{"id":1714,"date":"2014-10-21T04:09:41","date_gmt":"2014-10-21T04:09:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&p=1714"},"modified":"2017-02-24T19:31:36","modified_gmt":"2017-02-24T19:31:36","slug":"glossary-module-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/chapter\/glossary-module-3\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary: The Cellular Level of Organization","rendered":"Glossary: The Cellular Level of Organization"},"content":{"raw":"active transport:<\/strong> form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy\r\n\r\namphipathic:<\/strong> describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility\r\n\r\nanaphase:<\/strong> third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell\r\n\r\nanticodon:<\/strong> consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule\r\n\r\nautolysis:<\/strong> breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action\r\n\r\nautophagy:<\/strong> lysosomal breakdown of a cell\u2019s own components\r\n\r\ncell cycle:<\/strong> life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells\r\n\r\ncell membrane:<\/strong> membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane\r\n\r\ncentriole:<\/strong> small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division\r\n\r\ncentromere:<\/strong> region of attachment for two sister chromatids\r\n\r\ncentrosome:<\/strong> cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division\r\n\r\nchannel protein:<\/strong> membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances\r\n\r\ncheckpoint:<\/strong> progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase\r\n\r\nchromatin:<\/strong> substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins\r\n\r\nchromosome:<\/strong> condensed version of chromatin\r\n\r\ncilia:<\/strong> small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface\r\n\r\ncleavage furrow:<\/strong> contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves\r\n\r\ncodon:<\/strong> consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid\r\n\r\nconcentration gradient:<\/strong> difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions\r\n\r\ncyclin-dependent kinase (CDK):<\/strong> one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions\r\n\r\ncyclin:<\/strong> one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle\r\n\r\ncytokinesis:<\/strong> final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells\r\n\r\ncytoplasm:<\/strong> internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials\r\n\r\ncytoskeleton:<\/strong> \u201cskeleton\u201d of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell\u2019s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities\r\n\r\ncytosol:<\/strong> clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water\r\n\r\nDNA polymerase:<\/strong> enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication\r\n\r\nDNA replication:<\/strong> process of duplicating a molecule of DNA\r\n\r\ndiffusion:<\/strong> movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration\r\n\r\ndiploid:<\/strong> condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)\r\n\r\nelectrical gradient:<\/strong> difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions\r\n\r\nendocytosis:<\/strong> import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle\r\n\r\nendoplasmic reticulum (ER):<\/strong> cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively)\r\n\r\nexocytosis:<\/strong> export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle\r\n\r\nexon:<\/strong> one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing\r\n\r\nextracellular fluid (ECF):<\/strong> fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body\r\n\r\nfacilitated diffusion:<\/strong> diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein\r\n\r\nflagellum:<\/strong> appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement\r\n\r\nG0<\/sub>\u00a0phase:<\/strong> phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1<\/sub>\u00a0phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase\r\n\r\nG1<\/sub>\u00a0phase:<\/strong> first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born\r\n\r\nG2<\/sub>\u00a0phase:<\/strong> third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase\r\n\r\nGolgi apparatus:<\/strong> cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport\r\n\r\ngene expression:<\/strong> active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product\r\n\r\ngene:<\/strong> functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein\r\n\r\ngenome:<\/strong> entire complement of an organism\u2019s DNA; found within virtually every cell\r\n\r\nglycocalyx:<\/strong> coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane\r\n\r\nglycoprotein:<\/strong> protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached\r\n\r\nhelicase:<\/strong> enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication\r\n\r\nhistone:<\/strong> family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin\r\n\r\nhomologous:<\/strong> describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent\r\n\r\nhydrophilic:<\/strong> describes a substance or structure attracted to water\r\n\r\nhydrophobic:<\/strong> describes a substance or structure repelled by water\r\n\r\nhypertonic:<\/strong> describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration\r\n\r\nhypotonic:<\/strong> describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration\r\n\r\nintegral protein:<\/strong> membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer\r\n\r\nintermediate filament:<\/strong> type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension\r\n\r\ninterphase:<\/strong> entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis\r\n\r\ninterstitial fluid (IF):<\/strong> fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels\r\n\r\nintracellular fluid (ICF):<\/strong> fluid in the cytosol of cells\r\n\r\nintron:<\/strong> non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing\r\n\r\nisotonic:<\/strong> describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration\r\n\r\nkinetochore:<\/strong> region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids\r\n\r\nligand:<\/strong> molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule\r\n\r\nlysosome:<\/strong> membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes\r\n\r\nmessenger RNA (mRNA):<\/strong> nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein\r\n\r\nmetaphase plate:<\/strong> linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase\r\n\r\nmetaphase:<\/strong> second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell\r\n\r\nmicrofilament:<\/strong> the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support\r\n\r\nmicrotubule:<\/strong> the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support\r\n\r\nmitochondrion:<\/strong> one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)\r\n\r\nmitosis:<\/strong> division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed\r\n\r\nmitotic phase:<\/strong> phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis\r\n\r\nmitotic spindle:<\/strong> network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis\r\n\r\nmultipotent:<\/strong> describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell\r\n\r\nmutation:<\/strong> change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell\u2019s DNA\r\n\r\nnuclear envelope:<\/strong> membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer\r\n\r\nnuclear pore:<\/strong> one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope\r\n\r\nnucleolus:<\/strong> small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis\r\n\r\nnucleosome:<\/strong> unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins\r\n\r\nnucleus:<\/strong> cell\u2019s central organelle; contains the cell\u2019s DNA\r\n\r\noligopotent:<\/strong> describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types\r\n\r\norganelle:<\/strong> any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell\r\n\r\nosmosis:<\/strong> diffusion of molecules down their concentration across a selectively permeable membrane\r\n\r\npassive transport:<\/strong> form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy\r\n\r\nperipheral protein:<\/strong> membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane\r\n\r\nperoxisome:<\/strong> membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances\r\n\r\nphagocytosis:<\/strong> endocytosis of large particles\r\n\r\npinocytosis:<\/strong> endocytosis of fluid\r\n\r\npluripotent:<\/strong> describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types\r\n\r\npolypeptide:<\/strong> chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds\r\n\r\npolyribosome:<\/strong> simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes\r\n\r\npromoter:<\/strong> region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene\r\n\r\nprophase:<\/strong> first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes\r\n\r\nproteome:<\/strong> full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cell\u2019s specific gene expression)\r\n\r\nRNA polymerase:<\/strong> enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis\r\n\r\nreactive oxygen species (ROS):<\/strong> a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage\r\n\r\nreceptor-mediated endocytosis:<\/strong> endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors\r\n\r\nreceptor:<\/strong> protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)\r\n\r\nribosomal RNA (rRNA):<\/strong> RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome\r\n\r\nribosome:<\/strong> cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis\r\n\r\nS phase:<\/strong> stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs\r\n\r\nselective permeability:<\/strong> feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others\r\n\r\nsister chromatid:<\/strong> one of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication\r\n\r\nsodium-potassium pump:<\/strong> (also, Na+<\/sup>\/K+<\/sup>\u00a0ATP-ase) membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+<\/sup>\u00a0out of a cell and K+<\/sup>\u00a0into the cell\r\n\r\nsomatic cell:<\/strong> all cells of the body excluding gamete cells\r\n\r\nspliceosome:<\/strong> complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript\r\n\r\nsplicing:<\/strong> the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions\r\n\r\nstem cell:<\/strong> cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized\r\n\r\ntelophase:<\/strong> final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei\r\n\r\ntotipotent:<\/strong> embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body\r\n\r\ntranscription factor:<\/strong> one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes\r\n\r\ntranscription:<\/strong> process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA\r\n\r\ntransfer RNA (tRNA):<\/strong> molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence\r\n\r\ntranslation:<\/strong> process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript\r\n\r\ntriplet:<\/strong> consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid\r\n\r\nunipotent:<\/strong> describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type\r\n\r\nvesicle:<\/strong> membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell","rendered":"

active transport:<\/strong> form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy<\/p>\n

amphipathic:<\/strong> describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility<\/p>\n

anaphase:<\/strong> third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell<\/p>\n

anticodon:<\/strong> consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule<\/p>\n

autolysis:<\/strong> breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action<\/p>\n

autophagy:<\/strong> lysosomal breakdown of a cell\u2019s own components<\/p>\n

cell cycle:<\/strong> life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells<\/p>\n

cell membrane:<\/strong> membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane<\/p>\n

centriole:<\/strong> small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division<\/p>\n

centromere:<\/strong> region of attachment for two sister chromatids<\/p>\n

centrosome:<\/strong> cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division<\/p>\n

channel protein:<\/strong> membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances<\/p>\n

checkpoint:<\/strong> progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase<\/p>\n

chromatin:<\/strong> substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins<\/p>\n

chromosome:<\/strong> condensed version of chromatin<\/p>\n

cilia:<\/strong> small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface<\/p>\n

cleavage furrow:<\/strong> contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves<\/p>\n

codon:<\/strong> consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid<\/p>\n

concentration gradient:<\/strong> difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions<\/p>\n

cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK):<\/strong> one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions<\/p>\n

cyclin:<\/strong> one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle<\/p>\n

cytokinesis:<\/strong> final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells<\/p>\n

cytoplasm:<\/strong> internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials<\/p>\n

cytoskeleton:<\/strong> \u201cskeleton\u201d of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell\u2019s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities<\/p>\n

cytosol:<\/strong> clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water<\/p>\n

DNA polymerase:<\/strong> enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication<\/p>\n

DNA replication:<\/strong> process of duplicating a molecule of DNA<\/p>\n

diffusion:<\/strong> movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration<\/p>\n

diploid:<\/strong> condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)<\/p>\n

electrical gradient:<\/strong> difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions<\/p>\n

endocytosis:<\/strong> import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle<\/p>\n

endoplasmic reticulum (ER):<\/strong> cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively)<\/p>\n

exocytosis:<\/strong> export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle<\/p>\n

exon:<\/strong> one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing<\/p>\n

extracellular fluid (ECF):<\/strong> fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body<\/p>\n

facilitated diffusion:<\/strong> diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein<\/p>\n

flagellum:<\/strong> appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement<\/p>\n

G0<\/sub>\u00a0phase:<\/strong> phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1<\/sub>\u00a0phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase<\/p>\n

G1<\/sub>\u00a0phase:<\/strong> first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born<\/p>\n

G2<\/sub>\u00a0phase:<\/strong> third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase<\/p>\n

Golgi apparatus:<\/strong> cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport<\/p>\n

gene expression:<\/strong> active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product<\/p>\n

gene:<\/strong> functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein<\/p>\n

genome:<\/strong> entire complement of an organism\u2019s DNA; found within virtually every cell<\/p>\n

glycocalyx:<\/strong> coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane<\/p>\n

glycoprotein:<\/strong> protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached<\/p>\n

helicase:<\/strong> enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication<\/p>\n

histone:<\/strong> family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin<\/p>\n

homologous:<\/strong> describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent<\/p>\n

hydrophilic:<\/strong> describes a substance or structure attracted to water<\/p>\n

hydrophobic:<\/strong> describes a substance or structure repelled by water<\/p>\n

hypertonic:<\/strong> describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration<\/p>\n

hypotonic:<\/strong> describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration<\/p>\n

integral protein:<\/strong> membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer<\/p>\n

intermediate filament:<\/strong> type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension<\/p>\n

interphase:<\/strong> entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis<\/p>\n

interstitial fluid (IF):<\/strong> fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels<\/p>\n

intracellular fluid (ICF):<\/strong> fluid in the cytosol of cells<\/p>\n

intron:<\/strong> non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing<\/p>\n

isotonic:<\/strong> describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration<\/p>\n

kinetochore:<\/strong> region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids<\/p>\n

ligand:<\/strong> molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule<\/p>\n

lysosome:<\/strong> membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes<\/p>\n

messenger RNA (mRNA):<\/strong> nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein<\/p>\n

metaphase plate:<\/strong> linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase<\/p>\n

metaphase:<\/strong> second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell<\/p>\n

microfilament:<\/strong> the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support<\/p>\n

microtubule:<\/strong> the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support<\/p>\n

mitochondrion:<\/strong> one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)<\/p>\n

mitosis:<\/strong> division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed<\/p>\n

mitotic phase:<\/strong> phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis<\/p>\n

mitotic spindle:<\/strong> network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis<\/p>\n

multipotent:<\/strong> describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell<\/p>\n

mutation:<\/strong> change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell\u2019s DNA<\/p>\n

nuclear envelope:<\/strong> membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer<\/p>\n

nuclear pore:<\/strong> one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope<\/p>\n

nucleolus:<\/strong> small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis<\/p>\n

nucleosome:<\/strong> unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins<\/p>\n

nucleus:<\/strong> cell\u2019s central organelle; contains the cell\u2019s DNA<\/p>\n

oligopotent:<\/strong> describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types<\/p>\n

organelle:<\/strong> any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell<\/p>\n

osmosis:<\/strong> diffusion of molecules down their concentration across a selectively permeable membrane<\/p>\n

passive transport:<\/strong> form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy<\/p>\n

peripheral protein:<\/strong> membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane<\/p>\n

peroxisome:<\/strong> membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances<\/p>\n

phagocytosis:<\/strong> endocytosis of large particles<\/p>\n

pinocytosis:<\/strong> endocytosis of fluid<\/p>\n

pluripotent:<\/strong> describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types<\/p>\n

polypeptide:<\/strong> chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds<\/p>\n

polyribosome:<\/strong> simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes<\/p>\n

promoter:<\/strong> region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene<\/p>\n

prophase:<\/strong> first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes<\/p>\n

proteome:<\/strong> full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cell\u2019s specific gene expression)<\/p>\n

RNA polymerase:<\/strong> enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis<\/p>\n

reactive oxygen species (ROS):<\/strong> a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage<\/p>\n

receptor-mediated endocytosis:<\/strong> endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors<\/p>\n

receptor:<\/strong> protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)<\/p>\n

ribosomal RNA (rRNA):<\/strong> RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome<\/p>\n

ribosome:<\/strong> cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis<\/p>\n

S phase:<\/strong> stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs<\/p>\n

selective permeability:<\/strong> feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others<\/p>\n

sister chromatid:<\/strong> one of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication<\/p>\n

sodium-potassium pump:<\/strong> (also, Na+<\/sup>\/K+<\/sup>\u00a0ATP-ase) membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+<\/sup>\u00a0out of a cell and K+<\/sup>\u00a0into the cell<\/p>\n

somatic cell:<\/strong> all cells of the body excluding gamete cells<\/p>\n

spliceosome:<\/strong> complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript<\/p>\n

splicing:<\/strong> the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions<\/p>\n

stem cell:<\/strong> cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized<\/p>\n

telophase:<\/strong> final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei<\/p>\n

totipotent:<\/strong> embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body<\/p>\n

transcription factor:<\/strong> one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes<\/p>\n

transcription:<\/strong> process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA<\/p>\n

transfer RNA (tRNA):<\/strong> molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence<\/p>\n

translation:<\/strong> process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript<\/p>\n

triplet:<\/strong> consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid<\/p>\n

unipotent:<\/strong> describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type<\/p>\n

vesicle:<\/strong> membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

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