{"id":95,"date":"2015-07-18T01:22:09","date_gmt":"2015-07-18T01:22:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/bio2labsxmaster2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=95"},"modified":"2016-01-08T22:49:21","modified_gmt":"2016-01-08T22:49:21","slug":"plant-organization-lab","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/chapter\/plant-organization-lab\/","title":{"raw":"Plant Organization Lab","rendered":"Plant Organization Lab"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h2>Lab Objectives<\/h2>\r\nAt the conclusion of the lab, the student should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">List and give the major function of the three main types of plant tissues<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify a monocot verses a eudicot plant by observing either root, stem, leaf, or flowers<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Name and describe the various components and tissues within the root, both monocot and eudicot<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Name and describe the various components and tissues within the stem, both monocot and eudicot<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Name the describe the various components and tissues within the leaf, both monocot and eudicot<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify various examples of stem diversity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Distinguish between simple and compound leaves<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/08\/PlantOrganization.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download a PDF of the lab to print.<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttp:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/plant-org-lab-tz\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Angiosperms, or flowering plants are incredibly diverse. This group of plants contains between 250,000 and 400,000 different species. Although flowering plants are diverse in size, shape, color, and habitat, all angiosperms have the following four structures: the root, the stem, the leaf, and the flower. Each structures in comprised of one or more different types of tissues. In this lab activity we will learn more about angiosperm structures and tissues.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Angiosperm Tissues<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Flowering plants contain three main types of tissues in the roots, stems, and leaves. Each tissue has a specific function as described below:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Dermal tissue: <\/b>protects the outside of the plant.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Ground tissue:<\/b> used for photosynthesis and storage. An internal plant tissue.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Vascular tissue: <\/b>used for transport of water and sugars. <i>Xylem<\/i><b><i> <\/i><\/b>transports water and <i>phloem<\/i> transports sugars.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Unlike animals, angiosperms increase in size their entire life because of <b>meristematic tissue<\/b>. Meristematic tissue continues to divide and create new cells through photosynthesis increasing the height and width of flowering plants. Plants have two types of meristems, as described below:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Apical meristem<\/b>: located at the tip of the shoot and the tip of the root. The apical meristem lengthens up and down. It is responsible for <i>primary growth.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Lateral meristem<\/b>: located at branches to increase plant girth. It is responsible for <i>secondary growth.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Angiosperm Body Plan<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the representative plants on display in the lab. Notice that the plants have aboveground and below-ground portions. The <b>shoot system<\/b> is aboveground. What components of the plan comprise the shoot system?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The <b>root system<\/b> is below ground. State two functions of plant roots.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Angiosperms are divided into two different groups, <b>monocots<\/b> and <b>eudicots. <\/b>These groups differ based on tissue organization in the seed, root, stem, leaf and flowers. For example, monocots have leaf veins that form a parallel patter and flower parts in multiples of threes. Eudicots have leaf veins in a net pattern and flower parts in multiples of fours or fives. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Using this information, identify the live plants on display as either monocots or eudicots using a table similar to the one\u00a0below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Monocots<\/th>\r\n<th>Eudicots<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Root<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are two main root arrangements. Most monocots have a <b>fibrous root<\/b> system where all of the roots are about the same size. Many eudicots have a <b>taproot<\/b> system with one very large main root and smaller roots branching off. A carrot is an example of a taproot.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the monocot and eudicot roots models on display and the cross section slides of the monocot and eudicot root. Identify the following structures:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Root cap\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Root hairs\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Zone of cell division\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Zone of elongation\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Zone of maturation\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Xylem\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\">Cortex<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\">Endodermis<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\">Pith<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\">Pericycle<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\">Epidermis<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p3\">Phloem<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Questions<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Draw and label the cross section of the monocot and eudicot root slides.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Why is the root cap necessary?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How does the arrangement of xylem and phloem differ in the monocot verses the eudicot root?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Stem<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The stem provides aboveground support for flowers and leaves. Some stems are <b>herbaceous<\/b> or nonwoody while others are <b>woody<\/b>. Herbaceous stems increase in length via the apical meristem but they do not increase in girth through secondary growth.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the cross section slides of the eudicot herbaceous stem and the monocot herbaceous stem. Identify the following tissues in both slides and notice that they have different arrangements of the xylem and phloem.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Cortex<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Xylem<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Phloem<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Pith<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Epidermis<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Questions<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In the eudicot stem, which vascular tissue is more external, the xylem or the phloem?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The vascular bundles in a monocot herbaceous stem are said to have a scattered arrangement. Explain why in your own words.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Draw and label the cross section of the monocot and eudicot stem slides.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Many plants have modified stems to assist with food storage or for vegetative reproduction. Some examples include:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Rhizome<\/b>: horizontal underground stem<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Corm<\/b>: underground fleshy stem, used for storage<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Stolon<\/b>: underground horizontal stem<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Runner<\/b>: aboveground horizontal stem<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Tuber<\/b>: underground storage stem<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Bulb<\/b>: underground storage stem with fleshy leaves<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the stems on display and identify which ones below to the categories described above. You may see more than one example of some and no examples of others.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Leaf<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The main function of the leaf is photosynthesis. Therefore, it contains many chloroplasts and is thin to facilitate gas and water transport. View the leaf model and the leaf cross section slide. Make sure you can identify the following components:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Epidermis (upper and lower)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Cuticle\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Spongy Mesophyll\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Palisade Mesophyll\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Xylem<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Phloem<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Stomata (stoma singular)<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Guard Cells<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Draw and label the leaf with all of the components listed above.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The main, flat portion of the leaf is called the <b>blade<\/b> and it attaches to the stem via the <b>petiole<\/b> stalk. There are two main arrangements for the leaf blade. Leaves can either be simple or compound. A <b>simple leaf<\/b> has a single blade. A <b>compound leaf<\/b> has a blade divded into leaflets. All of the leaflets share the same <b>auxiliary bud<\/b> which is the source of new growth. The auxiliary bud is located at the base of the petiole.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are two arrangements of compound leaves. <b>Palmately compound leaves<\/b> have all leaflets attached at the same point at the end of the petiole. <b>Pinnately compound leaves<\/b> have leaflets attached at intervals along the peitole.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the preserved leaf specimens. Choose six to identify as simple or compound. If the leaf is compound, state if it is palmately or pinnately compound.\u00a0Record your findings in a table similar to the one below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Name of Leaf \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th>Simple or Compound<\/th>\r\n<th>Palmate or Pinnate<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Questions<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What cellular division process occurs in the apical meristem region?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The plant has two apical meristems. Identify the location of both.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If a plant had parallel leaf veins would you identify it as a monocot or a eudicot?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The tissue responsible for water transport is ________\u00a0and the tissue responsible for sugar transport is________.\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You look at a stem cross section and notice there is a ring of vascular bundles. Would you identify it as monocot or eudicot?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A potato is an example of what type of modified stem?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What is the function of the root hairs?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Vascular bundles contain what two tissues?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Are fibrous roots more common in eudicots or monocots?<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">State one structure that is part of the plant shoot system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2>Lab Objectives<\/h2>\n<p>At the conclusion of the lab, the student should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">List and give the major function of the three main types of plant tissues<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify a monocot verses a eudicot plant by observing either root, stem, leaf, or flowers<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Name and describe the various components and tissues within the root, both monocot and eudicot<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Name and describe the various components and tissues within the stem, both monocot and eudicot<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Name the describe the various components and tissues within the leaf, both monocot and eudicot<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Identify various examples of stem diversity<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Distinguish between simple and compound leaves<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4207\/2015\/08\/PlantOrganization.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download a PDF of the lab to print.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/plant-org-lab-tz<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Angiosperms, or flowering plants are incredibly diverse. This group of plants contains between 250,000 and 400,000 different species. Although flowering plants are diverse in size, shape, color, and habitat, all angiosperms have the following four structures: the root, the stem, the leaf, and the flower. Each structures in comprised of one or more different types of tissues. In this lab activity we will learn more about angiosperm structures and tissues.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Angiosperm Tissues<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Flowering plants contain three main types of tissues in the roots, stems, and leaves. Each tissue has a specific function as described below:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Dermal tissue: <\/b>protects the outside of the plant.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Ground tissue:<\/b> used for photosynthesis and storage. An internal plant tissue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Vascular tissue: <\/b>used for transport of water and sugars. <i>Xylem<\/i><b><i> <\/i><\/b>transports water and <i>phloem<\/i> transports sugars.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Unlike animals, angiosperms increase in size their entire life because of <b>meristematic tissue<\/b>. Meristematic tissue continues to divide and create new cells through photosynthesis increasing the height and width of flowering plants. Plants have two types of meristems, as described below:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Apical meristem<\/b>: located at the tip of the shoot and the tip of the root. The apical meristem lengthens up and down. It is responsible for <i>primary growth.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Lateral meristem<\/b>: located at branches to increase plant girth. It is responsible for <i>secondary growth.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Angiosperm Body Plan<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the representative plants on display in the lab. Notice that the plants have aboveground and below-ground portions. The <b>shoot system<\/b> is aboveground. What components of the plan comprise the shoot system?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The <b>root system<\/b> is below ground. State two functions of plant roots.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Angiosperms are divided into two different groups, <b>monocots<\/b> and <b>eudicots. <\/b>These groups differ based on tissue organization in the seed, root, stem, leaf and flowers. For example, monocots have leaf veins that form a parallel patter and flower parts in multiples of threes. Eudicots have leaf veins in a net pattern and flower parts in multiples of fours or fives. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Using this information, identify the live plants on display as either monocots or eudicots using a table similar to the one\u00a0below.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Monocots<\/th>\n<th>Eudicots<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Root<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are two main root arrangements. Most monocots have a <b>fibrous root<\/b> system where all of the roots are about the same size. Many eudicots have a <b>taproot<\/b> system with one very large main root and smaller roots branching off. A carrot is an example of a taproot.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the monocot and eudicot roots models on display and the cross section slides of the monocot and eudicot root. Identify the following structures:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Root cap\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Root hairs\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Zone of cell division\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Zone of elongation\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Zone of maturation\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Xylem\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\">Cortex<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\">Endodermis<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\">Pith<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\">Pericycle<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\">Epidermis<\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\">Phloem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Questions<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Draw and label the cross section of the monocot and eudicot root slides.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Why is the root cap necessary?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How does the arrangement of xylem and phloem differ in the monocot verses the eudicot root?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Stem<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The stem provides aboveground support for flowers and leaves. Some stems are <b>herbaceous<\/b> or nonwoody while others are <b>woody<\/b>. Herbaceous stems increase in length via the apical meristem but they do not increase in girth through secondary growth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the cross section slides of the eudicot herbaceous stem and the monocot herbaceous stem. Identify the following tissues in both slides and notice that they have different arrangements of the xylem and phloem.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Cortex<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Xylem<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Phloem<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Pith<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Epidermis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Questions<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In the eudicot stem, which vascular tissue is more external, the xylem or the phloem?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The vascular bundles in a monocot herbaceous stem are said to have a scattered arrangement. Explain why in your own words.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Draw and label the cross section of the monocot and eudicot stem slides.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Many plants have modified stems to assist with food storage or for vegetative reproduction. Some examples include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Rhizome<\/b>: horizontal underground stem<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Corm<\/b>: underground fleshy stem, used for storage<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Stolon<\/b>: underground horizontal stem<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Runner<\/b>: aboveground horizontal stem<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Tuber<\/b>: underground storage stem<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Bulb<\/b>: underground storage stem with fleshy leaves<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the stems on display and identify which ones below to the categories described above. You may see more than one example of some and no examples of others.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Leaf<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The main function of the leaf is photosynthesis. Therefore, it contains many chloroplasts and is thin to facilitate gas and water transport. View the leaf model and the leaf cross section slide. Make sure you can identify the following components:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Epidermis (upper and lower)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Cuticle\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Spongy Mesophyll\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"> Palisade Mesophyll\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Xylem<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Phloem<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Stomata (stoma singular)<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Guard Cells<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Draw and label the leaf with all of the components listed above.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The main, flat portion of the leaf is called the <b>blade<\/b> and it attaches to the stem via the <b>petiole<\/b> stalk. There are two main arrangements for the leaf blade. Leaves can either be simple or compound. A <b>simple leaf<\/b> has a single blade. A <b>compound leaf<\/b> has a blade divded into leaflets. All of the leaflets share the same <b>auxiliary bud<\/b> which is the source of new growth. The auxiliary bud is located at the base of the petiole.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are two arrangements of compound leaves. <b>Palmately compound leaves<\/b> have all leaflets attached at the same point at the end of the petiole. <b>Pinnately compound leaves<\/b> have leaflets attached at intervals along the peitole.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">View the preserved leaf specimens. Choose six to identify as simple or compound. If the leaf is compound, state if it is palmately or pinnately compound.\u00a0Record your findings in a table similar to the one below.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Name of Leaf \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th>Simple or Compound<\/th>\n<th>Palmate or Pinnate<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4 class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Questions<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What cellular division process occurs in the apical meristem region?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The plant has two apical meristems. Identify the location of both.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If a plant had parallel leaf veins would you identify it as a monocot or a eudicot?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The tissue responsible for water transport is ________\u00a0and the tissue responsible for sugar transport is________.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You look at a stem cross section and notice there is a ring of vascular bundles. Would you identify it as monocot or eudicot?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A potato is an example of what type of modified stem?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What is the function of the root hairs?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Vascular bundles contain what two tissues?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Are fibrous roots more common in eudicots or monocots?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">State one structure that is part of the plant shoot system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-95\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 102 Labs. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lynette Hauser. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Tidewater Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/\">http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Biology 102 Labs\",\"author\":\"Lynette Hauser\",\"organization\":\"Tidewater Community College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-95","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":94,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/95","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/95\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":888,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/95\/revisions\/888"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/94"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/95\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=95"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=95"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=95"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tcc-biolab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=95"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}