{"id":2472,"date":"2016-08-22T21:21:39","date_gmt":"2016-08-22T21:21:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2472"},"modified":"2017-08-28T20:49:11","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T20:49:11","slug":"events-in-chemistry-history","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/events-in-chemistry-history\/","title":{"raw":"Events in Chemistry History","rendered":"Events in Chemistry History"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-N2Q4YzAwZGEzNjA5YjE4N2YwNzRjZDgyOTQzMmQxYTM.-f0y\">\r\n \t<li>Name famous chemists and the contributions they made to the science of chemistry.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Where did chemistry come from?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzVlMDlmN2NkNDAwZjA0NjEyNTdmMDk5YTJiYWI0NmY.-qdj\">Early \u201cchemists\u201d focused on practical questions \u2013 how to make dyes and perfumes, soap manufacture, uses of metals, and glass production among others.\u00a0 The goal was not to understand the physical world \u2013 that came later.\u00a0 People just wanted to make things that would improve their lives in some way.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210508\/20140811154946988672.jpeg\" alt=\"Making and coloring a vase involves chemistry\" width=\"250\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTY2M2ZmZjAyM2MxMDZiOTNlYjEzZmFhYTIyZjFjYTg.-e1d\">The <strong> history <\/strong> of chemistry is an interesting and challenging one.\u00a0 Very early chemists were often motivated mainly by the achievement of a specific goal or product.\u00a0 Making perfume or soaps did not need a lot of <strong> theory <\/strong> , just a good recipe and careful attention to detail.\u00a0 There was no standard way of naming materials (and no periodic table that we could all agree on). \u00a0It is often difficult to figure out exactly what a particular person was using.\u00a0 However, the science developed over the centuries.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NzQxZWNhZjg1YzQ0ZjAyOTYwODMwNmVjMTYwMzU5ODM.-6v5\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"151\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1MzI1OS04MS01NC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTAyLUJveWxl\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210510\/20140811154947075307.jpeg\" alt=\"Portrait of Robert Boyle\" width=\"151\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Robert%20Boyle.\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0Robert Boyle.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nMajor progress was made in putting chemistry on a solid foundation when Robert Boyle (1637-1691) began his <strong> research <\/strong> in chemistry.\u00a0 He developed the basic ideas for the behavior of gases. We could then describe gases mathematically.\u00a0 Boyle also helped develop the idea that small particles could combine to form molecules.\u00a0 Many years later, John Dalton used these ideas to develop the atomic theory.\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OWFhNjljMjBmOWEwMTM4YjNjZWY2MDE2MTVmMjE0YmE.-odp\">The field of chemistry began to develop rapidly in the 1700s.\u00a0 Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) isolated and characterized several gases: oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide.\u00a0 It was later discovered that nitrous oxide (\u201claughing gas\u201d) worked as an anesthetic. This gas was used for that purpose for the first time in 1844 during a tooth extraction.\u00a0 Other gases discovered during that time were chlorine, by C.W. Scheele (1742-1786) and nitrogen, by Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794).\u00a0 Lavoisier has been considered by many scholars to be the \u201cfather of chemistry.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTMyZDAyZDk2Zjk5YTY2YWE2NmEwZWI4ZWI2OGUwMWM.-4w6\">Chemists continued to discover new compounds in the 1800s. \u00a0The science also began to develop a more theoretical foundation.\u00a0 John Dalton (1766-1844) put forth his atomic theory in 1807.\u00a0 This idea allowed scientists to think about chemistry in a much more systematic way.\u00a0 Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) laid the groundwork for a more quantitative approach to chemistry by calculating the number of particles in a given amount of a gas.\u00a0 A lot of effort was put forth in studying chemical reactions. These efforts led to new materials being produced.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3175\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"200\"]<img class=\" wp-image-3175\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/515\/2016\/08\/25183442\/225px-Voltaic_pile_battery.png\" alt=\"Several metal discs are stacked into a pile; they are connected to create a battery\" width=\"200\" height=\"532\" \/> Figure 2.\u00a0Battery developed by Volta.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFollowing the invention of the battery by Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), the field of electrochemistry (both theoretical and applications) developed through major contributions by Humphry Davy (1778-1829) and Michael Faraday (1791-1867).\u00a0 \u00a0Other areas of the discipline also progressed rapidly.\r\n\r\nIt would take a large book to cover developments in chemistry during the twentieth century and up to today.\u00a0 One major area of expansion was in the area of the chemistry of living processes.\u00a0 Research in photosynthesis in plants, the discovery and characterization of enzymes as biochemical catalysts, elucidation of the structures of biomolecules such as insulin and DNA \u2013 these efforts gave rise to an explosion of information in the field of biochemistry.\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTY4ZWE2N2EzNmMxODVlNDI2MTA2NTU2MGQwOGU3ZDc.-oe7\">The practical aspects of chemistry were not ignored.\u00a0 The work of Volta, Davy, and Faraday eventually led to the development of batteries that provided a source of electricity to power a number of devices.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZjNjNzY1NmY0YTAwNDdhNDA2OWVjMDZiNjkyMzdkOGY.-7nb\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\"><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NGI1OWU4YzhmMWMxZTU5ZmY1MjMyMGJkOGMzNjllOWU.-pqy\">Charles Goodyear (1800-1860) discovered the process of vulcanization, allowing a stable rubber product to be produced for the tires of all the vehicles we have today.\u00a0 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) pioneered the use of heat sterilization to eliminate unwanted microorganisms in wine and milk.\u00a0 Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) invented dynamite.\u00a0 After his death, the fortune he made from this product was used to fund the Nobel Prizes in science and the humanities.\u00a0 J.W Hyatt (1837-1920) developed the first plastic. Leo Baekeland (1863-1944) developed the first synthetic resin, widely used for inexpensive and sturdy dinnerware.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-YjNlMDc5NWMxNmQwNWE2Mjk0YjQ0NGExOGI3Y2UzNzM.-ymq\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1MzMxNC0wMi02MC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTAyLUV4cGxvc2lvbg..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210511\/20140811154947358591.jpeg\" alt=\"Explosion of dynamite\" width=\"500\" height=\"408\" longdesc=\"Dynamite%20explosion%20in%20Panama%2C%20Central%20America%20%281908%29.\" \/> Figure 3.\u00a0Dynamite explosion in Panama, Central America (1908).[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NTc2Y2VlNTFiMjdhODAzYWU5Nzg0NGI4ZjkxNThkYjk.-4bk\">\r\n \t<li>Many civilizations contributed to the growth of chemistry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A lot of early chemical researched focused on practical uses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Basic chemistry theories were developed during the nineteenth century.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>New materials and batteries are a few of the products of modern chemistry.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTE2NjZkYWE0ZjVmZjEzZTQ2MjRjN2MyZjE2NTdkN2I.-gtx\">Use this resource\u00a0to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGY4OWI3MTg2YzZkZDgwMjAyNTc3NjhmMDEzZmU1MjY.-vht\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/chemistry\/chem-c2507\/navbar\/chemhist.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/chemistry\/chem-c2507\/navbar\/chemhist.html <\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YjY4ZDc2MmRmNjFmOWNlZmZhYmI0NTA1ZWU5ZDNmYTk.-syv\">\r\n \t<li>Who published the atomic theory?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What elements are proposed by Aristotle?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Who discovered the proton?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What new elements did Marie Curie discover?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Who is called the \u201cFather of Modern Chemistry\u201d?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MzdjNTJhYTc1NDQwMzkyNjhhNTU1MWY2ZTg3YzMwNDc.-zqk\">\r\n \t<li>Who invented the first battery?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What contribution to chemistry did Robert Boyle make?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Who invented dynamite?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What was the first synthetic resin used for?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-N2U5MjcxYWJjMzhmMWZhZDM2ODVmYTBhYmQxNjdiOGI.-sem\">\r\n \t<li><strong> history: <\/strong> The study of events the occurred in the past.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> research: <\/strong> To systematically investigate materials to obtain facts and new information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> theory: <\/strong> Ideas used to describe something.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Jon Bodsworth. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Egyptian_glass_jar.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Egyptian_glass_jar.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Johann Kerseboom. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Adolphe Ganot. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Voltaic_pile_battery.png\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Voltaic_pile_battery.png <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of The Field Museum Library.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ExplosionInProgress.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ExplosionInProgress.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-N2Q4YzAwZGEzNjA5YjE4N2YwNzRjZDgyOTQzMmQxYTM.-f0y\">\n<li>Name famous chemists and the contributions they made to the science of chemistry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Where did chemistry come from?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzVlMDlmN2NkNDAwZjA0NjEyNTdmMDk5YTJiYWI0NmY.-qdj\">Early \u201cchemists\u201d focused on practical questions \u2013 how to make dyes and perfumes, soap manufacture, uses of metals, and glass production among others.\u00a0 The goal was not to understand the physical world \u2013 that came later.\u00a0 People just wanted to make things that would improve their lives in some way.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210508\/20140811154946988672.jpeg\" alt=\"Making and coloring a vase involves chemistry\" width=\"250\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTY2M2ZmZjAyM2MxMDZiOTNlYjEzZmFhYTIyZjFjYTg.-e1d\">The <strong> history <\/strong> of chemistry is an interesting and challenging one.\u00a0 Very early chemists were often motivated mainly by the achievement of a specific goal or product.\u00a0 Making perfume or soaps did not need a lot of <strong> theory <\/strong> , just a good recipe and careful attention to detail.\u00a0 There was no standard way of naming materials (and no periodic table that we could all agree on). \u00a0It is often difficult to figure out exactly what a particular person was using.\u00a0 However, the science developed over the centuries.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NzQxZWNhZjg1YzQ0ZjAyOTYwODMwNmVjMTYwMzU5ODM.-6v5\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 161px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1MzI1OS04MS01NC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTAyLUJveWxl\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210510\/20140811154947075307.jpeg\" alt=\"Portrait of Robert Boyle\" width=\"151\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Robert%20Boyle.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0Robert Boyle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Major progress was made in putting chemistry on a solid foundation when Robert Boyle (1637-1691) began his <strong> research <\/strong> in chemistry.\u00a0 He developed the basic ideas for the behavior of gases. We could then describe gases mathematically.\u00a0 Boyle also helped develop the idea that small particles could combine to form molecules.\u00a0 Many years later, John Dalton used these ideas to develop the atomic theory.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OWFhNjljMjBmOWEwMTM4YjNjZWY2MDE2MTVmMjE0YmE.-odp\">The field of chemistry began to develop rapidly in the 1700s.\u00a0 Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) isolated and characterized several gases: oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide.\u00a0 It was later discovered that nitrous oxide (\u201claughing gas\u201d) worked as an anesthetic. This gas was used for that purpose for the first time in 1844 during a tooth extraction.\u00a0 Other gases discovered during that time were chlorine, by C.W. Scheele (1742-1786) and nitrogen, by Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794).\u00a0 Lavoisier has been considered by many scholars to be the \u201cfather of chemistry.\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTMyZDAyZDk2Zjk5YTY2YWE2NmEwZWI4ZWI2OGUwMWM.-4w6\">Chemists continued to discover new compounds in the 1800s. \u00a0The science also began to develop a more theoretical foundation.\u00a0 John Dalton (1766-1844) put forth his atomic theory in 1807.\u00a0 This idea allowed scientists to think about chemistry in a much more systematic way.\u00a0 Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) laid the groundwork for a more quantitative approach to chemistry by calculating the number of particles in a given amount of a gas.\u00a0 A lot of effort was put forth in studying chemical reactions. These efforts led to new materials being produced.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3175\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3175\" class=\"wp-image-3175\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/515\/2016\/08\/25183442\/225px-Voltaic_pile_battery.png\" alt=\"Several metal discs are stacked into a pile; they are connected to create a battery\" width=\"200\" height=\"532\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.\u00a0Battery developed by Volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Following the invention of the battery by Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), the field of electrochemistry (both theoretical and applications) developed through major contributions by Humphry Davy (1778-1829) and Michael Faraday (1791-1867).\u00a0 \u00a0Other areas of the discipline also progressed rapidly.<\/p>\n<p>It would take a large book to cover developments in chemistry during the twentieth century and up to today.\u00a0 One major area of expansion was in the area of the chemistry of living processes.\u00a0 Research in photosynthesis in plants, the discovery and characterization of enzymes as biochemical catalysts, elucidation of the structures of biomolecules such as insulin and DNA \u2013 these efforts gave rise to an explosion of information in the field of biochemistry.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTY4ZWE2N2EzNmMxODVlNDI2MTA2NTU2MGQwOGU3ZDc.-oe7\">The practical aspects of chemistry were not ignored.\u00a0 The work of Volta, Davy, and Faraday eventually led to the development of batteries that provided a source of electricity to power a number of devices.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZjNjNzY1NmY0YTAwNDdhNDA2OWVjMDZiNjkyMzdkOGY.-7nb\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NGI1OWU4YzhmMWMxZTU5ZmY1MjMyMGJkOGMzNjllOWU.-pqy\">Charles Goodyear (1800-1860) discovered the process of vulcanization, allowing a stable rubber product to be produced for the tires of all the vehicles we have today.\u00a0 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) pioneered the use of heat sterilization to eliminate unwanted microorganisms in wine and milk.\u00a0 Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) invented dynamite.\u00a0 After his death, the fortune he made from this product was used to fund the Nobel Prizes in science and the humanities.\u00a0 J.W Hyatt (1837-1920) developed the first plastic. Leo Baekeland (1863-1944) developed the first synthetic resin, widely used for inexpensive and sturdy dinnerware.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-YjNlMDc5NWMxNmQwNWE2Mjk0YjQ0NGExOGI3Y2UzNzM.-ymq\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1MzMxNC0wMi02MC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTAyLUV4cGxvc2lvbg..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210511\/20140811154947358591.jpeg\" alt=\"Explosion of dynamite\" width=\"500\" height=\"408\" longdesc=\"Dynamite%20explosion%20in%20Panama%2C%20Central%20America%20%281908%29.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.\u00a0Dynamite explosion in Panama, Central America (1908).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NTc2Y2VlNTFiMjdhODAzYWU5Nzg0NGI4ZjkxNThkYjk.-4bk\">\n<li>Many civilizations contributed to the growth of chemistry.<\/li>\n<li>A lot of early chemical researched focused on practical uses.<\/li>\n<li>Basic chemistry theories were developed during the nineteenth century.<\/li>\n<li>New materials and batteries are a few of the products of modern chemistry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTE2NjZkYWE0ZjVmZjEzZTQ2MjRjN2MyZjE2NTdkN2I.-gtx\">Use this resource\u00a0to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGY4OWI3MTg2YzZkZDgwMjAyNTc3NjhmMDEzZmU1MjY.-vht\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/chemistry\/chem-c2507\/navbar\/chemhist.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/chemistry\/chem-c2507\/navbar\/chemhist.html <\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YjY4ZDc2MmRmNjFmOWNlZmZhYmI0NTA1ZWU5ZDNmYTk.-syv\">\n<li>Who published the atomic theory?<\/li>\n<li>What elements are proposed by Aristotle?<\/li>\n<li>Who discovered the proton?<\/li>\n<li>What new elements did Marie Curie discover?<\/li>\n<li>Who is called the \u201cFather of Modern Chemistry\u201d?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MzdjNTJhYTc1NDQwMzkyNjhhNTU1MWY2ZTg3YzMwNDc.-zqk\">\n<li>Who invented the first battery?<\/li>\n<li>What contribution to chemistry did Robert Boyle make?<\/li>\n<li>Who invented dynamite?<\/li>\n<li>What was the first synthetic resin used for?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-N2U5MjcxYWJjMzhmMWZhZDM2ODVmYTBhYmQxNjdiOGI.-sem\">\n<li><strong> history: <\/strong> The study of events the occurred in the past.<\/li>\n<li><strong> research: <\/strong> To systematically investigate materials to obtain facts and new information.<\/li>\n<li><strong> theory: <\/strong> Ideas used to describe something.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Jon Bodsworth. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Egyptian_glass_jar.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Egyptian_glass_jar.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Johann Kerseboom. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Adolphe Ganot. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Voltaic_pile_battery.png\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Voltaic_pile_battery.png <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of The Field Museum Library.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ExplosionInProgress.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ExplosionInProgress.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2472\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry 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