{"id":1378,"date":"2017-05-25T20:20:10","date_gmt":"2017-05-25T20:20:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/towson-astronomy\/?post_type=chapter&p=1378"},"modified":"2017-05-25T20:20:10","modified_gmt":"2017-05-25T20:20:10","slug":"for-further-exploration-the-evolution-and-distribution-of-galaxies","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/towson-astronomy\/chapter\/for-further-exploration-the-evolution-and-distribution-of-galaxies\/","title":{"raw":"For Further Exploration: The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies","rendered":"For Further Exploration: The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies"},"content":{"raw":"

Articles<\/h2>\r\n
\r\n

Andrews, B. \"What Are Galaxies Trying to Tell Us?\" Astronomy<\/em> (February 2011): 24. Introduction to our understanding of the shapes and evolution of different types of galaxies.<\/p>\r\n

Barger, A. \"The Midlife Crisis of the Cosmos.\" Scientific American<\/em> (January 2005): 46. On how our time differs from the early universe in terms of what galaxies are doing, and what role supermassive black holes play.<\/p>\r\n

Berman, B. \"The Missing Universe.\" Astronomy<\/em> (April 2014): 24. Brief review of dark matter, what it could be, and modified theories of gravity that can also explain it.<\/p>\r\n

Faber, S., et al. \"Staring Back to Cosmic Dawn.\" Sky & Telescope<\/em> (June 2014): 18. Program to see the most distant and earliest galaxies with the Hubble.<\/p>\r\n

Geller, M., & Huchra, J. \"Mapping the Universe.\" Sky & Telescope<\/em> (August 1991): 134. On their project mapping the location of galaxies in three dimensions.<\/p>\r\n

Hooper, D. \"Dark Matter in the Discovery Age.\" Sky & Telescope<\/em> (January 2013): 26. On experiments looking for the nature of dark matter.<\/p>\r\n

James, C. R. \"The Hubble Deep Field: The Picture Worth a Trillion Stars.\" Astronomy<\/em> (November 2015): 44. Detailed history and results, plus the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field.<\/p>\r\n

Kaufmann, G., & van den Bosch, F. \"The Life Cycle of Galaxies.\" Scientific American<\/em> (June 2002): 46. On the evolution of galaxies and how the different shapes of galaxies develop.<\/p>\r\n

Knapp, G. \"Mining the Heavens: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey.\" Sky & Telescope<\/em> (August 1997): 40.<\/p>\r\n

Kron, R., & Butler, S. \"Stars and Strips Forever.\" Astronomy<\/em> (February 1999): 48. On the Sloan Digital Survey.<\/p>\r\n

Kruesi, L. \"What Do We Really Know about Dark Matter?\" Astronomy<\/em> (November 2009): 28. Focuses on what dark matter could be and experiments to find out.<\/p>\r\n

Larson, R., & Bromm, V. \"The First Stars in the Universe.\" Scientific American<\/em> (December 2001): 64. On the dark ages and the birth of the first stars.<\/p>\r\n

Nadis, S. \"Exploring the Galaxy-Black Hole Connection.\" Astronomy<\/em> (May 2010): 28. About the role of massive black holes in the evolution of galaxies.<\/p>\r\n

Nadis, S. \"Astronomers Reveal the Universe\u2019s Hidden Structure.\" Astronomy<\/em> (September 2013): 44. How dark matter is the scaffolding on which the visible universe rests.<\/p>\r\n

Schilling, G. \"Hubble Goes the Distance.\" Sky & Telescope<\/em> (January 2015): 20. Using gravitational lensing with HST to see the most distant galaxies.<\/p>\r\n

Strauss, M. \"Reading the Blueprints of Creation.\" Scientific American<\/em> (February 2004): 54. On large-scale surveys of galaxies and what they tell us about the organization of the early universe.<\/p>\r\n

Tytell, D. \"A Wide Deep Field: Getting the Big Picture.\" Sky & Telescope<\/em> (September 2001): 42. On the NOAO survey of deep sky objects.<\/p>\r\n

Villard, R. \"How Gravity\u2019s Grand Illusion Reveals the Universe.\" Astronomy<\/em> (January 2013): 44. On gravitational lensing and what it teaches us.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

\r\n

Websites<\/h2>\r\n

Assembly of Galaxies: http:\/\/jwst.nasa.gov\/galaxies.html. Introductory background information about galaxies: what we know and what we want to learn.<\/p>\r\n

Brief History of Gravitational Lensing: http:\/\/www.einstein-online.info\/spotlights\/grav_lensing_history. From Einstein OnLine.<\/p>\r\n

Cosmic Structures: http:\/\/skyserver.sdss.org\/dr1\/en\/astro\/structures\/structures.asp. Brief review page on how galaxies are organized, from the Sloan Survey.<\/p>\r\n

Discovery of the First Gravitational Lens: http:\/\/astrosociety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/ab2009-33.pdf. By Ray Weymann, 2009.<\/p>\r\n

Gravitational Lensing Discoveries from the Hubble Space Telescope: http:\/\/hubblesite.org\/newscenter\/archive\/releases\/exotic\/gravitational-lens\/. A chronological list of news releases and images.<\/p>\r\n

Local Group of Galaxies: http:\/\/www.atlasoftheuniverse.com\/localgr.html. Clickable map from the Atlas of the Universe project. See also their Virgo Cluster page: http:\/\/www.atlasoftheuniverse.com\/galgrps\/vir.html.<\/p>\r\n

RotCurve: http:\/\/burro.astr.cwru.edu\/JavaLab\/RotcurveWeb\/main.html. Try your hand at using real galaxy rotation curve data to measure dark matter halos using this Java applet simulation.<\/p>\r\n

Sloan Digital Sky Survey Website: http:\/\/classic.sdss.org\/. Includes nontechnical and technical parts.<\/p>\r\n

Spyglasses into the Universe: http:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/science\/gravitational_lensing\/. Hubble page on gravitational lensing; includes links to videos.<\/p>\r\n

Virgo Cluster of Galaxies: http:\/\/messier.seds.org\/more\/virgo.html. A page with brief information and links to maps, images, etc.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>

\r\n

Videos<\/h2>\r\n

Cosmic Simulations: http:\/\/www.tapir.caltech.edu\/~phopkins\/Site\/Movies_cosmo.html. Beautiful videos with computer simulations of how galaxies form, from the FIRE group.<\/p>\r\n

Cosmology of the Local Universe: http:\/\/irfu.cea.fr\/cosmography. Narrated flythrough of maps of galaxies showing the closer regions of the universe (17:35).<\/p>\r\n

Gravitational Lensing: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4Z71RtwoOas. Video from Fermilab, with Dr. Don Lincoln (7:14).<\/p>\r\n

How Galaxies Were Cooked from the Primordial Soup: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wqNNCm7SNyw. A 2013 public talk by Dr. Sandra Faber of Lick Observatory about the evolution of galaxies; part of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lecture Series (1:19:33).<\/p>\r\n

Hubble Extreme Deep Field Pushes Back Frontiers of Time and Space: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gu_VhzhlqGw. Brief 2012 video (2:42).<\/p>\r\n

Looking Deeply into the Universe in 3-D: https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/videos\/eso1507a\/. 2015 ESOCast video on how the Very Large Telescopes are used to explore the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field and learn more about the faintest and most distant galaxies (5:12).<\/p>\r\n

Millennium Simulation: http:\/\/wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de\/galform\/virgo\/millennium. A supercomputer in Germany follows the evolution of a representative large box as the universe evolves.<\/p>\r\n

Movies of flying through the large-scale local structure: http:\/\/www.ifa.hawaii.edu\/~tully\/. By Brent Tully.<\/p>\r\n

Shedding Light on Dark Matter: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bZW_B9CC-gI. 2008 TED talk on galaxies and dark matter by physicist Patricia Burchat (17:08).<\/p>\r\n

Sloan Digital Sky Survey overview movies: http:\/\/astro.uchicago.edu\/cosmus\/projects\/sloanmovie\/.<\/p>\r\n

Virtual Universe: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SY0bKE10ZDM. An MIT model of a section of universe evolving, with dark matter included (4:11).<\/p>\r\n

When Two Galaxies Collide: http:\/\/www.openculture.com\/2009\/04\/when_galaxies_collide.html. Computer simulation, which stops at various points and shows a Hubble image of just such a system in nature (1:37).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"

Articles<\/h2>\n
\n

Andrews, B. “What Are Galaxies Trying to Tell Us?” Astronomy<\/em> (February 2011): 24. Introduction to our understanding of the shapes and evolution of different types of galaxies.<\/p>\n

Barger, A. “The Midlife Crisis of the Cosmos.” Scientific American<\/em> (January 2005): 46. On how our time differs from the early universe in terms of what galaxies are doing, and what role supermassive black holes play.<\/p>\n

Berman, B. “The Missing Universe.” Astronomy<\/em> (April 2014): 24. Brief review of dark matter, what it could be, and modified theories of gravity that can also explain it.<\/p>\n

Faber, S., et al. “Staring Back to Cosmic Dawn.” Sky & Telescope<\/em> (June 2014): 18. Program to see the most distant and earliest galaxies with the Hubble.<\/p>\n

Geller, M., & Huchra, J. “Mapping the Universe.” Sky & Telescope<\/em> (August 1991): 134. On their project mapping the location of galaxies in three dimensions.<\/p>\n

Hooper, D. “Dark Matter in the Discovery Age.” Sky & Telescope<\/em> (January 2013): 26. On experiments looking for the nature of dark matter.<\/p>\n

James, C. R. “The Hubble Deep Field: The Picture Worth a Trillion Stars.” Astronomy<\/em> (November 2015): 44. Detailed history and results, plus the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field.<\/p>\n

Kaufmann, G., & van den Bosch, F. “The Life Cycle of Galaxies.” Scientific American<\/em> (June 2002): 46. On the evolution of galaxies and how the different shapes of galaxies develop.<\/p>\n

Knapp, G. “Mining the Heavens: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey.” Sky & Telescope<\/em> (August 1997): 40.<\/p>\n

Kron, R., & Butler, S. “Stars and Strips Forever.” Astronomy<\/em> (February 1999): 48. On the Sloan Digital Survey.<\/p>\n

Kruesi, L. “What Do We Really Know about Dark Matter?” Astronomy<\/em> (November 2009): 28. Focuses on what dark matter could be and experiments to find out.<\/p>\n

Larson, R., & Bromm, V. “The First Stars in the Universe.” Scientific American<\/em> (December 2001): 64. On the dark ages and the birth of the first stars.<\/p>\n

Nadis, S. “Exploring the Galaxy-Black Hole Connection.” Astronomy<\/em> (May 2010): 28. About the role of massive black holes in the evolution of galaxies.<\/p>\n

Nadis, S. “Astronomers Reveal the Universe\u2019s Hidden Structure.” Astronomy<\/em> (September 2013): 44. How dark matter is the scaffolding on which the visible universe rests.<\/p>\n

Schilling, G. “Hubble Goes the Distance.” Sky & Telescope<\/em> (January 2015): 20. Using gravitational lensing with HST to see the most distant galaxies.<\/p>\n

Strauss, M. “Reading the Blueprints of Creation.” Scientific American<\/em> (February 2004): 54. On large-scale surveys of galaxies and what they tell us about the organization of the early universe.<\/p>\n

Tytell, D. “A Wide Deep Field: Getting the Big Picture.” Sky & Telescope<\/em> (September 2001): 42. On the NOAO survey of deep sky objects.<\/p>\n

Villard, R. “How Gravity\u2019s Grand Illusion Reveals the Universe.” Astronomy<\/em> (January 2013): 44. On gravitational lensing and what it teaches us.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

Websites<\/h2>\n

Assembly of Galaxies: http:\/\/jwst.nasa.gov\/galaxies.html. Introductory background information about galaxies: what we know and what we want to learn.<\/p>\n

Brief History of Gravitational Lensing: http:\/\/www.einstein-online.info\/spotlights\/grav_lensing_history. From Einstein OnLine.<\/p>\n

Cosmic Structures: http:\/\/skyserver.sdss.org\/dr1\/en\/astro\/structures\/structures.asp. Brief review page on how galaxies are organized, from the Sloan Survey.<\/p>\n

Discovery of the First Gravitational Lens: http:\/\/astrosociety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/ab2009-33.pdf. By Ray Weymann, 2009.<\/p>\n

Gravitational Lensing Discoveries from the Hubble Space Telescope: http:\/\/hubblesite.org\/newscenter\/archive\/releases\/exotic\/gravitational-lens\/. A chronological list of news releases and images.<\/p>\n

Local Group of Galaxies: http:\/\/www.atlasoftheuniverse.com\/localgr.html. Clickable map from the Atlas of the Universe project. See also their Virgo Cluster page: http:\/\/www.atlasoftheuniverse.com\/galgrps\/vir.html.<\/p>\n

RotCurve: http:\/\/burro.astr.cwru.edu\/JavaLab\/RotcurveWeb\/main.html. Try your hand at using real galaxy rotation curve data to measure dark matter halos using this Java applet simulation.<\/p>\n

Sloan Digital Sky Survey Website: http:\/\/classic.sdss.org\/. Includes nontechnical and technical parts.<\/p>\n

Spyglasses into the Universe: http:\/\/www.spacetelescope.org\/science\/gravitational_lensing\/. Hubble page on gravitational lensing; includes links to videos.<\/p>\n

Virgo Cluster of Galaxies: http:\/\/messier.seds.org\/more\/virgo.html. A page with brief information and links to maps, images, etc.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

Videos<\/h2>\n

Cosmic Simulations: http:\/\/www.tapir.caltech.edu\/~phopkins\/Site\/Movies_cosmo.html. Beautiful videos with computer simulations of how galaxies form, from the FIRE group.<\/p>\n

Cosmology of the Local Universe: http:\/\/irfu.cea.fr\/cosmography. Narrated flythrough of maps of galaxies showing the closer regions of the universe (17:35).<\/p>\n

Gravitational Lensing: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4Z71RtwoOas. Video from Fermilab, with Dr. Don Lincoln (7:14).<\/p>\n

How Galaxies Were Cooked from the Primordial Soup: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wqNNCm7SNyw. A 2013 public talk by Dr. Sandra Faber of Lick Observatory about the evolution of galaxies; part of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lecture Series (1:19:33).<\/p>\n

Hubble Extreme Deep Field Pushes Back Frontiers of Time and Space: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gu_VhzhlqGw. Brief 2012 video (2:42).<\/p>\n

Looking Deeply into the Universe in 3-D: https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/videos\/eso1507a\/. 2015 ESOCast video on how the Very Large Telescopes are used to explore the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field and learn more about the faintest and most distant galaxies (5:12).<\/p>\n

Millennium Simulation: http:\/\/wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de\/galform\/virgo\/millennium. A supercomputer in Germany follows the evolution of a representative large box as the universe evolves.<\/p>\n

Movies of flying through the large-scale local structure: http:\/\/www.ifa.hawaii.edu\/~tully\/. By Brent Tully.<\/p>\n

Shedding Light on Dark Matter: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bZW_B9CC-gI. 2008 TED talk on galaxies and dark matter by physicist Patricia Burchat (17:08).<\/p>\n

Sloan Digital Sky Survey overview movies: http:\/\/astro.uchicago.edu\/cosmus\/projects\/sloanmovie\/.<\/p>\n

Virtual Universe: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SY0bKE10ZDM. An MIT model of a section of universe evolving, with dark matter included (4:11).<\/p>\n

When Two Galaxies Collide: http:\/\/www.openculture.com\/2009\/04\/when_galaxies_collide.html. Computer simulation, which stops at various points and shows a Hubble image of just such a system in nature (1:37).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>