{"id":2471,"date":"2016-08-22T21:21:35","date_gmt":"2016-08-22T21:21:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2471"},"modified":"2016-08-31T03:41:46","modified_gmt":"2016-08-31T03:41:46","slug":"defining-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/defining-chemistry\/","title":{"raw":"Defining Chemistry","rendered":"Defining Chemistry"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define the term \"chemistry.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List modern items produced by chemistry.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>How does soap relate to chemistry?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-1ny\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210505\/20140811154946805408.jpeg\" alt=\"Making soaps involves chemistry\" width=\"210\" height=\"157\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjgxN2FlMzI5MDM1ZTZiYmM5ZGIyYmNlYmYxYjg3YTg.-cqp-rdv\">Chemistry affects every area of our lives.\u00a0 Here is just one example of chemistry in action\u2014the making of soaps.\u00a0 Soap was once made by boiling animal fat in ashes\u2014the product was hard on the skin and not very pleasant to use.\u00a0 Today, soap manufacture involves complicated chemical processes to provide a wide variety of soaps for different skin types.\u00a0 Colors and odors can be custom-made for that individual experience.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OThiNGMyOGI0MjQ3OTFjNDdkNmE1Mzk4ZDBmYjBiNDA.-l8k\">What is this made of? How can we produce this material quicker and at lower cost? Will this product harm us or help us? All of these questions can be answered using the science of <strong> chemistry<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>What Is Chemistry?<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWJkOGJjZDY3MWRlYzcxZjgxODNlZTNkNzNlYTBlMWQ.-qen\">If we look up the word \u201cchemistry\u201d in the dictionary, we\u2019ll find something like this: \u201cThe science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of <strong> matter <\/strong> , especially of atomic and molecular systems\u201d (Free Online Dictionary). This definition is certainly accurate, but does not give a good picture of the scope of chemistry or of the many interesting aspects of the field. \u00a0Matter is any thing that has mass and takes up space. \u00a0Mass is an intrinsic property and means that an object exists and can exert its presence on its surroundings. \u00a0An intrinsic property is a property that object or substance possesses.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTQzNmU3ZDk4MjMwYjliMDBmODJmYTFlODkwZDBjZWM.-kcz\">Chemistry touches every area of our lives. The medicines we take, the food we eat, the clothes we wear \u2013 all these materials and more are, in some way or another, products of chemistry.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>What Is the World Made Of?<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWExOGE2YTRlNzY5MjgzMDk1NmI2YzkxMTgwZmQzZGU.-r2k\">Questions about matter have been asked for centuries.\u00a0 The ancient Greek philosophers spent a lot of time trying to figure out what matter was.\u00a0 Different philosophers debated whether matter was earth, water, air, fire, or some combination.\u00a0 They argued, but did not do any experiments at that time.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmY3NWM4MmU3NDdhNDE3ZGMzODc1N2I3MjMwNmU3NzY.-ruj\">It took many centuries for humans to develop a better concept of what matter really is.\u00a0 Even today, we have an incomplete picture of exactly what this stuff is that we can touch and see.\u00a0 Chemistry involves the study of these substances, both in terms of basic properties and also learning all the things we can do with matter.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZGJkZmQ0MjM1NTMzYjQwZDMzOTZkYzJlZGYyNWQ0YmY.-qjy\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"349\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1Mjg5MC05NS01OS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTAxLUFydGlsbGVyeS1TaGVsbHM.\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210506\/20140811154946895862.jpeg\" alt=\"Rusting artillery shells involve chemical reactions\" width=\"349\" height=\"225\" longdesc=\"Rusting%20artillery%20shells.\" \/> Figure 1. Rusting artillery shells.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nChemists look at the world in two ways, often simultaneously.\u00a0 The two worlds of the chemist are the <strong> macroscopic <\/strong> world and the <strong> microscopic <\/strong> world.\u00a0 Macroscopic refers to substances and objects that can be seen, touched, and measured directly.\u00a0 Microscopic refers to the small particles that make up all matter. \u00a0Microscopic also points to the fact that a substance cannot be seen or would be extremely difficult to see with the naked eye. \u00a0Chemists must observe matter and do experiments macroscopically and then make generalizations and propose explanations that are microscopic in nature.\u00a0 For example, anyone can observe the physical change in appearance that occurs as an iron object such as a tractor that is left out in the elements gradually turns to rust.\u00a0 However, a chemist looks at the rusting tractor and thinks about what is going on with the individual atoms that make up the iron and how they are changing as a result of exposure to oxygen in the air and water from rain.\u00a0 Throughout your study of chemistry, you will often switch back and forth between the macroscopic and microscopic worlds.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary <strong>\r\n<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZWEyNzNjYzQ5Y2ExYTczNTllMjk3Njk0MzgyYWRmNDk.-m96\">\r\n \t<li>Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chemistry considers both macroscopic and microscopic information. <strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Read the label on a prepared food product (for example: bread, cereal, dessert). List all the ingredients in the product. Look up each ingredient on the Internet and write down what that material is doing in the food product.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select your favorite hobby or activity. List all the items you use in that activity or hobby. For each item, find out how chemistry has contributed to the creation or better operation of that item.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>How did ancient philosophers study the world around them?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the macroscopic world?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the microscopic world?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong> chemistry: <\/strong> \u00a0 The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> macroscopic:\u00a0 <\/strong> Substances and objects that can be seen, touched, and measured directly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> matter:\u00a0 <\/strong> Composes all physical objects (what we can touch and see).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> microscopic: <\/strong> \u00a0 The small particles that make up all matter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define the term &#8220;chemistry.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>List modern items produced by chemistry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>How does soap relate to chemistry?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-1ny\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210505\/20140811154946805408.jpeg\" alt=\"Making soaps involves chemistry\" width=\"210\" height=\"157\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjgxN2FlMzI5MDM1ZTZiYmM5ZGIyYmNlYmYxYjg3YTg.-cqp-rdv\">Chemistry affects every area of our lives.\u00a0 Here is just one example of chemistry in action\u2014the making of soaps.\u00a0 Soap was once made by boiling animal fat in ashes\u2014the product was hard on the skin and not very pleasant to use.\u00a0 Today, soap manufacture involves complicated chemical processes to provide a wide variety of soaps for different skin types.\u00a0 Colors and odors can be custom-made for that individual experience.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OThiNGMyOGI0MjQ3OTFjNDdkNmE1Mzk4ZDBmYjBiNDA.-l8k\">What is this made of? How can we produce this material quicker and at lower cost? Will this product harm us or help us? All of these questions can be answered using the science of <strong> chemistry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is Chemistry?<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWJkOGJjZDY3MWRlYzcxZjgxODNlZTNkNzNlYTBlMWQ.-qen\">If we look up the word \u201cchemistry\u201d in the dictionary, we\u2019ll find something like this: \u201cThe science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of <strong> matter <\/strong> , especially of atomic and molecular systems\u201d (Free Online Dictionary). This definition is certainly accurate, but does not give a good picture of the scope of chemistry or of the many interesting aspects of the field. \u00a0Matter is any thing that has mass and takes up space. \u00a0Mass is an intrinsic property and means that an object exists and can exert its presence on its surroundings. \u00a0An intrinsic property is a property that object or substance possesses.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTQzNmU3ZDk4MjMwYjliMDBmODJmYTFlODkwZDBjZWM.-kcz\">Chemistry touches every area of our lives. The medicines we take, the food we eat, the clothes we wear \u2013 all these materials and more are, in some way or another, products of chemistry.<\/p>\n<h2>What Is the World Made Of?<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWExOGE2YTRlNzY5MjgzMDk1NmI2YzkxMTgwZmQzZGU.-r2k\">Questions about matter have been asked for centuries.\u00a0 The ancient Greek philosophers spent a lot of time trying to figure out what matter was.\u00a0 Different philosophers debated whether matter was earth, water, air, fire, or some combination.\u00a0 They argued, but did not do any experiments at that time.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmY3NWM4MmU3NDdhNDE3ZGMzODc1N2I3MjMwNmU3NzY.-ruj\">It took many centuries for humans to develop a better concept of what matter really is.\u00a0 Even today, we have an incomplete picture of exactly what this stuff is that we can touch and see.\u00a0 Chemistry involves the study of these substances, both in terms of basic properties and also learning all the things we can do with matter.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZGJkZmQ0MjM1NTMzYjQwZDMzOTZkYzJlZGYyNWQ0YmY.-qjy\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 359px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1Mjg5MC05NS01OS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTAxLUFydGlsbGVyeS1TaGVsbHM.\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210506\/20140811154946895862.jpeg\" alt=\"Rusting artillery shells involve chemical reactions\" width=\"349\" height=\"225\" longdesc=\"Rusting%20artillery%20shells.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Rusting artillery shells.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Chemists look at the world in two ways, often simultaneously.\u00a0 The two worlds of the chemist are the <strong> macroscopic <\/strong> world and the <strong> microscopic <\/strong> world.\u00a0 Macroscopic refers to substances and objects that can be seen, touched, and measured directly.\u00a0 Microscopic refers to the small particles that make up all matter. \u00a0Microscopic also points to the fact that a substance cannot be seen or would be extremely difficult to see with the naked eye. \u00a0Chemists must observe matter and do experiments macroscopically and then make generalizations and propose explanations that are microscopic in nature.\u00a0 For example, anyone can observe the physical change in appearance that occurs as an iron object such as a tractor that is left out in the elements gradually turns to rust.\u00a0 However, a chemist looks at the rusting tractor and thinks about what is going on with the individual atoms that make up the iron and how they are changing as a result of exposure to oxygen in the air and water from rain.\u00a0 Throughout your study of chemistry, you will often switch back and forth between the macroscopic and microscopic worlds.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary <strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZWEyNzNjYzQ5Y2ExYTczNTllMjk3Njk0MzgyYWRmNDk.-m96\">\n<li>Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.<\/li>\n<li>Chemistry considers both macroscopic and microscopic information. <strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Read the label on a prepared food product (for example: bread, cereal, dessert). List all the ingredients in the product. Look up each ingredient on the Internet and write down what that material is doing in the food product.<\/li>\n<li>Select your favorite hobby or activity. List all the items you use in that activity or hobby. For each item, find out how chemistry has contributed to the creation or better operation of that item.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>How did ancient philosophers study the world around them?<\/li>\n<li>What is the macroscopic world?<\/li>\n<li>What is the microscopic world?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong> chemistry: <\/strong> \u00a0 The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.<\/li>\n<li><strong> macroscopic:\u00a0 <\/strong> Substances and objects that can be seen, touched, and measured directly.<\/li>\n<li><strong> matter:\u00a0 <\/strong> Composes all physical objects (what we can touch and see).<\/li>\n<li><strong> microscopic: <\/strong> \u00a0 The small particles that make up all matter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2471\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Decorative Soaps. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Phanton. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Decorative_Soaps.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Decorative_Soaps.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>An Iraqi explosives ordnance disposal officer. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: US Military. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:USMC-060507-M-7799R-003.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:USMC-060507-M-7799R-003.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Decorative Soaps\",\"author\":\"Phanton\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Decorative_Soaps.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"An Iraqi explosives ordnance disposal officer\",\"author\":\"US Military\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:USMC-060507-M-7799R-003.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2471","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2323,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2471","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2471\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3521,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2471\/revisions\/3521"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2323"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2471\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2471"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2471"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2471"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2471"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}