artery<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Iliac Vein<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Jugular Vein<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Carotid Artery<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Brachial Artery<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Brachial Vein<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Femoral Artery<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Femoral Vein<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Renal Artery<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Renal Vein<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the heart picture below and label the different atria and ventricles. Also include the aorta, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-192 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-9.34.04-PM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-07-20 at 9.34.04 PM\" width=\"248\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-9.34.04-PM.png 248w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-9.34.04-PM-65x79.png 65w, https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/07\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-9.34.04-PM-225x272.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Activity II: Respiratory Volumes and Lung Capacities\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Spirometry is the classic pulmonary function test. A spirometer is an instrument used to measure how much air and how quickly air is expelled after a deep inhalation. The measurements can be used to calculate how efficiently and how quickly the lungs can be filled upon inspiration and emptied during expiration. The most common measurements obtained from a spirometer are listed in the table below.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Abbreviation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Measurement<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>VC<\/td>\n<td>Vital Capacity<\/td>\n<td>Maximal amount of air exhaled steadily from full inspiration to maximal expiration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>FVC<\/td>\n<td>Forced vital capacity<\/td>\n<td>The total amount of air that you blow out in one breath<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>FEV1<\/td>\n<td>Forced expiratory volume in one second<\/td>\n<td>The amount of air you can blow out in one second. An individual with normal lungs and airways can blow out most of the air from the lungs in the first second<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>FER<\/td>\n<td>Forced expiratory ratio (FEV1\/FVC)x100<\/td>\n<td>Percentage of the FVC expelled in the first second of a forced expiration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>PEF<\/td>\n<td>Peak expiratory flow<\/td>\n<td>Peak expiratory flow in liters per minute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">The spirometer we will use measures peak expiratory flow, a useful indicator of lung function to assess conditions such as asthma. Peak flow is achieved by blowing out as fast as possible after taking in as much air as possible.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Directions to Operate Spirometer<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For best results, stand. If you are unable to stand, sit in a straight and upright position.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Move the peak indicator (red internal piece) to the start position (all the way on the left).<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Hold the spirometer in your hand with your thumb and forefinger on the grips and the mouthpiece facing toward you. Avoid blocking the vent holes as much as possible and do not allow the fingers to interfere with the red peak indicator.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Take as deep a breath as possible filing your lungs completely with air<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Place your mouth on the mouthpiece, past your teeth, and form a tight seal with your lips. Place your tongue below the mouthpiece to make sure it is not blocking the opening at any time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Blow out as hard and fast as you can. The red indicator will move indicating your peak flow. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Do not reset the peak indicator. Repeat steps 4-6 two more times for a total of three. The indicator will automatically point to the best of the three efforts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Record your results in the table on the next page.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Clean off the spirometer using a paper towel and rubbing alcohol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Have your partner complete the same process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>PEF<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>My value<\/em><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>My partner<\/em><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><b style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Results<\/b><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Comparing Your Results to Expected Values<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the normal predicted average peak expiratory flow tables in the spirometer box and any additional handouts provided by your instructor to compare your readings to expected values based on an individuals gender, age, ethnicity, and height.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How does your average PEF compare with the value for a person your age and height?<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What do These Values Mean in the Real World?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Individuals suffering from <b>obstructive pulmonary disease<\/b> (narrowed airways) have a low FEV1 but a normal FVC. Since the airways are narrowed less air can be blown out in one second. Individuals with obstructive lung disease also have a FER less than 70% of the predicted value. <b>Asthma<\/b> is one condition which causes narrowing of the airways. Spirometry is used to diagnose asthma and asses the efficiency of treatments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Individuals can also suffer from <b>restrictive pulmonary disease<\/b>. These individuals have a normal FEV1 since the airways are unobstructed but a lower FVC. The lower FVC is caused by various conditions that affect the lung tissue or the capacity of the lungs to expand.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are some conditions that involve both lung obstruction and restriction, such as <b>cystic fibrous<\/b>. Individuals with cystic fibrous secrete excess mucus which narrows the airways and damages the lung tissue.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Activity III: Investigation<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How do different everyday activities affect your circulation and respiration? You and a partner will work together to come up with and implement a procedure to test the following question:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How does body position (laying down verses sitting verses standing) affect your heart rate and your breathing?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In the space below, write a hypothesis and null hypothesis for the question.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\">Hypothesis:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\">Null Hypothesis:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You have the following tools available to test these questions:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Spirometer<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Measuring pulse<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Measuring breathing rate<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You need to determine how you can test both respiration and circulation. Some points to consider:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How long your experiment should run?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How many trials you should do<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How often should you take measurements?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How could you create a control?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the space below to write out a procedure to test each question. Make sure that your instructor approves your procedures before you begin your experiments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Procedure for Question 1:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Now begin your experiments. Use the space below to record your results. Feel free to make your own tables to organize your data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Use your results to answer the following questions:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How did your heart rate change with body position? When was it the lowest? Highest?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How did your breathing rate change with body position? When was it the lowest? Highest?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Why might your heart and breathing rate differ from your partner?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-191\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 102 Labs. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lynette Hauser. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Tidewater Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/\">http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Immunology lab, Biology 102. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Piedmont Virginia Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pvcc.edu\/\">http:\/\/www.pvcc.edu\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Biology 102 Labs\",\"author\":\"Lynette Hauser\",\"organization\":\"Tidewater Community College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Immunology lab, Biology 102\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Piedmont Virginia Community College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.pvcc.edu\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-191","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":186,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/191\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":883,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/191\/revisions\/883"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/186"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/191\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=191"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=191"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=191"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}