Half-Life

Learning Objectives

  • Define half-life.
  • Calculate half-life when given decay data.

Nuclear waste being buried at a special site

We’re putting it where?

Uranium isotopes produce plutonium-239 as a decay product. The plutonium can be used in nuclear weapons and is a power source for nuclear reactors, which generate electricity. This isotope has a half-life of 24,100 years, causing concern in regions where radioactive plutonium has accumulated and is stored. At some storage sites, the waste is slowly leaking into the groundwater and contaminating nearby rivers. The 24,100 year half-life means that it will be with us for a very long time.

Half-Life

Radioactive materials lose some of their activity each time a decay event occurs. This loss of activity can be estimated by determining the half-life of an isotope. The half-life is defined as that period of time needed for one-half of a given quantity of a substance to undergo a change. For a radioisotope, every time a decay event occurs, a count is detected on the Geiger counter or other measuring device. A specific isotope might have a total count of 30,000 cpm. In one hour, the count could be 15,000 cpm (half the original count). So the half-life of that isotope is one hour. Some isotopes have long half-lives – the half-life of U-234 is 245,000 years. Other isotopes have shorter half-lives. I-131, used in thyroid scans, has a half-life of 8.02 days.

Half-Life Calculations

Information on the half-life of an isotope can be used to calculate how much radioactivity of that isotope will be present after a certain period of time. There is a formula that allows calculation at any time after the initial count, but we are just going to look at loss of activity after different half-lives. The isotope I-125 is used in certain laboratory procedures and has a half-life of 59.4 days. If the initial activity of a sample of I-125 is 32,000 cpm, how much activity will be present in 178.2 days? We begin by determining how many half-lives are represented by 178.2 days:

frac{178.2 text{days}}{59.4 text{days}/ text{half-life}} = 3 text{half-lives}

Then we simply count activity:

text{initial activity} (t_0) &= 32,000 text{cpm} \text{after one half-life} &= 16,000 text{cpm} \text{after two half-lives} &= 8,000 text{cpm} \text{after three half-lives} &= 4,000 text{cpm}

Be sure to keep in mind that the initial count is at time zero  (t_0) and we subtract from that count at the first half-life. The second half-life has an activity of half the previous count (not the initial count).

For the more mathematically inclined, the following formula can be used to calculate the amount of radioactivity remaining after a given time:

N_t = N_0 times (0.5)^{text{number of half-lives}}

where N_t = text{activity at time} t

N_0 = text{initial activity at time} = 0

If we have an initial activity of 42,000 cpm, what will the activity be after four half-lives?

N_t &=N_0(0.5)^4 \&=(42,000)(0.5)(0.5)(0.5)(0.5) \&=2625 text{cpm}
Graph of a typical radioactive decay curve

Figure 1. Typical radioactive decay curve.

The graph above illustrates a typical decay curve for a radioactive material. The activity decreases by one-half during each succeeding half-life.

Half-lives of different elements vary considerably, as shown in Table below:

Isotope Half-Lives
Isotope Decay Mode Half-Life
Cobalt-60 beta 5.3 years
Neptunium-237 alpha 2.1 million years
Polonium-214 alpha 0.00016 seconds
Radium-224 alpha 3.7 days
Tritium (H-3) beta 12 years

We have talked about the activity and decay of individual isotopes. In the real world, there is a decay chain that takes place until a stable end-product is produced. For U-238, the chain is a long one, with a mix of isotopes having very different half-lives. The end of the chain resides in lead, a stable element that does not decay further.

Decay chain of Uranium-238

Figure 2. Decay of uranium to stable end-product.

Summary

  • Half-life is defined.
  • Calculations involving half-life are described.

Practice

Read the material at the link below and work problems 2, 4, 6, 7, and 9.

Radioactivity.html

Review

  1. Define half-life.
  2. What is the half-life of uranium-234?
  3. What is the half-life of polonium-214?
  4. What is the end-product of the decay of uranium-238?

Glossary

  • half-life: That period of time needed for one-half of a given quantity of a substance to undergo change.