{"id":2474,"date":"2016-08-22T21:21:46","date_gmt":"2016-08-22T21:21:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2474"},"modified":"2017-08-28T20:46:58","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T20:46:58","slug":"pure-and-applied-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/pure-and-applied-chemistry\/","title":{"raw":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","rendered":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NzhjNGUwNjBlNjQxZTIwN2I3NmMxODljNDdlNDkxZjE.-ux9\">\r\n \t<li>Define pure and applied research.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the differences between the two.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give examples of pure and applied research.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>How does research enable us to understand chemistry?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWY4ZGY4NmZhODlkN2ZiMjZlYmE0ZjdmZGE3ZDhhMWU.-ary\">How did chemistry develop? What is happening in the field of chemistry today? What can I do with a chemistry degree?\u00a0 All of these are good questions and they should be asked by students interested in chemistry.\u00a0 Research in chemistry (or any other field, for that matter) is interesting and challenging.\u00a0 But there are different directions a person can take as they explore research opportunities.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210519\/20140811154947924025.jpeg\" alt=\"Chemist performing research in a lab\" width=\"400\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Types of Research<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTk0N2ZkN2IyYTY3ZTA3YTEyOTY0MGRlY2M3YWVmZDQ.-49d\">In science, we usually talk about two types of research: pure and applied.\u00a0 <strong> Pure research <\/strong> focuses on answering basic questions such as, \"how do gases behave?\"\u00a0 <strong> Applied research <\/strong> would be involved in the process of developing a specific preparation for a gas in order for it to be produced and delivered efficiently and economically. This division sounds like it would be easy to make, but sometimes we cannot draw a clear line between what is \u201cpure\u201d and what is \u201capplied.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Examples of \u201cPure\u201d Research<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NmM0NWZhMjIyZjEzNTE4ZWNhNTcwOGQ3NzRiNWRiMmY.-iyl\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"349\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1Mzc4OS05MS0yMS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA0LVBoaWxvc29waGVycw..\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210521\/20140811154948016154.png\" alt=\"Drawing of ancient Greek philosophers\" width=\"349\" height=\"203\" longdesc=\"Ancient%20Greek%20philosophers.\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0Ancient Greek philosophers.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nA lot of \u201cpure\u201d research is of the \u201cwhat is this?\u201d or \u201chow does it work?\u201d variety.\u00a0 The early history of chemistry contains many examples.\u00a0 The ancient Greek philosophers debated the composition of matter (earth? air? fire? water? all of the above?).\u00a0 They weren\u2019t going to do anything with their knowledge \u2013 they just wanted to know.\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWI0ODAyOWI0OWJjNGZjMDU1ZGRiMTY4ZTk3ZjE4NGU.-f9c\">Studies on the elements (especially after Mendeleev\u2019s periodic table was published) were primarily \u201cpure\u201d research types of experiments.\u00a0 Does this element exist? What are its properties?\u00a0 The scientists did not have any practical application in mind, but were curious about the world around them.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Examples of \u201cApplied\u201d Research<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OTI2ZjVkMTkwMTNhYzgyM2M0MjE2YWZhMWIxN2YwMzY.-tff\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"350\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODU1ODI1NC01Mi0zMi1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA0LUdhcy1QdW1w\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210523\/20140811154948155738.jpeg\" alt=\"A gasoline pump\" width=\"350\" height=\"233\" longdesc=\"Gasoline%20pump.\" \/> Figure 2. Gasoline pump.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDhkOTg4ODc2NjIxMzk4NWEzOWRhMjlkODdjMjFmODI.-2da\">There is a great deal of \u201capplied\u201d research taking place today.\u00a0 In general, no new science principles are discovered, but existing knowledge is used to develop a new product.\u00a0 Research on laundry detergents will probably not give us any new concepts about soap, but will help us develop materials that get our clothes cleaner, use less water, and create lower amounts of pollution.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2ZmYTI5MDg0YWVmNDBmMmU1MzM5OWE1MmZmOWZiNDQ.-ogl\">A lot of research is done by petroleum companies.\u00a0 They want to find better ways to power vehicles, better lubricants to cut down on engine wear, and better ways to lower air pollution.\u00a0 These companies will use information that is readily available to come up with new products.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-NjRkOTZlNzc0MDljNjkxZmEyMjM0MzJmNDgwYzc0ODg.-rmw_3-s9s\">Some \u201cIn-Between\u201d Examples<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTE0NWRkMjZkYzViZGJmYTVmYTEzZDQ2MWE1M2NiMjk.-jrr\">Sometimes it is hard to differentiate between pure and applied research.\u00a0 What may start out as simply asking a question may result is some very useful information.\u00a0 If scientists are studying the biochemistry of a microorganism that causes a disease, they may soon find information that would suggest a way to make a chemical that would inactivate the microorganism.\u00a0 The compound could be used to learn more about the biochemistry, but could also be used to cure the disease.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTZmMjdlMjk1OGIyMDI1MzE4NGI2MTk3M2E2ZTU2MDg.-bwx\">Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen in the bloodstream.\u00a0 Scientists studied hemoglobin simply to learn how it worked.\u00a0 Out of this research came an understanding of how the protein changes shape when oxygen attaches to it.\u00a0 This information was then applied to help patients with sickle cell anemia, a disorder caused by an abnormal hemoglobin structure that makes hemoglobin molecules clump up when oxygen leaves the protein.\u00a0 Basic knowledge of protein structure led to an improved understanding of a wide-spread disease and opened the door for development of treatments.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZDBhZGQyNWRkMTI1MTE1MWQyN2YzZTkwOWM2ZDgyNWM.-pyk\">\r\n \t<li>Pure research focuses on understanding basic properties and processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Applied research focuses on the use of information to create useful materials.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sometimes there is no clear line between pure and applied research.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzcyYjNhYjcyY2I3NGRmYjk3ODYwNmRlNzliODJmMTI.-vhc\">Use this <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120710101010\/http:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/sci\/techresources\/Human_Genome\/posters\/chromosome\/sca.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">profile on Sickle Cell Anemia <\/a>to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-N2YxNzQzODk1NzUyNzJkNmZkMjljYzQ2MmFlZjM5NjE.-poa\">\r\n \t<li>What happens to red cells in sickle cell patients when the hemoglobin loses oxygen?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the difference between sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List some symptoms of sickle cell disease.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List three treatments used for sickle cell disease.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NGJlYWFmZWE1OWU4MmI5OTljODVlMmU1YTFhYjI1YzQ.-va9\">\r\n \t<li>What is pure research?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is applied research?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give one example of pure research.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give on example of applied research.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is it always easy to classify research as pure or applied? Explain your answer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>pure research: <\/strong> Focuses on understanding basic properties and processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> applied research: <\/strong> Focuses on the use of information to create useful materials.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Agency.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EPA_GULF_BREEZE_LABORATORY,_CHEMISTRY_LAB._THE_CHEMIST_IS_TESTING_WATER_SAMPLES_FOR_PESTICIDES_-_NARA_-_546277.tif\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EPA_GULF_BREEZE_LABORATORY,_CHEMISTRY_LAB._THE_CHEMIST_IS_TESTING_WATER_SAMPLES_FOR_PESTICIDES_-_NARA_-_546277.tif <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Orin Zebest. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/orinrobertjohn\/4388866449\/\">http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/orinrobertjohn\/4388866449\/ <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NzhjNGUwNjBlNjQxZTIwN2I3NmMxODljNDdlNDkxZjE.-ux9\">\n<li>Define pure and applied research.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the differences between the two.<\/li>\n<li>Give examples of pure and applied research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>How does research enable us to understand chemistry?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWY4ZGY4NmZhODlkN2ZiMjZlYmE0ZjdmZGE3ZDhhMWU.-ary\">How did chemistry develop? What is happening in the field of chemistry today? What can I do with a chemistry degree?\u00a0 All of these are good questions and they should be asked by students interested in chemistry.\u00a0 Research in chemistry (or any other field, for that matter) is interesting and challenging.\u00a0 But there are different directions a person can take as they explore research opportunities.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210519\/20140811154947924025.jpeg\" alt=\"Chemist performing research in a lab\" width=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Types of Research<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTk0N2ZkN2IyYTY3ZTA3YTEyOTY0MGRlY2M3YWVmZDQ.-49d\">In science, we usually talk about two types of research: pure and applied.\u00a0 <strong> Pure research <\/strong> focuses on answering basic questions such as, &#8220;how do gases behave?&#8221;\u00a0 <strong> Applied research <\/strong> would be involved in the process of developing a specific preparation for a gas in order for it to be produced and delivered efficiently and economically. This division sounds like it would be easy to make, but sometimes we cannot draw a clear line between what is \u201cpure\u201d and what is \u201capplied.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Examples of \u201cPure\u201d Research<\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NmM0NWZhMjIyZjEzNTE4ZWNhNTcwOGQ3NzRiNWRiMmY.-iyl\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 359px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1Mzc4OS05MS0yMS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA0LVBoaWxvc29waGVycw..\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210521\/20140811154948016154.png\" alt=\"Drawing of ancient Greek philosophers\" width=\"349\" height=\"203\" longdesc=\"Ancient%20Greek%20philosophers.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0Ancient Greek philosophers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A lot of \u201cpure\u201d research is of the \u201cwhat is this?\u201d or \u201chow does it work?\u201d variety.\u00a0 The early history of chemistry contains many examples.\u00a0 The ancient Greek philosophers debated the composition of matter (earth? air? fire? water? all of the above?).\u00a0 They weren\u2019t going to do anything with their knowledge \u2013 they just wanted to know.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWI0ODAyOWI0OWJjNGZjMDU1ZGRiMTY4ZTk3ZjE4NGU.-f9c\">Studies on the elements (especially after Mendeleev\u2019s periodic table was published) were primarily \u201cpure\u201d research types of experiments.\u00a0 Does this element exist? What are its properties?\u00a0 The scientists did not have any practical application in mind, but were curious about the world around them.<\/p>\n<h3>Examples of \u201cApplied\u201d Research<\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OTI2ZjVkMTkwMTNhYzgyM2M0MjE2YWZhMWIxN2YwMzY.-tff\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODU1ODI1NC01Mi0zMi1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA0LUdhcy1QdW1w\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210523\/20140811154948155738.jpeg\" alt=\"A gasoline pump\" width=\"350\" height=\"233\" longdesc=\"Gasoline%20pump.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Gasoline pump.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDhkOTg4ODc2NjIxMzk4NWEzOWRhMjlkODdjMjFmODI.-2da\">There is a great deal of \u201capplied\u201d research taking place today.\u00a0 In general, no new science principles are discovered, but existing knowledge is used to develop a new product.\u00a0 Research on laundry detergents will probably not give us any new concepts about soap, but will help us develop materials that get our clothes cleaner, use less water, and create lower amounts of pollution.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2ZmYTI5MDg0YWVmNDBmMmU1MzM5OWE1MmZmOWZiNDQ.-ogl\">A lot of research is done by petroleum companies.\u00a0 They want to find better ways to power vehicles, better lubricants to cut down on engine wear, and better ways to lower air pollution.\u00a0 These companies will use information that is readily available to come up with new products.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-NjRkOTZlNzc0MDljNjkxZmEyMjM0MzJmNDgwYzc0ODg.-rmw_3-s9s\">Some \u201cIn-Between\u201d Examples<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTE0NWRkMjZkYzViZGJmYTVmYTEzZDQ2MWE1M2NiMjk.-jrr\">Sometimes it is hard to differentiate between pure and applied research.\u00a0 What may start out as simply asking a question may result is some very useful information.\u00a0 If scientists are studying the biochemistry of a microorganism that causes a disease, they may soon find information that would suggest a way to make a chemical that would inactivate the microorganism.\u00a0 The compound could be used to learn more about the biochemistry, but could also be used to cure the disease.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTZmMjdlMjk1OGIyMDI1MzE4NGI2MTk3M2E2ZTU2MDg.-bwx\">Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen in the bloodstream.\u00a0 Scientists studied hemoglobin simply to learn how it worked.\u00a0 Out of this research came an understanding of how the protein changes shape when oxygen attaches to it.\u00a0 This information was then applied to help patients with sickle cell anemia, a disorder caused by an abnormal hemoglobin structure that makes hemoglobin molecules clump up when oxygen leaves the protein.\u00a0 Basic knowledge of protein structure led to an improved understanding of a wide-spread disease and opened the door for development of treatments.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZDBhZGQyNWRkMTI1MTE1MWQyN2YzZTkwOWM2ZDgyNWM.-pyk\">\n<li>Pure research focuses on understanding basic properties and processes.<\/li>\n<li>Applied research focuses on the use of information to create useful materials.<\/li>\n<li>Sometimes there is no clear line between pure and applied research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzcyYjNhYjcyY2I3NGRmYjk3ODYwNmRlNzliODJmMTI.-vhc\">Use this <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120710101010\/http:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/sci\/techresources\/Human_Genome\/posters\/chromosome\/sca.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">profile on Sickle Cell Anemia <\/a>to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-N2YxNzQzODk1NzUyNzJkNmZkMjljYzQ2MmFlZjM5NjE.-poa\">\n<li>What happens to red cells in sickle cell patients when the hemoglobin loses oxygen?<\/li>\n<li>What is the difference between sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease?<\/li>\n<li>List some symptoms of sickle cell disease.<\/li>\n<li>List three treatments used for sickle cell disease.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NGJlYWFmZWE1OWU4MmI5OTljODVlMmU1YTFhYjI1YzQ.-va9\">\n<li>What is pure research?<\/li>\n<li>What is applied research?<\/li>\n<li>Give one example of pure research.<\/li>\n<li>Give on example of applied research.<\/li>\n<li>Is it always easy to classify research as pure or applied? Explain your answer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>pure research: <\/strong> Focuses on understanding basic properties and processes.<\/li>\n<li><strong> applied research: <\/strong> Focuses on the use of information to create useful materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Agency.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EPA_GULF_BREEZE_LABORATORY,_CHEMISTRY_LAB._THE_CHEMIST_IS_TESTING_WATER_SAMPLES_FOR_PESTICIDES_-_NARA_-_546277.tif\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EPA_GULF_BREEZE_LABORATORY,_CHEMISTRY_LAB._THE_CHEMIST_IS_TESTING_WATER_SAMPLES_FOR_PESTICIDES_-_NARA_-_546277.tif <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Orin Zebest. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/orinrobertjohn\/4388866449\/\">http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/orinrobertjohn\/4388866449\/ <\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2474\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2474","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2323,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2474","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2474\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3566,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2474\/revisions\/3566"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2323"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2474\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2474"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2474"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2474"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2474"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}