{"id":2475,"date":"2016-08-22T21:21:49","date_gmt":"2016-08-22T21:21:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2475"},"modified":"2017-08-28T20:43:04","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T20:43:04","slug":"energy-in-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/energy-in-chemistry\/","title":{"raw":"Energy in Chemistry","rendered":"Energy in Chemistry"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZjU0NTc5Yzg3NDIyNDQyNzRmZTMxY2NkMTAyZTkzMDQ.-phz\">\r\n \t<li>Explain the source of chemical energy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe ways chemical energy is generated and used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>What are some types of chemical reactions?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDQ2Njk4ODIyNDk2OGM5OWU5NTQ5OTEwZDU3ODc2YzI.-lb6\"><img class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210525\/20140811154948277231.jpeg\" alt=\"A dynamite explosion is a chemical reaction\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" \/>Some chemistry reactions can be very calm and boring, while other reactions release a great deal of energy.\u00a0 Dynamite is a chemical that can explode violently.\u00a0 Here we see dynamite being used to move boulders to clear a path for a road.\u00a0 The chemical reactions involved here release tremendous amounts of energy very quickly.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWViODA5NmYwMGNkMDFjMWRiMjc3NzlhYWJjN2MwMzM.-vt7\">Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel in 1866. Nitroglycerin, a very unstable explosive, was already known.\u00a0 Nobel mixed the nitroglycerin with silica to stabilize it and form a solid material. He made a fortune with this discovery and established the Nobel Foundation, which funds the Nobel Prizes every year.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Energy in Chemical Bonds<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTI4YmE3MTVjNDRjNmEzOTA5MDRhY2NlYTdlZjMxYjk.-jvw\"><strong> Chemical reactions <\/strong> either require <strong> energy <\/strong> or release energy. The amount of energy needed or released depends upon the structure of the molecules that are involved in the reaction.\u00a0 Some reactions need to be heated for long periods of time in order for change to take place.\u00a0 Other reactions release energy, allowing heat to be given off to the surroundings.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2RkYjE0NTY1NjljZjZjZjAzNjcyNDFkNjA4YzQ0ODQ.-hel\">This energy can be used in a variety of ways.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-MDFkMTE5MjhhNDVmM2UyMmRiNzA4MzFhNmUzNmNhNTI.-vi6_4-1po\">Heating<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjY5NjNmNDgwNzdkNzI0ZTE4ZmRhMTI2NTk0MDI3MGU.-loh\">Coal, natural gas, oil \u2013 these materials can be burned to produce heat.\u00a0 The reaction with oxygen releases a great deal of energy that can warm homes and offices.\u00a0 Wood is another example of a chemical (yes, a very complicated one) that will release energy when burned.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-YTYwMDk3MWZkZDIzZWExZjU2ODVkN2VlMDFkNWY1YzM.-oix_4-rug\">Transportation<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MDIxY2VjNGFhNTZiYjgxOWUxOTBkYzJhMWQ3OWJhNTA.-ncp\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"154\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDEwMy0yNy03Mi1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA1LVJvY2tldA..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210526\/20140811154948454944.jpeg\" alt=\"A rocket launch\" width=\"154\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Rocket%20launch.\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0Rocket launch.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nA major use for petroleum products is fuel for cars, trucks, airplanes, trains, and other vehicles.\u00a0 The chemical used are usually a mixture of compounds containing several carbon atoms in a chain.\u00a0 When the material is ignited, a massive amount of gas is created almost instantaneously.\u00a0 This increase in volume will move the pistons in an internal combustion engine to provide power.\u00a0 A jet plane works on a similar principle.\u00a0 Air comes into the front of the engine and mixes with the jet fuel.\u00a0 This mixture is ignited and the gases formed create a lot of pressure to push the plane forward.\u00a0 The idea can be seen even more clearly in the case of a rocket launch.\u00a0 The ignition of the fuel (either solid-state or liquid) creates gases produced under great pressure that pushes the rocket up.\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-YTY0ZmY2ODEzYThjN2UyZDE5ZTI5NTAxYWUyMTM2NzU.-lxj_4-vxk\">Batteries<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGFlYzFhN2IwZjg1OTlkYjczYzRhNGMxZmUyZDFhMGY.-qvf\">A major source of energy produced by chemical reactions involves batteries.\u00a0 There are many types of batteries that operate using a variety of chemical reactions.\u00a0 The general principle behind these reactions is the release of electrons that can then flow through a circuit, producing an electrical current.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OTUwYzg1MGNlODFiZWRlYWEyOWExMDA1ODk5YWQ1NTU.-pcu\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDEzMS02My0zLUMtSW50Q2gtMDEtMDEtMDUtQmF0dGVyeQ..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210527\/20140811154948591812.jpeg\" alt=\"A car battery\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" longdesc=\"Car%20battery.\" \/> Figure 2.\u00a0Car battery.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGUzYWY4M2MzOGQ4OGU4OTFlYjUwMmM4MjdkODIwY2I.-ecj\">Batteries are used in a wide variety of applications:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ODJkODE2NTZjMWIzZTYzYzU1YmJiNmJlZDdkNzVjMDk.-g0a\">\r\n \t<li>flashlights<\/li>\r\n \t<li>watches<\/li>\r\n \t<li>computers<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cars<\/li>\r\n \t<li>hybrid vehicles \u2013 provide some power to wheels<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cell phones<\/li>\r\n \t<li>many other uses<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDhjM2NmM2QyNzdjODYxZmE3MDkzYzQ1OTY3MTg5N2E.-6zb\">Batteries in cars, computers, cell phones, and other devices are usually rechargeable.\u00a0 An electric current is passed through the battery to provide electrons that reverse (at least partially) the chemical reactions originally used to create the electric current.\u00a0 However, eventually the system can no longer be recharged and the battery has to be discarded.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-NDMxMTMzYTAwZmRiOWFjZmMxOTIzOTc5OTU5ZmZhOTI.-yg9_4-gwu\">Hand-Warmers<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2EyZjBlNzg3NWQzN2Y1NTg3NDlmMTE4OThlNzIzNTY.-5ri\">Hikers, campers, and other outdoor folks take advantage of chemical reactions to keep their hands warm.\u00a0 Small containers of chemicals can undergo reaction to generate heat that can be used to avoid frostbite.\u00a0 Some products contain iron filings that will react with air to release thermal energy.\u00a0 These types of warmer cannot be reused. Other systems rely on heat being released when certain chemicals crystallize. If the warmer is placed in very hot water after use, the system can be regenerated.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODJlNDUwODNkYTc1MDc5MDE3ZGI2ODZiOGQ5NDM0MTM.-lmy\">\r\n \t<li>Some chemical reactions release energy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This energy can be used in a variety of ways.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-d10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120301104644\/http:\/\/reference.yourdictionary.com\/word-definitions\/define-chemical-energy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Visit YourDictionary to answer the following questions:<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZDJlM2Y1OTI4NmU3ZjRhODg2MmRlMTJkYzBiMGI0ZWQ.-hft\">\r\n \t<li>Define \u201cchemical energy.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is an exothermic reaction?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give an example of an exothermic reaction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is an endothermic reaction?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give an example of an endothermic reaction.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YzFkMjFmZDhjYzc5ODdlOGY5OWM3MzdmZjk4NGRhN2I.-n7o\">\r\n \t<li>Who invented dynamite?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How was the nitroglycerin made more stable?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What kind of energy is released when we burn natural gas?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does burning gasoline power a car?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How do batteries create energy?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how a hand-warmer works.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YTY3NTBiNDA0ZjcwOTMyYmVmMjFkZWUwNWYyYjMzYWM.-wc4\">\r\n \t<li><strong> energy: <\/strong> \u00a0The ability to perform work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> chemical reaction: <\/strong> Chemical reactions either require energy or release energy. The amount of energy needed or released depends upon the structure of the molecules that are involved in the reaction.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Aaron Burden, U.S. Navy.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_090422-N-7130B-318_A_fireball_erupts_as_dynamite_and_TNT_are_used_to_clear_boulders.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_090422-N-7130B-318_A_fireball_erupts_as_dynamite_and_TNT_are_used_to_clear_boulders.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of NASA. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apollo_15_launch.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apollo_15_launch.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Toshinori Baba. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Honda_EV_02.JPG\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Honda_EV_02.JPG <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZjU0NTc5Yzg3NDIyNDQyNzRmZTMxY2NkMTAyZTkzMDQ.-phz\">\n<li>Explain the source of chemical energy.<\/li>\n<li>Describe ways chemical energy is generated and used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>What are some types of chemical reactions?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDQ2Njk4ODIyNDk2OGM5OWU5NTQ5OTEwZDU3ODc2YzI.-lb6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210525\/20140811154948277231.jpeg\" alt=\"A dynamite explosion is a chemical reaction\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" \/>Some chemistry reactions can be very calm and boring, while other reactions release a great deal of energy.\u00a0 Dynamite is a chemical that can explode violently.\u00a0 Here we see dynamite being used to move boulders to clear a path for a road.\u00a0 The chemical reactions involved here release tremendous amounts of energy very quickly.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWViODA5NmYwMGNkMDFjMWRiMjc3NzlhYWJjN2MwMzM.-vt7\">Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel in 1866. Nitroglycerin, a very unstable explosive, was already known.\u00a0 Nobel mixed the nitroglycerin with silica to stabilize it and form a solid material. He made a fortune with this discovery and established the Nobel Foundation, which funds the Nobel Prizes every year.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Energy in Chemical Bonds<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTI4YmE3MTVjNDRjNmEzOTA5MDRhY2NlYTdlZjMxYjk.-jvw\"><strong> Chemical reactions <\/strong> either require <strong> energy <\/strong> or release energy. The amount of energy needed or released depends upon the structure of the molecules that are involved in the reaction.\u00a0 Some reactions need to be heated for long periods of time in order for change to take place.\u00a0 Other reactions release energy, allowing heat to be given off to the surroundings.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2RkYjE0NTY1NjljZjZjZjAzNjcyNDFkNjA4YzQ0ODQ.-hel\">This energy can be used in a variety of ways.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-MDFkMTE5MjhhNDVmM2UyMmRiNzA4MzFhNmUzNmNhNTI.-vi6_4-1po\">Heating<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjY5NjNmNDgwNzdkNzI0ZTE4ZmRhMTI2NTk0MDI3MGU.-loh\">Coal, natural gas, oil \u2013 these materials can be burned to produce heat.\u00a0 The reaction with oxygen releases a great deal of energy that can warm homes and offices.\u00a0 Wood is another example of a chemical (yes, a very complicated one) that will release energy when burned.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-YTYwMDk3MWZkZDIzZWExZjU2ODVkN2VlMDFkNWY1YzM.-oix_4-rug\">Transportation<\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MDIxY2VjNGFhNTZiYjgxOWUxOTBkYzJhMWQ3OWJhNTA.-ncp\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 164px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDEwMy0yNy03Mi1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA1LVJvY2tldA..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210526\/20140811154948454944.jpeg\" alt=\"A rocket launch\" width=\"154\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Rocket%20launch.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0Rocket launch.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A major use for petroleum products is fuel for cars, trucks, airplanes, trains, and other vehicles.\u00a0 The chemical used are usually a mixture of compounds containing several carbon atoms in a chain.\u00a0 When the material is ignited, a massive amount of gas is created almost instantaneously.\u00a0 This increase in volume will move the pistons in an internal combustion engine to provide power.\u00a0 A jet plane works on a similar principle.\u00a0 Air comes into the front of the engine and mixes with the jet fuel.\u00a0 This mixture is ignited and the gases formed create a lot of pressure to push the plane forward.\u00a0 The idea can be seen even more clearly in the case of a rocket launch.\u00a0 The ignition of the fuel (either solid-state or liquid) creates gases produced under great pressure that pushes the rocket up.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-YTY0ZmY2ODEzYThjN2UyZDE5ZTI5NTAxYWUyMTM2NzU.-lxj_4-vxk\">Batteries<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGFlYzFhN2IwZjg1OTlkYjczYzRhNGMxZmUyZDFhMGY.-qvf\">A major source of energy produced by chemical reactions involves batteries.\u00a0 There are many types of batteries that operate using a variety of chemical reactions.\u00a0 The general principle behind these reactions is the release of electrons that can then flow through a circuit, producing an electrical current.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OTUwYzg1MGNlODFiZWRlYWEyOWExMDA1ODk5YWQ1NTU.-pcu\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDEzMS02My0zLUMtSW50Q2gtMDEtMDEtMDUtQmF0dGVyeQ..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210527\/20140811154948591812.jpeg\" alt=\"A car battery\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" longdesc=\"Car%20battery.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.\u00a0Car battery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGUzYWY4M2MzOGQ4OGU4OTFlYjUwMmM4MjdkODIwY2I.-ecj\">Batteries are used in a wide variety of applications:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ODJkODE2NTZjMWIzZTYzYzU1YmJiNmJlZDdkNzVjMDk.-g0a\">\n<li>flashlights<\/li>\n<li>watches<\/li>\n<li>computers<\/li>\n<li>cars<\/li>\n<li>hybrid vehicles \u2013 provide some power to wheels<\/li>\n<li>cell phones<\/li>\n<li>many other uses<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDhjM2NmM2QyNzdjODYxZmE3MDkzYzQ1OTY3MTg5N2E.-6zb\">Batteries in cars, computers, cell phones, and other devices are usually rechargeable.\u00a0 An electric current is passed through the battery to provide electrons that reverse (at least partially) the chemical reactions originally used to create the electric current.\u00a0 However, eventually the system can no longer be recharged and the battery has to be discarded.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-NDMxMTMzYTAwZmRiOWFjZmMxOTIzOTc5OTU5ZmZhOTI.-yg9_4-gwu\">Hand-Warmers<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2EyZjBlNzg3NWQzN2Y1NTg3NDlmMTE4OThlNzIzNTY.-5ri\">Hikers, campers, and other outdoor folks take advantage of chemical reactions to keep their hands warm.\u00a0 Small containers of chemicals can undergo reaction to generate heat that can be used to avoid frostbite.\u00a0 Some products contain iron filings that will react with air to release thermal energy.\u00a0 These types of warmer cannot be reused. Other systems rely on heat being released when certain chemicals crystallize. If the warmer is placed in very hot water after use, the system can be regenerated.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODJlNDUwODNkYTc1MDc5MDE3ZGI2ODZiOGQ5NDM0MTM.-lmy\">\n<li>Some chemical reactions release energy.<\/li>\n<li>This energy can be used in a variety of ways.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-d10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120301104644\/http:\/\/reference.yourdictionary.com\/word-definitions\/define-chemical-energy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Visit YourDictionary to answer the following questions:<\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZDJlM2Y1OTI4NmU3ZjRhODg2MmRlMTJkYzBiMGI0ZWQ.-hft\">\n<li>Define \u201cchemical energy.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>What is an exothermic reaction?<\/li>\n<li>Give an example of an exothermic reaction.<\/li>\n<li>What is an endothermic reaction?<\/li>\n<li>Give an example of an endothermic reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YzFkMjFmZDhjYzc5ODdlOGY5OWM3MzdmZjk4NGRhN2I.-n7o\">\n<li>Who invented dynamite?<\/li>\n<li>How was the nitroglycerin made more stable?<\/li>\n<li>What kind of energy is released when we burn natural gas?<\/li>\n<li>How does burning gasoline power a car?<\/li>\n<li>How do batteries create energy?<\/li>\n<li>Explain how a hand-warmer works.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YTY3NTBiNDA0ZjcwOTMyYmVmMjFkZWUwNWYyYjMzYWM.-wc4\">\n<li><strong> energy: <\/strong> \u00a0The ability to perform work.<\/li>\n<li><strong> chemical reaction: <\/strong> Chemical reactions either require energy or release energy. The amount of energy needed or released depends upon the structure of the molecules that are involved in the reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Courtesy of Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Aaron Burden, U.S. Navy.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_090422-N-7130B-318_A_fireball_erupts_as_dynamite_and_TNT_are_used_to_clear_boulders.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_090422-N-7130B-318_A_fireball_erupts_as_dynamite_and_TNT_are_used_to_clear_boulders.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of NASA. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apollo_15_launch.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apollo_15_launch.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Toshinori Baba. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Honda_EV_02.JPG\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Honda_EV_02.JPG <\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2475\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2475","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2323,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2475","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2475\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3565,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2475\/revisions\/3565"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2323"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2475\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2475"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2475"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2475"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2475"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}