{"id":2102,"date":"2014-10-29T16:07:51","date_gmt":"2014-10-29T16:07:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2102"},"modified":"2018-02-02T19:48:14","modified_gmt":"2018-02-02T19:48:14","slug":"slides-of-muscles","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/chapter\/slides-of-muscles\/","title":{"raw":"Slides of Muscles","rendered":"Slides of Muscles"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Be able to name and to identify the three types of muscle at the light and electron microscope levels, including distinctive features of each, such as the intercalated discs of cardiac\u00a0muscle.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be able to describe and understand the structural basis of muscle striation at the light microscope and EM levels and the molecular\u00a0level.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Know the structural elements that harness muscle contraction (i.e., the shortening of myofibrils) to the movement of a body part (i.e., via connection to bone) as well as the mechanism by which muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle)\u00a0contract.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand where stem cells are located in skeletal muscle and be able to identify their location at both the light and EM\u00a0levels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be familiar with the regenerative potential of each muscle\u00a0type.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThere are three major types of muscle, and their structure reflects their function.\u00a0 Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are called striated muscle because of the very regular arrangement of their intracellular contractile units,\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">sarcomeres<\/span>, at the light microscope (LM) and electron microscope (EM) levels.\u00a0 This regular arrangement imparts a cross-striated (or striped) appearance.\u00a0 Such an arrangement is not seen in smooth muscle cells.\u00a0 Skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle, because its contraction is under conscious neural control.\u00a0 In contrast, cardiac and smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles because their contractions are either spontaneously generated or are under the control of the autonomic nervous\u00a0system.\r\n\r\nEach of these three types of muscle has a characteristic appearance in both cross and longitudinal sections.\u00a0 You should be able to recognize each type of muscle in both planes of\u00a0section.\r\n<h2><strong>SKELETAL\u00a0MUSCLE<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3>A. Cytology of skeletal muscle\u00a0cells<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>058L\u00a0<\/strong><em>skeletal muscle H&amp;E longitudinal\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058L_HISTO_20X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>058Lex\u00a0<\/strong><em>Skeletal muscle H&amp;E longitudinal\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058Lex_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>058Thin\u00a0<\/strong><em>skeletal muscle H&amp;E longitudinal\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058thin_HISTO_83X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>058T\u00a0<\/strong><em>Skeletal muscle H&amp;E cross\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058T_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn\u00a0<strong>longitudinal sections<\/strong>\u00a0of skeletal muscle (<strong>Slide 58<\/strong>, odd-numbered slide boxes), observe the following\u00a0:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Nonbranching, cylindrical shape of the cell (also referred as muscle fiber). These cells are very long; you cannot see their\u00a0ends.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be sure you can identify the borders of the muscle cell.\u00a0<strong>You might see occasional nuclei which appear to be centrally located, but aren\u2019t. Why?<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Again the answer to the question is in the plane of section. Cells with peripheral nuclei that are cut at an angle can appear to have centrally located nuclei. This is why it is important to look at other features of the cell to determine what exactly it is.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Peripheral position of the elongate nuclei just inside of the sarcolemma (plasma membrane). Note that each cell contains large numbers of\u00a0nuclei.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cross striations<\/strong>\u00a0can be seen, and are due to the structure of the sarcomere. A sarcomere consists of the structures between two Z lines. You should recognize:\u00a0<strong>(Using your microscope and glass slides may help to see these fine structures)<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The dark A\u00a0band<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The lighter H zone which bisects the A\u00a0band<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The light I band d. The dark Z line which bisects the I\u00a0band.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nIt is admittedly difficult to see the\u00a0<strong>Z line<\/strong>\u00a0and especially the\u00a0<strong>H zone<\/strong>\u00a0with the light microscope. However, they can be seen clearly on some areas of almost all slides, and it is just necessary to do some looking around for a favorable area on your slide. Here are some good examples showing cross striations:\u00a0<strong>#058L\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058L_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.0896220494&amp;y=0.1011228971&amp;zoom=100.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><strong>#058L\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058L_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.2662468212&amp;y=0.3007125946&amp;zoom=100.0000000000&amp;transform=\">\u00a0Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>A less regular longitudinal striping can sometimes be seen within the muscle fibers and is due to the bundling together of the thick and thin filaments into\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">myofibrils<\/span>, which are arranged parallel to the long axis of the cell. Note that sometimes the cross striations are not aligned all the way across the cell. This is because different myofibrils may not be aligned.In\u00a0<strong>transverse sections<\/strong>\u00a0of skeletal muscle cells (<strong>slide 58<\/strong>, even slide boxes), observe the<strong>cylindrical shape<\/strong>\u00a0of the cells (fibers) and the\u00a0<strong>peripherally-located nuclei<\/strong>. Note also the the cytoplasm of the muscle cells has a\u00a0<strong>stippled, punctate appearance<\/strong>\u00a0which is due to the bundling of thick and thin filaments into myofibrils as mentioned above.\u00a0<strong>What exactly is a muscle cell and what\u2019s the difference between a muscle fiber and a muscle fibril?<\/strong>\u00a0The basic units of muscle are the contractile proteins actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres. \u00a0Placed end to end, these sarcomeres form long bands called myofibrils. \u00a0Within a skeletal muscle cell, the numerous myofibrils are separated by glycogen, mitochondria, and muscle triads (two terminal cisternae and a T tubule) and other organelles. \u00a0Chances are, if you are looking at an electron micrograph of muscle tissue, you are looking at myofibrils. \u00a0Groups of these fibrils form a muscle fiber, which is surrounded by endomysium. \u00a0Muscle fiber and muscle cell are synonymous. \u00a0Groups of individual cells that are surrounded by perimysium are known as fascicles and groups of these fascicles, surrounded by epimysium make up a muscle.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Perimuscular Connective\u00a0Tissue<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>059-3\u00a0<\/strong><em>forearm muscle Masson cross fetal<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/059-3_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>059-1\u00a0<\/strong><em>forearm muscle H&amp;E cross fetal<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/059-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn\u00a0<strong>slide 59<\/strong>, stained with\u00a0<strong>trichrome<\/strong>\u00a0(even slide boxes) or\u00a0<strong>H&amp;E<\/strong>\u00a0(odd slide boxes), three layers of connective tissue sheaths are visible. This is a transverse section of an entire fetal forearm, and contains many elements in\r\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">add<\/ul>ition to the muscle, such as\u00a0<em>nerves<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>tendons<\/em>, both of which are, unfortunately, similarly bundled into fascicles and therefore easily confused with muscle. So, make sure you\u2019re looking at the muscles\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.med.umich.edu\/histology\/cellsTissue\/slide59-3orientation.jpg\">Image\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.med.umich.edu\/histology\/cellsTissue\/slide59-1orientation.jpg\">\u00a0Image<\/a>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Endomysium - thin connective tissue sheath, consisting of basal lamina, some reticular fibers and capillaries around<strong>\u00a0each muscle fiber<\/strong>. In fetal muscle, endomysium is not always clearly defined, so it is best to use the\u00a0<strong>trichrome-stained<\/strong>\u00a0slide (<strong>slide 59-3<\/strong>) to this \u2013it is the connective tissue immediately surrounding the individual cells and\u00a0<strong>very delicate\u00a0<\/strong>perhaps visible only as a bluish\u00a0tinge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Perimysium - loose connective tissue sheath consisting of type I collagen fibers found around\u00a0<strong>fascicles<\/strong>\u00a0(bundles of muscle fibers). Note that the tissue in these specimens underwent some shrinkage during preparation so the separation between fascicles is somewhat exaggerated. Similarly, much of the perimysium has been damaged; however there are still some areas where it can be clearly seen (e.g. around many of the blood vessels found within the belly of the\u00a0muscles).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Epimysium - the dense irregular connective tissue sheath around the\u00a0<strong>entire muscle<\/strong>\u00a0= deep fascia in gross anatomy; contains even larger blood vessels and\u00a0nerves.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThree layers can be seen in\u00a0<strong>#059-3\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/059-3_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.1157925025&amp;y=-0.0135483793&amp;zoom=50.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.med.umich.edu\/histology\/cellsTissue\/slide59-1orientation.jpg\">\u00a0Image<\/a>\r\n<h2><strong>CARDIAC\u00a0MUSCLE<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>057\u00a0<\/strong><em>ventricle H&amp;E\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/057_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>098-1\u00a0<\/strong><em>Heart ventricle H&amp;E\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/098-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>098N\u00a0<\/strong><em>right wall Masson\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/098-N_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>305\u00a0<\/strong><em>heart ventricle H&amp;E\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/305_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>(note: this slide NOT in glass slide\u00a0collection)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCardiac muscle will be studied in the wall of the ventricle of the heart. In comparison with skeletal muscle, note the following differences. Cardiac muscle cells branch and form a three-dimensional network. These branch points can sometimes be seen in your sections, and you should also note that the muscle fibers are less parallel than in skeletal\u00a0muscle.\r\n<h3>A. In longitudinal sections,\u00a0observe:<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Intercalated discs which are dark lines which cross the cell transversely. Look around in\u00a0<strong>slide 57\u00a0<\/strong><strong>#057<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/057_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=-0.0103161973&amp;y=0.3326723943&amp;zoom=25.0000000000&amp;transform=\">\u00a0Webscope\u00a0<\/a>or\u00a0<strong>slide 305\u00a0<\/strong>INDO 390 for lightly stained regions of the slide. There are artifactual transverse breaks in some of the muscle fibers, which are NOT intercalated discs. Intercalated discs are also fairly easy to find in the areas where muscle fibers are\u00a0<strong>longitudinally oriented<\/strong>\u00a0in\u00a0<strong>slide 98-1<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>#098-1<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/098-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.3503422329&amp;y=-0.1508023777&amp;zoom=25.0000000000&amp;transform=\">\u00a0Webscope\u00a0<\/a>and\/or\u00a0<strong>slide 98-N<\/strong><strong>#098N\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/098-N_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.3564665852&amp;y=-0.1605050349&amp;zoom=25.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>(be sure to look at both H&amp;E and trichrome-stained\u00a0sections).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The nucleus is\u00a0<strong>centrally located<\/strong>\u00a0in a\u00a0fiber.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Longitudinal striping due to myofibrils can sometimes be\u00a0seen.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>B. In transverse sections,\u00a0observe:<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The myofibrils are coarse and give rise to the nonhomogeneous, punctate appearance of the\u00a0sarcoplasm.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The nuclei are centrally-located. You won\u2019t see a nucleus in every fiber\u00a0cross-section.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The extensive network of capillaries in the endomysium \u2013heart muscle is ALWAYS beating and therefore always in demand of oxygen and nutrients delivered via the\u00a0blood.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nMAKE SURE YOU CAN DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE IN BOTH LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE\u00a0SECTIONS!\r\n<h2>SMOOTH\u00a0MUSCLE<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>029-1\u00a0<\/strong><em>Small Intestine (simple columnar epithelium, simple squamous epithelium) H&amp;E cross<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Epithelium%20and%20CT\/029-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>169\u00a0<\/strong><em>jejunum H&amp;E cross\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Intestines\/169_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>155\u00a0<\/strong><em>gastro-esophageal junction H&amp;E longitudinal\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Pharynx%20Esophagus%20and%20Stomach\/155_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>250-2\u00a0<\/strong><em>vagina Masson\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Female%20Reproductive%20System\/250-2_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>250-1\u00a0<\/strong><em>vagina H&amp;E\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Epithelium%20and%20CT\/250-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSmooth muscle may be studied using<strong>\u00a0slide #29<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>#029-1\u00a0smooth muscle<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Epithelium%20and%20CT\/029-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.1257607603&amp;y=0.4357625977&amp;zoom=7.5000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>or\u00a0<strong>slide #169<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>#169\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Intestines\/169_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=-0.3285298624&amp;y=-0.2739612283&amp;zoom=10.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope,\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0both in the intestine.\u00a0 To find the muscle layer, look at the at slide at the lowest power (this is about the same as looking at the glass slide with the naked eye).\u00a0 The purple layer is largely the epithelium and the lamina propria filled with plasma cell and lymphocytes.\u00a0 Next to that you see a lighter region of connective tissue (the submucosa you looked at to see loose connective tissue and fibroblasts), then a darker pink region which is made up of the two layers of smooth muscle you want to look at.\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Slide 29<\/strong>\u00a0is a\u00a0<strong>cross section<\/strong>\u00a0of the intestine, so the inner, circular layer of muscle will have cells oriented longitudinally (or, in places, the cells may appear to be oriented more obliquely).\u00a0 Move further out to see the outer sheet of smooth muscle, which runs longitudinally along the intestine, and will therefore be seen in cross\u00a0section.\r\n\r\nLook at\u00a0<strong>slide #155,<\/strong>\u00a0which is a\u00a0<strong>longitudinal section<\/strong>\u00a0of the GI tract at the gastro-esophageal junction, to see more smooth muscle in various planes of section.\u00a0 The smooth muscle in the esophagus (the part lined with a stratified, non-keratinizing squamous epithelium)\u00a0<strong>#155\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Pharynx%20Esophagus%20and%20Stomach\/155_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=-0.2501304009&amp;y=-0.0630738518&amp;zoom=20.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>is organized in the \u201cclassic\u201d inner circular and outer longitudinal arrangement.\u00a0 However, the stomach (the part lined by a columnar epithelium)\u00a0<strong>#155<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Pharynx%20Esophagus%20and%20Stomach\/155_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.2772524151&amp;y=0.1764358569&amp;zoom=20.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0has an inner oblique layer (seen mostly as longitudinal here), a very prominent middle circular layer, and a sometimes less obvious outer longitudinal layer. Don\u2019t worry knowing about the specific layers or being able to tell esophagus from stomach. However, you should definitely be able to identify smooth muscle in\u00a0<strong>any<\/strong>\u00a0plane of section (tranverse, longitudinal, or even oblique). \u00a0\u00a0In this particular slide, both the hematoxylin and eosin staining are quite intense, which should help you to see the cytoplasm more clearly, especially when the muscle is cut in cross\u00a0section.\r\n<h3>In longitudinally cut smooth muscle cells, observe the following\u00a0points:<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Cells are small and spindle-shaped (fusiform); this may be hard to appreciate because the cell membrane is\u00a0indistinct.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Myofibirils and cross striation cannot be\u00a0seen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nuclei are narrow, elongated and sometimes kinked or spiraling. They are centrally\u00a0located.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>In transversely cut smooth muscle cells, observe the following\u00a0points:<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The cell has a small\u00a0diameter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The nucleus is located centrally, but will not be seen in every cross\u00a0section.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Myofibrils cannot be\u00a0seen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cross-sectional diameters vary due to the spindle shape of the\u00a0cells.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nNow, look at\u00a0<strong>slide #250<\/strong>\u00a0and see if you can distinguish between small fascicles of smooth muscle and collagen fibers in the lamina propria (this task will be easier if you look first at the\u00a0<strong>trichrome-stained section<\/strong>, which stains the muscle pink(ish) and the collagen blue)\u00a0<strong>#250-2\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Female%20Reproductive%20System\/250-2_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.1285247362&amp;y=-0.2501050270&amp;zoom=11.2156654785&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>. \u00a0It\u2019s more challenging to make this distinction in the\u00a0<strong>H&amp;E-stained\u00a0<\/strong><strong>section<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>#250-1<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Epithelium%20and%20CT\/250-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.3536224254&amp;y=-0.1933153325&amp;zoom=10.0000000000&amp;transform=\">\u00a0Webscope<\/a>. \u00a0You should note that smooth muscle is pink, wheras collagen is a bit more orange-red. \u00a0Also, smooth muscle tissue is mostly\u00a0<strong>cellular<\/strong>\u00a0(and therefore more nuclei are present), whereas the connective tissue is mostly\u00a0<strong>extracellular<\/strong>\u00a0collagen fibers with fewer cells. The table below compares the differences in the morphology of the three types of\u00a0muscle.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\"><caption>Major Histological Characteristics Of The Three Types Of Muscle As Seen With The Light Microscope<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Skeletal Muscle<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Cardiac Muscle<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Smooth Muscle<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Prominet cross- striations<\/td>\r\n<td>Prominet cross- striations<\/td>\r\n<td>No cross- striations<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Fiber diameter large<\/td>\r\n<td>Fiber diameter medium<\/td>\r\n<td>Fiber diameter small<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nuclei usually peripheral<\/td>\r\n<td>Central nucleus<\/td>\r\n<td>Central nucleus<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Unbranched<\/td>\r\n<td>Branched<\/td>\r\n<td>Unbranched<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>No intercalated discs<\/td>\r\n<td>Intercalated discs<\/td>\r\n<td>No intercalated discs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Longitudinal striation (myofibrils)<\/td>\r\n<td>Longitudinal striation<\/td>\r\n<td>No longitudinal striati<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2>Electron\u00a0Micrographs<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>37 Skeletal Muscle - Longitudinal Section\u00a0<i>low Magnification\u00a0<\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/037%20-%20Skeletal%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nSkeletal Muscle (longitudinal section, low magnification). Find the skeletal muscle nuclei and note their peripheral location. Note the intimate contact between capillaries and muscle cells and be sure you can tell where one muscle cell or fiber stops and another begins (you can see parts of four fibers in this picture). Make sure you know which is the longitudinal axis of the cell. Identify sarcomeres, A bands, I bands, Z lines and H zones. Note that, as you saw at the LM level, the individual myofibrils do not line up perfectly across the fiber.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>34 Skeletal muscle - Cross Section\u00a0<i>Low Magnification\u00a0<\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/034%20-%20Skeletal%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nSkeletal Muscle (cross section, low magnification). Note location of muscle fiber nuclei. You can see cross sections of A bands (darker) and I bands (lighter) side by side in the same cell because of the fact that the myofibrils don't line up perfectly. Identify the approximate outline of a single myofibril.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>32 Striated muscle - longitudinal section\u00a0<i><\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/032%20-%20Striated%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nSkeletal Muscle (longitudinal section). Identify a sarcomere. Relate the sarcomeric structure seen in the LM to the structure seen here. Note that there is also lots of glycogen in the region between the two myofibrils in this picture, a storage form for glucose (which is metabolized to provide energy for muscle contraction). At the border of the I and A-bands, note triads consisting of a central T (transverse) tubule and flanking cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>41 Cardiac muscle\u00a0<i>Intercalated Disc\u00a0<\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/041%20-%20Cardiac%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nCardiac Muscle (Intercalated Disc, longitudinal section). Note the somewhat irregular course of the intercalated disc. In this preparation, the I bands are very short, indicating that the sarcomere is in a contracted state. Review the types of junctions present in an intercalated disc and their functions.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>43 Cardiac Muscle\u00a0<i><\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/043%20-%20Cardiac%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nCardiac Muscle (longitudinal section). Note central location of muscle nuclei. Note the \"stacks\" of mitochondria between myofibrils. Cardiac muscle is even richer than skeletal muscle in mitochondria (again, important for energy production). An intercalated disc is present in the upper left region of the picture.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>207 Small intestine (Muscularis Externa)\u00a0<i><\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/207%20-%20Small%20intestine_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nStudy the orientation of the smooth muscle cells in the intestinal muscularis externa. The micrograph will help you understand the pattern, which arises from the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells. Without the knowledge in which direction the intestinal epithelium is located, it is not possible to discriminate between the two sublayers of the muscularis externa.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>44 Smooth muscle - Cross Section\u00a0<i><\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/044%20-%20Smooth%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nSmooth Muscle (cross section). Here you can see the filaments in cross-section, appearing as dots. Also, the dark areas, which are membrane-associated, are called dense plaques and are sites of filament attachment.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h3>Review Questions<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>Why do some skeletal muscle cells seem wider than\u00a0others?<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div><strong>Answer<\/strong>:The plane of section is generally responsible for making some cells look larger than others.\u00a0 Some skeletal muscle cells on your slide may be sliced through the middle and appear quite large, while as other cells may just graze the section and appear much smaller.\u00a0 Also, some muscle cells are simply smaller or larger than others.\u00a0 They can range in size from 10 to 100 mm in\u00a0width.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>You might see occasional nuclei which appear to be centrally located, but aren\u2019t.\u00a0Why?<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div><strong>Answer<\/strong>:Again the answer to the question is in the plane of section. Cells with peripheral nuclei that are cut at an angle can appear to have centrally located nuclei. This is why it is important to look at other features of the cell to determine what exactly it\u00a0is.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div>\r\n<div>So what exactly is a muscle cell and what\u2019s the difference between a muscle fiber and a muscle\u00a0fibril?<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div><strong>Answer<\/strong>:The basic units of muscle are the contractile proteins actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres. Placed end to end, these sarcomeres form long bands called myofibrils. Within a skeletal muscle cell, the numerous myofibrils are separated by glycogen, mitochondria, and muscle triads (two terminal cisternae and a T tubule) and other organelles. Chances are, if you are looking at an electron micrograph of muscle tissue, you are looking at myofibrils. Groups of these fibrils form a muscle fiber, which is surrounded by endomysium. Muscle fiber and muscle cell are synonymous. Groups of individual cells that are surrounded by perimysium are known as fascicles and groups of these fascicles, surrounded by epimysium make up a\u00a0muscle.<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\nhttp:\/\/oea.herokuapp.com\/assessments\/417","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Be able to name and to identify the three types of muscle at the light and electron microscope levels, including distinctive features of each, such as the intercalated discs of cardiac\u00a0muscle.<\/li>\n<li>Be able to describe and understand the structural basis of muscle striation at the light microscope and EM levels and the molecular\u00a0level.<\/li>\n<li>Know the structural elements that harness muscle contraction (i.e., the shortening of myofibrils) to the movement of a body part (i.e., via connection to bone) as well as the mechanism by which muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle)\u00a0contract.<\/li>\n<li>Understand where stem cells are located in skeletal muscle and be able to identify their location at both the light and EM\u00a0levels.<\/li>\n<li>Be familiar with the regenerative potential of each muscle\u00a0type.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are three major types of muscle, and their structure reflects their function.\u00a0 Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are called striated muscle because of the very regular arrangement of their intracellular contractile units,\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">sarcomeres<\/span>, at the light microscope (LM) and electron microscope (EM) levels.\u00a0 This regular arrangement imparts a cross-striated (or striped) appearance.\u00a0 Such an arrangement is not seen in smooth muscle cells.\u00a0 Skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle, because its contraction is under conscious neural control.\u00a0 In contrast, cardiac and smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles because their contractions are either spontaneously generated or are under the control of the autonomic nervous\u00a0system.<\/p>\n<p>Each of these three types of muscle has a characteristic appearance in both cross and longitudinal sections.\u00a0 You should be able to recognize each type of muscle in both planes of\u00a0section.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>SKELETAL\u00a0MUSCLE<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3>A. Cytology of skeletal muscle\u00a0cells<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>058L\u00a0<\/strong><em>skeletal muscle H&amp;E longitudinal\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058L_HISTO_20X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>058Lex\u00a0<\/strong><em>Skeletal muscle H&amp;E longitudinal\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058Lex_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>058Thin\u00a0<\/strong><em>skeletal muscle H&amp;E longitudinal\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058thin_HISTO_83X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>058T\u00a0<\/strong><em>Skeletal muscle H&amp;E cross\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058T_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In\u00a0<strong>longitudinal sections<\/strong>\u00a0of skeletal muscle (<strong>Slide 58<\/strong>, odd-numbered slide boxes), observe the following\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nonbranching, cylindrical shape of the cell (also referred as muscle fiber). These cells are very long; you cannot see their\u00a0ends.<\/li>\n<li>Be sure you can identify the borders of the muscle cell.\u00a0<strong>You might see occasional nuclei which appear to be centrally located, but aren\u2019t. Why?<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Again the answer to the question is in the plane of section. Cells with peripheral nuclei that are cut at an angle can appear to have centrally located nuclei. This is why it is important to look at other features of the cell to determine what exactly it is.<\/li>\n<li>Peripheral position of the elongate nuclei just inside of the sarcolemma (plasma membrane). Note that each cell contains large numbers of\u00a0nuclei.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cross striations<\/strong>\u00a0can be seen, and are due to the structure of the sarcomere. A sarcomere consists of the structures between two Z lines. You should recognize:\u00a0<strong>(Using your microscope and glass slides may help to see these fine structures)<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>The dark A\u00a0band<\/li>\n<li>The lighter H zone which bisects the A\u00a0band<\/li>\n<li>The light I band d. The dark Z line which bisects the I\u00a0band.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>It is admittedly difficult to see the\u00a0<strong>Z line<\/strong>\u00a0and especially the\u00a0<strong>H zone<\/strong>\u00a0with the light microscope. However, they can be seen clearly on some areas of almost all slides, and it is just necessary to do some looking around for a favorable area on your slide. Here are some good examples showing cross striations:\u00a0<strong>#058L\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058L_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.0896220494&amp;y=0.1011228971&amp;zoom=100.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><strong>#058L\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/058L_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.2662468212&amp;y=0.3007125946&amp;zoom=100.0000000000&amp;transform=\">\u00a0Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>A less regular longitudinal striping can sometimes be seen within the muscle fibers and is due to the bundling together of the thick and thin filaments into\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">myofibrils<\/span>, which are arranged parallel to the long axis of the cell. Note that sometimes the cross striations are not aligned all the way across the cell. This is because different myofibrils may not be aligned.In\u00a0<strong>transverse sections<\/strong>\u00a0of skeletal muscle cells (<strong>slide 58<\/strong>, even slide boxes), observe the<strong>cylindrical shape<\/strong>\u00a0of the cells (fibers) and the\u00a0<strong>peripherally-located nuclei<\/strong>. Note also the the cytoplasm of the muscle cells has a\u00a0<strong>stippled, punctate appearance<\/strong>\u00a0which is due to the bundling of thick and thin filaments into myofibrils as mentioned above.\u00a0<strong>What exactly is a muscle cell and what\u2019s the difference between a muscle fiber and a muscle fibril?<\/strong>\u00a0The basic units of muscle are the contractile proteins actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres. \u00a0Placed end to end, these sarcomeres form long bands called myofibrils. \u00a0Within a skeletal muscle cell, the numerous myofibrils are separated by glycogen, mitochondria, and muscle triads (two terminal cisternae and a T tubule) and other organelles. \u00a0Chances are, if you are looking at an electron micrograph of muscle tissue, you are looking at myofibrils. \u00a0Groups of these fibrils form a muscle fiber, which is surrounded by endomysium. \u00a0Muscle fiber and muscle cell are synonymous. \u00a0Groups of individual cells that are surrounded by perimysium are known as fascicles and groups of these fascicles, surrounded by epimysium make up a muscle.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Perimuscular Connective\u00a0Tissue<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>059-3\u00a0<\/strong><em>forearm muscle Masson cross fetal<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/059-3_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>059-1\u00a0<\/strong><em>forearm muscle H&amp;E cross fetal<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/059-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In\u00a0<strong>slide 59<\/strong>, stained with\u00a0<strong>trichrome<\/strong>\u00a0(even slide boxes) or\u00a0<strong>H&amp;E<\/strong>\u00a0(odd slide boxes), three layers of connective tissue sheaths are visible. This is a transverse section of an entire fetal forearm, and contains many elements in<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\"><\/ul>\n<p>ition to the muscle, such as\u00a0<em>nerves<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>tendons<\/em>, both of which are, unfortunately, similarly bundled into fascicles and therefore easily confused with muscle. So, make sure you\u2019re looking at the muscles\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.med.umich.edu\/histology\/cellsTissue\/slide59-3orientation.jpg\">Image\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.med.umich.edu\/histology\/cellsTissue\/slide59-1orientation.jpg\">\u00a0Image<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Endomysium &#8211; thin connective tissue sheath, consisting of basal lamina, some reticular fibers and capillaries around<strong>\u00a0each muscle fiber<\/strong>. In fetal muscle, endomysium is not always clearly defined, so it is best to use the\u00a0<strong>trichrome-stained<\/strong>\u00a0slide (<strong>slide 59-3<\/strong>) to this \u2013it is the connective tissue immediately surrounding the individual cells and\u00a0<strong>very delicate\u00a0<\/strong>perhaps visible only as a bluish\u00a0tinge.<\/li>\n<li>Perimysium &#8211; loose connective tissue sheath consisting of type I collagen fibers found around\u00a0<strong>fascicles<\/strong>\u00a0(bundles of muscle fibers). Note that the tissue in these specimens underwent some shrinkage during preparation so the separation between fascicles is somewhat exaggerated. Similarly, much of the perimysium has been damaged; however there are still some areas where it can be clearly seen (e.g. around many of the blood vessels found within the belly of the\u00a0muscles).<\/li>\n<li>Epimysium &#8211; the dense irregular connective tissue sheath around the\u00a0<strong>entire muscle<\/strong>\u00a0= deep fascia in gross anatomy; contains even larger blood vessels and\u00a0nerves.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Three layers can be seen in\u00a0<strong>#059-3\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/059-3_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.1157925025&amp;y=-0.0135483793&amp;zoom=50.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.med.umich.edu\/histology\/cellsTissue\/slide59-1orientation.jpg\">\u00a0Image<\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>CARDIAC\u00a0MUSCLE<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>057\u00a0<\/strong><em>ventricle H&amp;E\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/057_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>098-1\u00a0<\/strong><em>Heart ventricle H&amp;E\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/098-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>098N\u00a0<\/strong><em>right wall Masson\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/098-N_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>305\u00a0<\/strong><em>heart ventricle H&amp;E\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/305_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>(note: this slide NOT in glass slide\u00a0collection)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cardiac muscle will be studied in the wall of the ventricle of the heart. In comparison with skeletal muscle, note the following differences. Cardiac muscle cells branch and form a three-dimensional network. These branch points can sometimes be seen in your sections, and you should also note that the muscle fibers are less parallel than in skeletal\u00a0muscle.<\/p>\n<h3>A. In longitudinal sections,\u00a0observe:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Intercalated discs which are dark lines which cross the cell transversely. Look around in\u00a0<strong>slide 57\u00a0<\/strong><strong>#057<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Muscle\/057_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=-0.0103161973&amp;y=0.3326723943&amp;zoom=25.0000000000&amp;transform=\">\u00a0Webscope\u00a0<\/a>or\u00a0<strong>slide 305\u00a0<\/strong>INDO 390 for lightly stained regions of the slide. There are artifactual transverse breaks in some of the muscle fibers, which are NOT intercalated discs. Intercalated discs are also fairly easy to find in the areas where muscle fibers are\u00a0<strong>longitudinally oriented<\/strong>\u00a0in\u00a0<strong>slide 98-1<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>#098-1<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/098-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.3503422329&amp;y=-0.1508023777&amp;zoom=25.0000000000&amp;transform=\">\u00a0Webscope\u00a0<\/a>and\/or\u00a0<strong>slide 98-N<\/strong><strong>#098N\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Cardiovascular%20System\/098-N_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.3564665852&amp;y=-0.1605050349&amp;zoom=25.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>(be sure to look at both H&amp;E and trichrome-stained\u00a0sections).<\/li>\n<li>The nucleus is\u00a0<strong>centrally located<\/strong>\u00a0in a\u00a0fiber.<\/li>\n<li>Longitudinal striping due to myofibrils can sometimes be\u00a0seen.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>B. In transverse sections,\u00a0observe:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>The myofibrils are coarse and give rise to the nonhomogeneous, punctate appearance of the\u00a0sarcoplasm.<\/li>\n<li>The nuclei are centrally-located. You won\u2019t see a nucleus in every fiber\u00a0cross-section.<\/li>\n<li>The extensive network of capillaries in the endomysium \u2013heart muscle is ALWAYS beating and therefore always in demand of oxygen and nutrients delivered via the\u00a0blood.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>MAKE SURE YOU CAN DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE IN BOTH LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE\u00a0SECTIONS!<\/p>\n<h2>SMOOTH\u00a0MUSCLE<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>029-1\u00a0<\/strong><em>Small Intestine (simple columnar epithelium, simple squamous epithelium) H&amp;E cross<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Epithelium%20and%20CT\/029-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>169\u00a0<\/strong><em>jejunum H&amp;E cross\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Intestines\/169_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>155\u00a0<\/strong><em>gastro-esophageal junction H&amp;E longitudinal\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Pharynx%20Esophagus%20and%20Stomach\/155_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>250-2\u00a0<\/strong><em>vagina Masson\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Female%20Reproductive%20System\/250-2_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>250-1\u00a0<\/strong><em>vagina H&amp;E\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Epithelium%20and%20CT\/250-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Smooth muscle may be studied using<strong>\u00a0slide #29<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>#029-1\u00a0smooth muscle<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Epithelium%20and%20CT\/029-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.1257607603&amp;y=0.4357625977&amp;zoom=7.5000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>or\u00a0<strong>slide #169<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>#169\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Intestines\/169_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=-0.3285298624&amp;y=-0.2739612283&amp;zoom=10.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope,\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0both in the intestine.\u00a0 To find the muscle layer, look at the at slide at the lowest power (this is about the same as looking at the glass slide with the naked eye).\u00a0 The purple layer is largely the epithelium and the lamina propria filled with plasma cell and lymphocytes.\u00a0 Next to that you see a lighter region of connective tissue (the submucosa you looked at to see loose connective tissue and fibroblasts), then a darker pink region which is made up of the two layers of smooth muscle you want to look at.\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Slide 29<\/strong>\u00a0is a\u00a0<strong>cross section<\/strong>\u00a0of the intestine, so the inner, circular layer of muscle will have cells oriented longitudinally (or, in places, the cells may appear to be oriented more obliquely).\u00a0 Move further out to see the outer sheet of smooth muscle, which runs longitudinally along the intestine, and will therefore be seen in cross\u00a0section.<\/p>\n<p>Look at\u00a0<strong>slide #155,<\/strong>\u00a0which is a\u00a0<strong>longitudinal section<\/strong>\u00a0of the GI tract at the gastro-esophageal junction, to see more smooth muscle in various planes of section.\u00a0 The smooth muscle in the esophagus (the part lined with a stratified, non-keratinizing squamous epithelium)\u00a0<strong>#155\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Pharynx%20Esophagus%20and%20Stomach\/155_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=-0.2501304009&amp;y=-0.0630738518&amp;zoom=20.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>is organized in the \u201cclassic\u201d inner circular and outer longitudinal arrangement.\u00a0 However, the stomach (the part lined by a columnar epithelium)\u00a0<strong>#155<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Digestive%20System\/Pharynx%20Esophagus%20and%20Stomach\/155_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.2772524151&amp;y=0.1764358569&amp;zoom=20.0000000000&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0has an inner oblique layer (seen mostly as longitudinal here), a very prominent middle circular layer, and a sometimes less obvious outer longitudinal layer. Don\u2019t worry knowing about the specific layers or being able to tell esophagus from stomach. However, you should definitely be able to identify smooth muscle in\u00a0<strong>any<\/strong>\u00a0plane of section (tranverse, longitudinal, or even oblique). \u00a0\u00a0In this particular slide, both the hematoxylin and eosin staining are quite intense, which should help you to see the cytoplasm more clearly, especially when the muscle is cut in cross\u00a0section.<\/p>\n<h3>In longitudinally cut smooth muscle cells, observe the following\u00a0points:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Cells are small and spindle-shaped (fusiform); this may be hard to appreciate because the cell membrane is\u00a0indistinct.<\/li>\n<li>Myofibirils and cross striation cannot be\u00a0seen.<\/li>\n<li>Nuclei are narrow, elongated and sometimes kinked or spiraling. They are centrally\u00a0located.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>In transversely cut smooth muscle cells, observe the following\u00a0points:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>The cell has a small\u00a0diameter.<\/li>\n<li>The nucleus is located centrally, but will not be seen in every cross\u00a0section.<\/li>\n<li>Myofibrils cannot be\u00a0seen.<\/li>\n<li>Cross-sectional diameters vary due to the spindle shape of the\u00a0cells.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Now, look at\u00a0<strong>slide #250<\/strong>\u00a0and see if you can distinguish between small fascicles of smooth muscle and collagen fibers in the lamina propria (this task will be easier if you look first at the\u00a0<strong>trichrome-stained section<\/strong>, which stains the muscle pink(ish) and the collagen blue)\u00a0<strong>#250-2\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Female%20Reproductive%20System\/250-2_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.1285247362&amp;y=-0.2501050270&amp;zoom=11.2156654785&amp;transform=\">Webscope\u00a0<\/a>. \u00a0It\u2019s more challenging to make this distinction in the\u00a0<strong>H&amp;E-stained\u00a0<\/strong><strong>section<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>#250-1<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.214.65.171\/Histology\/Basic%20Tissues\/Epithelium%20and%20CT\/250-1_HISTO_40X.svs\/view.apml?x=0.3536224254&amp;y=-0.1933153325&amp;zoom=10.0000000000&amp;transform=\">\u00a0Webscope<\/a>. \u00a0You should note that smooth muscle is pink, wheras collagen is a bit more orange-red. \u00a0Also, smooth muscle tissue is mostly\u00a0<strong>cellular<\/strong>\u00a0(and therefore more nuclei are present), whereas the connective tissue is mostly\u00a0<strong>extracellular<\/strong>\u00a0collagen fibers with fewer cells. The table below compares the differences in the morphology of the three types of\u00a0muscle.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<caption>Major Histological Characteristics Of The Three Types Of Muscle As Seen With The Light Microscope<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Skeletal Muscle<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Cardiac Muscle<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Smooth Muscle<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Prominet cross- striations<\/td>\n<td>Prominet cross- striations<\/td>\n<td>No cross- striations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fiber diameter large<\/td>\n<td>Fiber diameter medium<\/td>\n<td>Fiber diameter small<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nuclei usually peripheral<\/td>\n<td>Central nucleus<\/td>\n<td>Central nucleus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Unbranched<\/td>\n<td>Branched<\/td>\n<td>Unbranched<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No intercalated discs<\/td>\n<td>Intercalated discs<\/td>\n<td>No intercalated discs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Longitudinal striation (myofibrils)<\/td>\n<td>Longitudinal striation<\/td>\n<td>No longitudinal striati<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2>Electron\u00a0Micrographs<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>37 Skeletal Muscle &#8211; Longitudinal Section\u00a0<i>low Magnification\u00a0<\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/037%20-%20Skeletal%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Skeletal Muscle (longitudinal section, low magnification). Find the skeletal muscle nuclei and note their peripheral location. Note the intimate contact between capillaries and muscle cells and be sure you can tell where one muscle cell or fiber stops and another begins (you can see parts of four fibers in this picture). Make sure you know which is the longitudinal axis of the cell. Identify sarcomeres, A bands, I bands, Z lines and H zones. Note that, as you saw at the LM level, the individual myofibrils do not line up perfectly across the fiber.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>34 Skeletal muscle &#8211; Cross Section\u00a0<i>Low Magnification\u00a0<\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/034%20-%20Skeletal%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Skeletal Muscle (cross section, low magnification). Note location of muscle fiber nuclei. You can see cross sections of A bands (darker) and I bands (lighter) side by side in the same cell because of the fact that the myofibrils don&#8217;t line up perfectly. Identify the approximate outline of a single myofibril.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>32 Striated muscle &#8211; longitudinal section\u00a0<i><\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/032%20-%20Striated%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Skeletal Muscle (longitudinal section). Identify a sarcomere. Relate the sarcomeric structure seen in the LM to the structure seen here. Note that there is also lots of glycogen in the region between the two myofibrils in this picture, a storage form for glucose (which is metabolized to provide energy for muscle contraction). At the border of the I and A-bands, note triads consisting of a central T (transverse) tubule and flanking cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>41 Cardiac muscle\u00a0<i>Intercalated Disc\u00a0<\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/041%20-%20Cardiac%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Cardiac Muscle (Intercalated Disc, longitudinal section). Note the somewhat irregular course of the intercalated disc. In this preparation, the I bands are very short, indicating that the sarcomere is in a contracted state. Review the types of junctions present in an intercalated disc and their functions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>43 Cardiac Muscle\u00a0<i><\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/043%20-%20Cardiac%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Cardiac Muscle (longitudinal section). Note central location of muscle nuclei. Note the &#8220;stacks&#8221; of mitochondria between myofibrils. Cardiac muscle is even richer than skeletal muscle in mitochondria (again, important for energy production). An intercalated disc is present in the upper left region of the picture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>207 Small intestine (Muscularis Externa)\u00a0<i><\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/207%20-%20Small%20intestine_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Study the orientation of the smooth muscle cells in the intestinal muscularis externa. The micrograph will help you understand the pattern, which arises from the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells. Without the knowledge in which direction the intestinal epithelium is located, it is not possible to discriminate between the two sublayers of the muscularis externa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>44 Smooth muscle &#8211; Cross Section\u00a0<i><\/i><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/virtualslides.med.umich.edu\/Histology\/EMsmallCharts\/3%20Image%20Scope%20finals\/044%20-%20Smooth%20muscle_001.svs\/view.apml\">Webscope<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Smooth Muscle (cross section). Here you can see the filaments in cross-section, appearing as dots. Also, the dark areas, which are membrane-associated, are called dense plaques and are sites of filament attachment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Review Questions<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div>\n<div>Why do some skeletal muscle cells seem wider than\u00a0others?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><strong>Answer<\/strong>:The plane of section is generally responsible for making some cells look larger than others.\u00a0 Some skeletal muscle cells on your slide may be sliced through the middle and appear quite large, while as other cells may just graze the section and appear much smaller.\u00a0 Also, some muscle cells are simply smaller or larger than others.\u00a0 They can range in size from 10 to 100 mm in\u00a0width.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<div>You might see occasional nuclei which appear to be centrally located, but aren\u2019t.\u00a0Why?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><strong>Answer<\/strong>:Again the answer to the question is in the plane of section. Cells with peripheral nuclei that are cut at an angle can appear to have centrally located nuclei. This is why it is important to look at other features of the cell to determine what exactly it\u00a0is.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<div>So what exactly is a muscle cell and what\u2019s the difference between a muscle fiber and a muscle\u00a0fibril?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><strong>Answer<\/strong>:The basic units of muscle are the contractile proteins actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres. Placed end to end, these sarcomeres form long bands called myofibrils. Within a skeletal muscle cell, the numerous myofibrils are separated by glycogen, mitochondria, and muscle triads (two terminal cisternae and a T tubule) and other organelles. Chances are, if you are looking at an electron micrograph of muscle tissue, you are looking at myofibrils. Groups of these fibrils form a muscle fiber, which is surrounded by endomysium. Muscle fiber and muscle cell are synonymous. Groups of individual cells that are surrounded by perimysium are known as fascicles and groups of these fascicles, surrounded by epimysium make up a\u00a0muscle.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/assessments\/load?src_url=https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/api\/assessments\/417.xml&#38;results_end_point=https:\/\/lumenoea.herokuapp.com\/api&#38;assessment_id=417&#38;confidence_levels=true&#38;enable_start=true&#38;eid=https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/chapter\/slides-of-muscles\/\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2102\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resources. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Don MacCallum. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Michigan Medical School. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/histology.med.umich.edu\/medical\/muscle\">http:\/\/histology.med.umich.edu\/medical\/muscle<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resources\",\"author\":\"Don MacCallum\",\"organization\":\"University of Michigan Medical School\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/histology.med.umich.edu\/medical\/muscle\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2102","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2013,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4017,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2102\/revisions\/4017"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2013"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2102\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2102"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2102"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/trident-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}