{"id":2476,"date":"2016-08-22T21:21:54","date_gmt":"2016-08-22T21:21:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2476"},"modified":"2017-08-28T21:07:36","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T21:07:36","slug":"other-fields-and-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/other-fields-and-chemistry\/","title":{"raw":"Other Fields and Chemistry","rendered":"Other Fields and Chemistry"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe contributions chemistry has made to medicine.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe ways chemistry has contributed to the success of modern agriculture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List ways chemistry has contributed to the development of materials.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Chemistry in Medicine<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3><strong>How has chemistry made contributions to medicine?\r\n<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Mzg3ZmU1NjkzYjdkMGVkOWY5YzA4ZjhiZTA4MTUwZTQ.-dzi\"><strong> <img class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210529\/20140811154948830971.jpeg\" alt=\"Portrait of Frederick Sanger, the discoverer of insulin\" width=\"200\" height=\"247\" \/>Diabetes mellitus <\/strong> is a disease characterized by the body\u2019s inability to use glucose (a component of table sugar).\u00a0 Glucose is needed to provide biochemical energy for all the cells of the body.\u00a0 When the body cannot make energy using glucose, it begins to break down fat and protein to provide the needed energy, eventually leading to death.<\/p>\r\nDiabetes is the result of the pancreas losing the ability to make insulin, a protein that helps glucose enter the cells and be used for biochemical energy.\u00a0 A key piece of the puzzle surrounding our understanding of diabetes came when Frederick Sanger, a British biochemist, carried out experiments that gave him the structure of the <strong> insulin <\/strong> molecule.\u00a0 Sanger used basic chemistry techniques and reactions and took twelve years to complete his research.\u00a0 Today, automated instruments based on his approach can perform the same analysis in a matter of days.\u00a0 Sanger was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 for his insulin research.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2VjYzE3YjkwMGI4ZjZiMDkwYTFiODIwZDg1ZTFmZDE.-qjf\">Major contributions to health care have been made by chemistry.\u00a0 The development of new drugs involves chemical analysis and synthesis of new compounds.\u00a0 Many recent television programs advertise the large number of new drugs produced by chemists.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-Y2NlZWZkMGZmYzFjZGQzNDI5ZjU3Yzc2YjYxNzA0ZDE.-pox\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"128\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDYyMS00MS02Ni1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA2LURydWc.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210530\/20140811154948958326.jpeg\" alt=\"Picture of drugs used to treat disease\" width=\"128\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Drug%20for%20treatment%20of%20disease.\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0Drug for treatment of disease.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe development of a new drug is long and complicated.\u00a0 The chemistry of the disease must be studied, as well how the drug affects the human body.\u00a0 A drug may work well in animals, but not in humans.\u00a0 Out of a hundred drugs that look like they help treat a disease, only a small handful actually turns out to be both safe and effective.\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDI1ZDQ4MGJlYjFlOTFiMzQwZjcxNzRjMWRiMzA3ZWI.-jbb\">Chemistry contributes to the preparation and use of materials for surgery (sutures, artificial skin, and sterile materials).\u00a0\u00a0 The sutures used in many surgeries today do not have to be removed, because the simply dissolve in the body after a period of time.\u00a0 Replacement blood vessels for heart and other types of surgery are often make of chemicals that do not react with the tissues, so they will not be rejected by the body.\u00a0 Artificial skin can be used to replace human skin for burn patients.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MzU5YTk0YmFkZjZmZjFlZGJiMTdmYzA5YjJkMGZmZWI.-tbk\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDY3My0zNC01OS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA2LVN1cmdlcnk.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210531\/20140811154949096183.jpeg\" alt=\"Doctors performing surgery\" width=\"500\" height=\"385\" longdesc=\"Surgical%20procedure.\" \/> Figure 2.\u00a0Surgical procedure.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTQwYWQyOThhY2M0MzcyOTdjZThiOTYyNzk1MzVlMzk.-src\">Clinical laboratory testing uses a wide variety of chemical techniques and instrumentation for analysis.\u00a0 Clinical laboratory testing allows us to answer commonly asked questions such as \"is your cholesterol to high?\" and \"do you have diabetes?\" Some of the laboratory tests use simple techniques.\u00a0 Other processes involve complex equipment and computer analysis of the data in order to perform measurements on large numbers of patient samples.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NWFkYjVmNjA5ODJlN2Q4ZWQ4NzFiNjM5YmZhMTNhZDE.-cw2\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDcxOS04NS0xNS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA2LUJsb29kLVNhbXBsZQ..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210534\/20140811154949219570.jpeg\" alt=\"Blood samples for laboratory testing\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" longdesc=\"Blood%20samples%20for%20laboratory%20testing.\" \/> Figure 3.\u00a0Blood samples for laboratory testing.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjcxNTk0MjlmZmExNGI5ZjJjZmJmZjFhYjc1ZDRkOTU.-weg\">Laboratory testing has come to the local drug store or grocery store because of developments in chemistry.\u00a0 You can test your blood glucose using a simple portable device that runs a chemical test on the blood sample and tells you how much glucose is present, allowing a diabetic patient to regulate how much insulin to administer (chemistry is also used to produce the insulin and the disposable syringe that administers the drug).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NGQ4MTgwZDUxMTE1Y2M5ZjI2OTlmMGQyMGE3NjIzY2I.-bsu\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDc5OC02LTcwLUMtSW50Q2gtMDEtMDEtMDYtR2x1Y29zZS1NZXRlcg..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210535\/20140811154949307631.jpeg\" alt=\"Blood glucose testing devices\" width=\"500\" height=\"343\" longdesc=\"Blood%20glucose%20testing%20device.\" \/> Figure 4.\u00a0Blood glucose testing device.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MzdmOWE2YzY4ODhmY2Q2Mzc4ODJjMDNlN2NhZWNkN2E.-hnu\">\r\n \t<li>Chemistry finds many applications in the healthcare field.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Development of medicines involves many complicated chemistry processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chemistry is used to create materials used in surgery.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Much laboratory testing is based on chemistry techniques.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nRead <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111222100621\/http:\/\/www.scribd.com:80\/doc\/2187\/Chemistry-and-medicines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemistry and medicines: Chemicals in medicines<\/a>\u00a0to answer the following questions:\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ODJkMGY2ZjU1ZDQwY2VkZTVhZjEyNjIwYjkyNjUxYWU.-civ\">\r\n \t<li>What is an antibiotic?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What does an analgesic do?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How is an antiseptic different from an antibiotic?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZjAzMDRmOTMyMGJlNTg4MzMwNzM1MzNjOTFhODMyNzc.-apb\">\r\n \t<li>What chemical is missing in the diabetic patient?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Who discovered the structure of insulin?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What two things need to be studied to develop a new drug?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List two areas where chemistry has helped surgical patients<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What blood test can be run using material purchased from your local drugstore?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Agriculture<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>How does chemistry aid the success of crops?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWVhODI0YzNiMGNkZDRhYjAxN2Y3NTVjNDFhYzYxZjQ.-fcc\">In the spring, many people begin to plant their gardens.\u00a0 They see ads in catalogs or shop the gardening section of a local store to get ideas.\u00a0 The right place in the garden is selected, seeds or plants are put in the soil, and then the wait.\u00a0 Whether it is a small home garden or a large thousand acre farm, chemistry contributes greatly to the success of the crop.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210537\/20140811154949483173.jpeg\" alt=\"Farmers use chemistry to successfully grow tomatoes\" width=\"400\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzdmYTdhYTkxNDJkZjkyNGJiOTA4ZWE4MjIwNzBmZTA.-2pv\">Crops need three things for good growth: water, <strong> nutrients <\/strong> from the soil, and protection from predators such as insects.\u00a0 Chemistry has made major contributions in all three areas.\u00a0 Water purification uses a number of chemical and physical techniques to remove salts and contaminants that would pollute the soil.\u00a0 Chemical analysis of soil allows the grower to see what nutrients are lacking so they can be added.\u00a0 In the spring, grocery stores, hardware stores, and gardening centers have high stacks of bags containing fertilizers and weed killers that enrich the soil and keep down unwanted plants.\u00a0 These same stores also provide a number of sprays or solid treatments for insects that might otherwise have a snack on the plants.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-Zjc2YWQ1MWEzZGQ5NGQwMmZlOGY2NDc4ODU0NTRhZWQ.-nk9\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDk5MS0xNy00OC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA3LVdoZWF0\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210539\/20140811154949567917.jpeg\" alt=\"A wheat field in Idaho\" width=\"500\" height=\"326\" longdesc=\"Idaho%20wheat%20field.\" \/> Figure 5.\u00a0Idaho wheat field.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-Y2YwYmI3YjM2ZWMxNTc5ZWM5YWYxMzUxNTI4ZjA5ZjE.-vf1_6-ao1\">Water Purification <strong> \u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGI3MGUyM2RkODI1MGY5OTdkY2MxNmU1OTg3NDA5MjY.-h5x\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NTA5OC04NC05NC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA3LURlc2FsaW5pemF0aW9u\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210540\/20140811154949660847.jpeg\" alt=\"Desalinization equipment creates fresh water from saltwater\" width=\"351\" height=\"234\" longdesc=\"Desalinization%20equipment.\" \/> Figure 6.\u00a0Desalinization equipment.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nFresh water is essential for good crops.\u00a0 In some areas of the world, there is enough rain to accomplish this task.\u00a0 In other locales, water must be provided so the crops will grow.\u00a0 Worldwide, irrigation covers about 18% of farm land and produces some 40% of crops. A major source of cleaner water in many parts of the world is provided by the process of <strong> desalinization <\/strong> .\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDdlZjZmYjNjOTZhNDc5YWUwNmRiMGI5Mzk3YmE3YWQ.-h84\">Sea water is treated to remove salts and the resulting water can then be used for irrigation without contaminating the soil with materials that harm the growing plants.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-ZWE0ODAxZWM2ZmJiMjgyNWE0MzA4M2QyYTEzNTdiM2E.-1le_6-f3v\">Soil Nutrients<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZDI5YTQyYWJlNzk3NDQ1OWI5ZDQ2ZGJjZGRlOTZmYjY.-gc8\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"128\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NTExNS0yNC04OS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA3LUZlcnRpbGl6ZXI.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210542\/20140811154949743193.jpeg\" alt=\"Man spreading chemicals on soil\" width=\"128\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Man%20spreading%20chemicals%20on%20soil.\" \/> Figure 7.\u00a0Man spreading chemicals on soil.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn many areas of the world, the soil is deficient in essential nutrients.\u00a0 A number of minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium may not be present in large enough amounts to cause good plant growth.\u00a0 Nitrogen is extremely important for good crops.\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2M3NGEzZmQ4NTdkMmUxMTA4YzY3MmU5N2MyZTdjMDc.-420\">Soil analysis is available from a variety of labs.\u00a0 Local university extension services can provide valuable information as to the composition of a soil and will also make suggestions as to the types and amounts of needed nutrients.\u00a0 Fertilizers can be purchased and added to the soil to enrich it and ensure better yield of crops.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-ZmViYzJhMjYzMzRhZjk5NGNlMDU2ZDA2ZWI0YzZmNGU.-kli_6-xnu\">Insect Control<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjIwMDIxMWQ4ODdhZjczODYxNmExNjVlZjQ4MDNjY2U.-kwc\">Even if the crop grows well, there is still the possibility of insect or pest damage.\u00a0 The insect or pest can consume the crop or can damage it to the point where it will not grow well.\u00a0 Infestations of armyworms can do major damage to corn and grain crops. Aphids and boll weevils are major predators of cotton crops.\u00a0 Failure to control these pests will result in widespread crop damage and financial loss to the farmer.<\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/b1SlOWeMkNQ\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjVhNTU4NzRlNDM0NmE5OTdjZjY1Y2ZiOGI1NDU5NTg.-xpq\">A wide variety of <strong> pesticides <\/strong> have been developed by chemists and other scientists to deal with all these pests.\u00a0 The basic approach is to have the pesticide interfere with some biochemical process in the pest.\u00a0 Ideally, the pesticide will not affect other living organisms, but this is not always the case.\u00a0 It is very important to read the labels and observe all precautions when using pesticides.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MWU3ZDNmN2RkODY4MmM5ZmJiMjczZGFmYTkxMWZkOWM.-mxy\">\r\n \t<li>Plant nutrients are very important for good plant growth.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chemical analysis of soil can tell he farmer or gardener what nutrients are needed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chemists have developed many pesticides that will kill plant predators such as the army worm and the boll weevil.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTNhM2YwNDNmNjUwYTljY2VlMTczZDY5YWQ0YjA2OTI.-uj4\">Use this resource to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmY1YzZhYmJiOTM4MjlhMjU2ODJlMzJkZDE5ZWM1Y2E.-rbv\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncagr.gov\/cyber\/kidswrld\/plant\/nutrient.htm\"> http:\/\/www.ncagr.gov\/cyber\/kidswrld\/plant\/nutrient.htm <\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YzAxN2NiNmIzZDY5YTVhZjY0ZDk4NmQ2ZDAzYmU2OGU.-tq6\">\r\n \t<li>What is a macronutrient?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is a micronutrient?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List two examples of each kind of nutrient<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What does each one of these nutrients do for the plant?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-OTI2MGU4ZGE5YTYwNTI4MzQ2YTg1Yzc4OGIxMzJkMjM.-dn8\">\r\n \t<li>List three things crops need for good growth.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How much of the water used in farming is provided by irrigation?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What fraction of crops are grown using irrigation?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why do nutrients need to be added to the soil?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How do pesticides work?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-TWF0ZXJpYWxz\">Materials<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>How does chemistry affect the clothing that we wear?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDYyMTUzNTFiZTEwOTE4NTUzZmJjMmM5N2NkMDQ3YmE.-izo\"><img class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210546\/20140811154949946245.jpeg\" alt=\"Kevlar vest, created using chemistry\" width=\"313\" height=\"226\" \/>Chemistry research is often full of surprises.\u00a0 One such surprise came to Stephanie Kwolek of the DuPont chemical company.\u00a0 She was working on a type of material known as polymers.\u00a0 These chemicals had been around for a while and were being used for new types of textiles.\u00a0 Kwolek was looking for a strong and rigid petroleum product.\u00a0 She came up with a material that did not look like your average polymer.\u00a0 But she played a hunch and had it made into threads.\u00a0 This new material had stiffness about nine times that of any of the known polymers of the time.\u00a0 Further research and development led to the production of Kevlar, a material now widely used in body armor (see figure above).\u00a0 In addition, Kevlar has found wide application in racing sails, car tires, brakes, and fire-resistant clothing worn by firefighters.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Electronics <strong> \u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-Y2Q1ZTkzMzdlNWZlMGIzNjc1NTAwZGU2MjFlZDE4YWM.-izc\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"109\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NTQ1NS05Mi01OC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA4LUNhbGN1bGF0b3I.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210548\/20140811154950039127.jpeg\" alt=\"Calculator with a liquid crystal display\" width=\"109\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Calculator%20with%20liquid%20crystal%20display.\" \/> Figure 9. Calculator with liquid crystal display.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nChemists are involved in the design and production of new materials.\u00a0 Some of the materials that chemists have helped discover or develop in recent years include polymers, ceramics, adhesives, coatings, and liquid crystals.\u00a0 Liquid crystals are used in electronic displays, as in watches and calculators.\u00a0 The silicon-based computer chip has revolutionized modern society and chemists have played a key role in their design and continued improvement.\u00a0 The calculator shown below uses both a liquid crystal display and chips inside the device.\r\n<h3>Superconductors<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODY1MjU4ZWExMTZlMjFkZDk4OGMwYjBkOWM1ZmQwNjI.-nxr\">Many chemists are currently working in the field of superconductivity.\u00a0 Superconductors are materials that are able to conduct electricity with 100% efficiency, meaning that no energy is lost during the electrical transmission, as happens with conventional conducting materials like copper cable.\u00a0 The challenge is to design materials that can act as superconductors at normal temperatures, as opposed to only being able to superconduct at very low temperatures.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Clothing<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"144\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NTgwNC0wMy0xNy1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA4LVNwYXR1bGE.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210549\/20140811154950122424.jpeg\" alt=\"A nylon spatula\" width=\"144\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Nylon%20spatula.\" \/> Figure 10. Nylon spatula.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzM3ZTFlMGMzMTY3NzIzODg3MmQ5NzZjYTg2ZjFlMDg.-vyz\">The fibers that compose the materials for our clothes are either natural or human-made. Silk and cotton would be examples of natural fibers. Silk is produced by the silkworm and cotton is grown as a plant. Human-made fabrics include nylon, orlon, and a number of other polymers. These materials are made from hydrocarbons found in petroleum products. Synthetic polymers are also used in shoes, raingear, and camping items. The synthetic fabrics tend to be lighter than the natural ones and can be treated to make them more water-resistant and durable.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGJlNDRhM2IxMTE2NWIxZjA5ZmUzZThlMWRlNmViYTE.-s6m\">Materials originally developed as textiles are finding a wide variety of other uses.\u00a0 Nylon is found in a number of plastic utensils.\u00a0 Taking advantages of its strength and light weight, nylon is a component of ropes, fishing nets, tents, and parachutes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MmFmZDczNWE0NGFiNGVlYzg2MzhjYzg4M2M1OTg4MjQ.-14x\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YWUyYzFhOWI1ODdmNzdkMzJiNzQ2ZDIyNTA0ZDY2N2M.-nwd\">\r\n \t<li>Chemists produce materials for electronics, superconducting, textile, and other applications.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-f8n\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070429141446\/http:\/\/library.thinkquest.org\/C004179\/nylon.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Textiles: Nylon<\/a> to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZjAwODk0NTc5Mjc3OGNiZmQ2YzhjNzc3NmY5ODNhZTU.-h9o\">\r\n \t<li>Who developed nylon?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What company did he work for?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List three properties of nylon.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZjRmNTNlN2U3N2Q2YWQxNTY5MTdjMWUzMTRjODU3MzI.-cv2\">\r\n \t<li>Who developed Kevlar?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Where are liquid crystals used?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is a superconductor?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are synthetic polymers made from?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>desalinization: <\/strong> A major source of cleaner water in many parts of the world is provided by this process.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>diabetes mellitus: <\/strong> A disease characterized by the body\u2019s inability to use glucose (a component of table sugar).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> insulin: <\/strong> A protein that helps glucose enter the cells and be used for biochemical energy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Kevlar: <\/strong> A material now widely used in body armor. Also, has found wide application in racing sails, car tires, brakes, and fire-resistant clothing worn by firefighters.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> liquid crystal: <\/strong> Used in electronic displays, as in watches and calculators.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> nutrient: <\/strong> Vitamins and Minerals that enable an organism to grow.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nylon:\u00a0 <\/strong> Human-made fabric. Material is made from hydrocarbons found in petroleum products. It is found in a number of plastic utensils. Taking advantages of its strength and light weight, nylon is a component of ropes, fishing nets, tents, and parachutes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> pesticide: <\/strong> Chemicals that will kill plant predators. Developed to preserve plant growth, without the interference of plant predators.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">superconductor: <\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"> Materials that are able to conduct electricity with 100% efficiency, meaning that no energy is lost during the electrical transmission, as happens with conventional conducting materials like copper cable.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Aaron Burden, U.S. Navy. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_090422-N-7130B-318_A_fireball_erupts_as_dynamite_and_TNT_are_used_to_clear_boulders.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_090422-N-7130B-318_A_fireball_erupts_as_dynamite_and_TNT_are_used_to_clear_boulders.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of NASA. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apollo_15_launch.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apollo_15_launch.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Toshinori Baba. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Honda_EV_02.JPG\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Honda_EV_02.JPG <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of the National Institutes of Health.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a3. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Homeopathic_medicine.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Homeopathic_medicine.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Matthew Jackson, U.S. Navy.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orif_surgery.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orif_surgery.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of Photographer\u2019s Mate 3rd Class Jeremy L. Grisham, U.S. Navy.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_060105-N-8154G-010_A_hospital_corpsman_with_the_Blood_Donor_Team_from_Portsmouth_Naval_Hospital_takes_samples_of_blood_from_a_donor_for_testing.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_060105-N-8154G-010_A_hospital_corpsman_with_the_Blood_Donor_Team_from_Portsmouth_Naval_Hospital_takes_samples_of_blood_from_a_donor_for_testing.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Christopher Tidy (Wikipedia: Christidy).<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glucose_meters.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glucose_meters.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Herr Stahlhoefer. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tomate_252.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tomate_252.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wheat_harvest.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wheat_harvest.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of Lance Cpl. Willard J. Lathrop, U.S. Marine Corps.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_060220-M-2061L-060_Hygiene_Equipment_Specialist,_Cpl._Xzavia_Granger_assigned_to_the_31st_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%28MEU%29_Service_Support_Group_31,_prepares_a_chlorine_solution.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_060220-M-2061L-060_Hygiene_Equipment_Specialist,_Cpl._Xzavia_Granger_assigned_to_the_31st_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%28MEU%29_Service_Support_Group_31,_prepares_a_chlorine_solution.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of CDC\/Dawn Arlotta.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Man_applying_fertilizer.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Man_applying_fertilizer.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>John Curtis. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Curtis_potato_pests.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Curtis_potato_pests.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of Sgt. Ethan E. Rocke, U.S. Marine Corps.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ModularTacticalVest.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ModularTacticalVest.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nom (User:Cjp24\/Wikimedia Commons).<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sanyo_CZ_8127.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sanyo_CZ_8127.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User:Vanischenu\/Wikimedia Commons.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nylon_spatula.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nylon_spatula.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe contributions chemistry has made to medicine.<\/li>\n<li>Describe ways chemistry has contributed to the success of modern agriculture.<\/li>\n<li>List ways chemistry has contributed to the development of materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Chemistry in Medicine<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3><strong>How has chemistry made contributions to medicine?<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Mzg3ZmU1NjkzYjdkMGVkOWY5YzA4ZjhiZTA4MTUwZTQ.-dzi\"><strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210529\/20140811154948830971.jpeg\" alt=\"Portrait of Frederick Sanger, the discoverer of insulin\" width=\"200\" height=\"247\" \/>Diabetes mellitus <\/strong> is a disease characterized by the body\u2019s inability to use glucose (a component of table sugar).\u00a0 Glucose is needed to provide biochemical energy for all the cells of the body.\u00a0 When the body cannot make energy using glucose, it begins to break down fat and protein to provide the needed energy, eventually leading to death.<\/p>\n<p>Diabetes is the result of the pancreas losing the ability to make insulin, a protein that helps glucose enter the cells and be used for biochemical energy.\u00a0 A key piece of the puzzle surrounding our understanding of diabetes came when Frederick Sanger, a British biochemist, carried out experiments that gave him the structure of the <strong> insulin <\/strong> molecule.\u00a0 Sanger used basic chemistry techniques and reactions and took twelve years to complete his research.\u00a0 Today, automated instruments based on his approach can perform the same analysis in a matter of days.\u00a0 Sanger was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 for his insulin research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2VjYzE3YjkwMGI4ZjZiMDkwYTFiODIwZDg1ZTFmZDE.-qjf\">Major contributions to health care have been made by chemistry.\u00a0 The development of new drugs involves chemical analysis and synthesis of new compounds.\u00a0 Many recent television programs advertise the large number of new drugs produced by chemists.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-Y2NlZWZkMGZmYzFjZGQzNDI5ZjU3Yzc2YjYxNzA0ZDE.-pox\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 138px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDYyMS00MS02Ni1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA2LURydWc.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210530\/20140811154948958326.jpeg\" alt=\"Picture of drugs used to treat disease\" width=\"128\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Drug%20for%20treatment%20of%20disease.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0Drug for treatment of disease.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The development of a new drug is long and complicated.\u00a0 The chemistry of the disease must be studied, as well how the drug affects the human body.\u00a0 A drug may work well in animals, but not in humans.\u00a0 Out of a hundred drugs that look like they help treat a disease, only a small handful actually turns out to be both safe and effective.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDI1ZDQ4MGJlYjFlOTFiMzQwZjcxNzRjMWRiMzA3ZWI.-jbb\">Chemistry contributes to the preparation and use of materials for surgery (sutures, artificial skin, and sterile materials).\u00a0\u00a0 The sutures used in many surgeries today do not have to be removed, because the simply dissolve in the body after a period of time.\u00a0 Replacement blood vessels for heart and other types of surgery are often make of chemicals that do not react with the tissues, so they will not be rejected by the body.\u00a0 Artificial skin can be used to replace human skin for burn patients.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MzU5YTk0YmFkZjZmZjFlZGJiMTdmYzA5YjJkMGZmZWI.-tbk\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDY3My0zNC01OS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA2LVN1cmdlcnk.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210531\/20140811154949096183.jpeg\" alt=\"Doctors performing surgery\" width=\"500\" height=\"385\" longdesc=\"Surgical%20procedure.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.\u00a0Surgical procedure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTQwYWQyOThhY2M0MzcyOTdjZThiOTYyNzk1MzVlMzk.-src\">Clinical laboratory testing uses a wide variety of chemical techniques and instrumentation for analysis.\u00a0 Clinical laboratory testing allows us to answer commonly asked questions such as &#8220;is your cholesterol to high?&#8221; and &#8220;do you have diabetes?&#8221; Some of the laboratory tests use simple techniques.\u00a0 Other processes involve complex equipment and computer analysis of the data in order to perform measurements on large numbers of patient samples.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NWFkYjVmNjA5ODJlN2Q4ZWQ4NzFiNjM5YmZhMTNhZDE.-cw2\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDcxOS04NS0xNS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA2LUJsb29kLVNhbXBsZQ..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210534\/20140811154949219570.jpeg\" alt=\"Blood samples for laboratory testing\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" longdesc=\"Blood%20samples%20for%20laboratory%20testing.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.\u00a0Blood samples for laboratory testing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjcxNTk0MjlmZmExNGI5ZjJjZmJmZjFhYjc1ZDRkOTU.-weg\">Laboratory testing has come to the local drug store or grocery store because of developments in chemistry.\u00a0 You can test your blood glucose using a simple portable device that runs a chemical test on the blood sample and tells you how much glucose is present, allowing a diabetic patient to regulate how much insulin to administer (chemistry is also used to produce the insulin and the disposable syringe that administers the drug).<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NGQ4MTgwZDUxMTE1Y2M5ZjI2OTlmMGQyMGE3NjIzY2I.-bsu\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDc5OC02LTcwLUMtSW50Q2gtMDEtMDEtMDYtR2x1Y29zZS1NZXRlcg..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210535\/20140811154949307631.jpeg\" alt=\"Blood glucose testing devices\" width=\"500\" height=\"343\" longdesc=\"Blood%20glucose%20testing%20device.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4.\u00a0Blood glucose testing device.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MzdmOWE2YzY4ODhmY2Q2Mzc4ODJjMDNlN2NhZWNkN2E.-hnu\">\n<li>Chemistry finds many applications in the healthcare field.<\/li>\n<li>Development of medicines involves many complicated chemistry processes.<\/li>\n<li>Chemistry is used to create materials used in surgery.<\/li>\n<li>Much laboratory testing is based on chemistry techniques.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111222100621\/http:\/\/www.scribd.com:80\/doc\/2187\/Chemistry-and-medicines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemistry and medicines: Chemicals in medicines<\/a>\u00a0to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ODJkMGY2ZjU1ZDQwY2VkZTVhZjEyNjIwYjkyNjUxYWU.-civ\">\n<li>What is an antibiotic?<\/li>\n<li>What does an analgesic do?<\/li>\n<li>How is an antiseptic different from an antibiotic?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZjAzMDRmOTMyMGJlNTg4MzMwNzM1MzNjOTFhODMyNzc.-apb\">\n<li>What chemical is missing in the diabetic patient?<\/li>\n<li>Who discovered the structure of insulin?<\/li>\n<li>What two things need to be studied to develop a new drug?<\/li>\n<li>List two areas where chemistry has helped surgical patients<\/li>\n<li>What blood test can be run using material purchased from your local drugstore?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Agriculture<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>How does chemistry aid the success of crops?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWVhODI0YzNiMGNkZDRhYjAxN2Y3NTVjNDFhYzYxZjQ.-fcc\">In the spring, many people begin to plant their gardens.\u00a0 They see ads in catalogs or shop the gardening section of a local store to get ideas.\u00a0 The right place in the garden is selected, seeds or plants are put in the soil, and then the wait.\u00a0 Whether it is a small home garden or a large thousand acre farm, chemistry contributes greatly to the success of the crop.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210537\/20140811154949483173.jpeg\" alt=\"Farmers use chemistry to successfully grow tomatoes\" width=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzdmYTdhYTkxNDJkZjkyNGJiOTA4ZWE4MjIwNzBmZTA.-2pv\">Crops need three things for good growth: water, <strong> nutrients <\/strong> from the soil, and protection from predators such as insects.\u00a0 Chemistry has made major contributions in all three areas.\u00a0 Water purification uses a number of chemical and physical techniques to remove salts and contaminants that would pollute the soil.\u00a0 Chemical analysis of soil allows the grower to see what nutrients are lacking so they can be added.\u00a0 In the spring, grocery stores, hardware stores, and gardening centers have high stacks of bags containing fertilizers and weed killers that enrich the soil and keep down unwanted plants.\u00a0 These same stores also provide a number of sprays or solid treatments for insects that might otherwise have a snack on the plants.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-Zjc2YWQ1MWEzZGQ5NGQwMmZlOGY2NDc4ODU0NTRhZWQ.-nk9\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NDk5MS0xNy00OC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA3LVdoZWF0\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210539\/20140811154949567917.jpeg\" alt=\"A wheat field in Idaho\" width=\"500\" height=\"326\" longdesc=\"Idaho%20wheat%20field.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5.\u00a0Idaho wheat field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-Y2YwYmI3YjM2ZWMxNTc5ZWM5YWYxMzUxNTI4ZjA5ZjE.-vf1_6-ao1\">Water Purification <strong> \u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGI3MGUyM2RkODI1MGY5OTdkY2MxNmU1OTg3NDA5MjY.-h5x\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 361px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NTA5OC04NC05NC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA3LURlc2FsaW5pemF0aW9u\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210540\/20140811154949660847.jpeg\" alt=\"Desalinization equipment creates fresh water from saltwater\" width=\"351\" height=\"234\" longdesc=\"Desalinization%20equipment.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6.\u00a0Desalinization equipment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Fresh water is essential for good crops.\u00a0 In some areas of the world, there is enough rain to accomplish this task.\u00a0 In other locales, water must be provided so the crops will grow.\u00a0 Worldwide, irrigation covers about 18% of farm land and produces some 40% of crops. A major source of cleaner water in many parts of the world is provided by the process of <strong> desalinization <\/strong> .<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDdlZjZmYjNjOTZhNDc5YWUwNmRiMGI5Mzk3YmE3YWQ.-h84\">Sea water is treated to remove salts and the resulting water can then be used for irrigation without contaminating the soil with materials that harm the growing plants.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-ZWE0ODAxZWM2ZmJiMjgyNWE0MzA4M2QyYTEzNTdiM2E.-1le_6-f3v\">Soil Nutrients<\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZDI5YTQyYWJlNzk3NDQ1OWI5ZDQ2ZGJjZGRlOTZmYjY.-gc8\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 138px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NTExNS0yNC04OS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA3LUZlcnRpbGl6ZXI.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210542\/20140811154949743193.jpeg\" alt=\"Man spreading chemicals on soil\" width=\"128\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Man%20spreading%20chemicals%20on%20soil.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7.\u00a0Man spreading chemicals on soil.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In many areas of the world, the soil is deficient in essential nutrients.\u00a0 A number of minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium may not be present in large enough amounts to cause good plant growth.\u00a0 Nitrogen is extremely important for good crops.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2M3NGEzZmQ4NTdkMmUxMTA4YzY3MmU5N2MyZTdjMDc.-420\">Soil analysis is available from a variety of labs.\u00a0 Local university extension services can provide valuable information as to the composition of a soil and will also make suggestions as to the types and amounts of needed nutrients.\u00a0 Fertilizers can be purchased and added to the soil to enrich it and ensure better yield of crops.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-ZmViYzJhMjYzMzRhZjk5NGNlMDU2ZDA2ZWI0YzZmNGU.-kli_6-xnu\">Insect Control<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjIwMDIxMWQ4ODdhZjczODYxNmExNjVlZjQ4MDNjY2U.-kwc\">Even if the crop grows well, there is still the possibility of insect or pest damage.\u00a0 The insect or pest can consume the crop or can damage it to the point where it will not grow well.\u00a0 Infestations of armyworms can do major damage to corn and grain crops. Aphids and boll weevils are major predators of cotton crops.\u00a0 Failure to control these pests will result in widespread crop damage and financial loss to the farmer.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/b1SlOWeMkNQ<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjVhNTU4NzRlNDM0NmE5OTdjZjY1Y2ZiOGI1NDU5NTg.-xpq\">A wide variety of <strong> pesticides <\/strong> have been developed by chemists and other scientists to deal with all these pests.\u00a0 The basic approach is to have the pesticide interfere with some biochemical process in the pest.\u00a0 Ideally, the pesticide will not affect other living organisms, but this is not always the case.\u00a0 It is very important to read the labels and observe all precautions when using pesticides.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MWU3ZDNmN2RkODY4MmM5ZmJiMjczZGFmYTkxMWZkOWM.-mxy\">\n<li>Plant nutrients are very important for good plant growth.<\/li>\n<li>Chemical analysis of soil can tell he farmer or gardener what nutrients are needed.<\/li>\n<li>Chemists have developed many pesticides that will kill plant predators such as the army worm and the boll weevil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTNhM2YwNDNmNjUwYTljY2VlMTczZDY5YWQ0YjA2OTI.-uj4\">Use this resource to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmY1YzZhYmJiOTM4MjlhMjU2ODJlMzJkZDE5ZWM1Y2E.-rbv\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncagr.gov\/cyber\/kidswrld\/plant\/nutrient.htm\"> http:\/\/www.ncagr.gov\/cyber\/kidswrld\/plant\/nutrient.htm <\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YzAxN2NiNmIzZDY5YTVhZjY0ZDk4NmQ2ZDAzYmU2OGU.-tq6\">\n<li>What is a macronutrient?<\/li>\n<li>What is a micronutrient?<\/li>\n<li>List two examples of each kind of nutrient<\/li>\n<li>What does each one of these nutrients do for the plant?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-OTI2MGU4ZGE5YTYwNTI4MzQ2YTg1Yzc4OGIxMzJkMjM.-dn8\">\n<li>List three things crops need for good growth.<\/li>\n<li>How much of the water used in farming is provided by irrigation?<\/li>\n<li>What fraction of crops are grown using irrigation?<\/li>\n<li>Why do nutrients need to be added to the soil?<\/li>\n<li>How do pesticides work?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-TWF0ZXJpYWxz\">Materials<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>How does chemistry affect the clothing that we wear?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDYyMTUzNTFiZTEwOTE4NTUzZmJjMmM5N2NkMDQ3YmE.-izo\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210546\/20140811154949946245.jpeg\" alt=\"Kevlar vest, created using chemistry\" width=\"313\" height=\"226\" \/>Chemistry research is often full of surprises.\u00a0 One such surprise came to Stephanie Kwolek of the DuPont chemical company.\u00a0 She was working on a type of material known as polymers.\u00a0 These chemicals had been around for a while and were being used for new types of textiles.\u00a0 Kwolek was looking for a strong and rigid petroleum product.\u00a0 She came up with a material that did not look like your average polymer.\u00a0 But she played a hunch and had it made into threads.\u00a0 This new material had stiffness about nine times that of any of the known polymers of the time.\u00a0 Further research and development led to the production of Kevlar, a material now widely used in body armor (see figure above).\u00a0 In addition, Kevlar has found wide application in racing sails, car tires, brakes, and fire-resistant clothing worn by firefighters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Electronics <strong> \u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-Y2Q1ZTkzMzdlNWZlMGIzNjc1NTAwZGU2MjFlZDE4YWM.-izc\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 119px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NTQ1NS05Mi01OC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA4LUNhbGN1bGF0b3I.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210548\/20140811154950039127.jpeg\" alt=\"Calculator with a liquid crystal display\" width=\"109\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Calculator%20with%20liquid%20crystal%20display.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9. Calculator with liquid crystal display.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Chemists are involved in the design and production of new materials.\u00a0 Some of the materials that chemists have helped discover or develop in recent years include polymers, ceramics, adhesives, coatings, and liquid crystals.\u00a0 Liquid crystals are used in electronic displays, as in watches and calculators.\u00a0 The silicon-based computer chip has revolutionized modern society and chemists have played a key role in their design and continued improvement.\u00a0 The calculator shown below uses both a liquid crystal display and chips inside the device.<\/p>\n<h3>Superconductors<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODY1MjU4ZWExMTZlMjFkZDk4OGMwYjBkOWM1ZmQwNjI.-nxr\">Many chemists are currently working in the field of superconductivity.\u00a0 Superconductors are materials that are able to conduct electricity with 100% efficiency, meaning that no energy is lost during the electrical transmission, as happens with conventional conducting materials like copper cable.\u00a0 The challenge is to design materials that can act as superconductors at normal temperatures, as opposed to only being able to superconduct at very low temperatures.<\/p>\n<h3>Clothing<\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 154px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NTgwNC0wMy0xNy1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA4LVNwYXR1bGE.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210549\/20140811154950122424.jpeg\" alt=\"A nylon spatula\" width=\"144\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Nylon%20spatula.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10. Nylon spatula.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzM3ZTFlMGMzMTY3NzIzODg3MmQ5NzZjYTg2ZjFlMDg.-vyz\">The fibers that compose the materials for our clothes are either natural or human-made. Silk and cotton would be examples of natural fibers. Silk is produced by the silkworm and cotton is grown as a plant. Human-made fabrics include nylon, orlon, and a number of other polymers. These materials are made from hydrocarbons found in petroleum products. Synthetic polymers are also used in shoes, raingear, and camping items. The synthetic fabrics tend to be lighter than the natural ones and can be treated to make them more water-resistant and durable.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGJlNDRhM2IxMTE2NWIxZjA5ZmUzZThlMWRlNmViYTE.-s6m\">Materials originally developed as textiles are finding a wide variety of other uses.\u00a0 Nylon is found in a number of plastic utensils.\u00a0 Taking advantages of its strength and light weight, nylon is a component of ropes, fishing nets, tents, and parachutes.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MmFmZDczNWE0NGFiNGVlYzg2MzhjYzg4M2M1OTg4MjQ.-14x\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YWUyYzFhOWI1ODdmNzdkMzJiNzQ2ZDIyNTA0ZDY2N2M.-nwd\">\n<li>Chemists produce materials for electronics, superconducting, textile, and other applications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-f8n\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070429141446\/http:\/\/library.thinkquest.org\/C004179\/nylon.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Textiles: Nylon<\/a> to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZjAwODk0NTc5Mjc3OGNiZmQ2YzhjNzc3NmY5ODNhZTU.-h9o\">\n<li>Who developed nylon?<\/li>\n<li>What company did he work for?<\/li>\n<li>List three properties of nylon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZjRmNTNlN2U3N2Q2YWQxNTY5MTdjMWUzMTRjODU3MzI.-cv2\">\n<li>Who developed Kevlar?<\/li>\n<li>Where are liquid crystals used?<\/li>\n<li>What is a superconductor?<\/li>\n<li>What are synthetic polymers made from?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>desalinization: <\/strong> A major source of cleaner water in many parts of the world is provided by this process.<\/li>\n<li><strong>diabetes mellitus: <\/strong> A disease characterized by the body\u2019s inability to use glucose (a component of table sugar).<\/li>\n<li><strong> insulin: <\/strong> A protein that helps glucose enter the cells and be used for biochemical energy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kevlar: <\/strong> A material now widely used in body armor. Also, has found wide application in racing sails, car tires, brakes, and fire-resistant clothing worn by firefighters.<\/li>\n<li><strong> liquid crystal: <\/strong> Used in electronic displays, as in watches and calculators.<\/li>\n<li><strong> nutrient: <\/strong> Vitamins and Minerals that enable an organism to grow.<\/li>\n<li><strong>nylon:\u00a0 <\/strong> Human-made fabric. Material is made from hydrocarbons found in petroleum products. It is found in a number of plastic utensils. Taking advantages of its strength and light weight, nylon is a component of ropes, fishing nets, tents, and parachutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong> pesticide: <\/strong> Chemicals that will kill plant predators. Developed to preserve plant growth, without the interference of plant predators.<\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">superconductor: <\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"> Materials that are able to conduct electricity with 100% efficiency, meaning that no energy is lost during the electrical transmission, as happens with conventional conducting materials like copper cable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Courtesy of Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Aaron Burden, U.S. Navy. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_090422-N-7130B-318_A_fireball_erupts_as_dynamite_and_TNT_are_used_to_clear_boulders.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_090422-N-7130B-318_A_fireball_erupts_as_dynamite_and_TNT_are_used_to_clear_boulders.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of NASA. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apollo_15_launch.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Apollo_15_launch.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Toshinori Baba. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Honda_EV_02.JPG\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Honda_EV_02.JPG <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of the National Institutes of Health.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>a3. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Homeopathic_medicine.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Homeopathic_medicine.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Matthew Jackson, U.S. Navy.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orif_surgery.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Orif_surgery.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of Photographer\u2019s Mate 3rd Class Jeremy L. Grisham, U.S. Navy.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_060105-N-8154G-010_A_hospital_corpsman_with_the_Blood_Donor_Team_from_Portsmouth_Naval_Hospital_takes_samples_of_blood_from_a_donor_for_testing.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_060105-N-8154G-010_A_hospital_corpsman_with_the_Blood_Donor_Team_from_Portsmouth_Naval_Hospital_takes_samples_of_blood_from_a_donor_for_testing.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Christopher Tidy (Wikipedia: Christidy).<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glucose_meters.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glucose_meters.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Herr Stahlhoefer. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tomate_252.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tomate_252.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wheat_harvest.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wheat_harvest.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of Lance Cpl. Willard J. Lathrop, U.S. Marine Corps.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_060220-M-2061L-060_Hygiene_Equipment_Specialist,_Cpl._Xzavia_Granger_assigned_to_the_31st_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%28MEU%29_Service_Support_Group_31,_prepares_a_chlorine_solution.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Navy_060220-M-2061L-060_Hygiene_Equipment_Specialist,_Cpl._Xzavia_Granger_assigned_to_the_31st_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%28MEU%29_Service_Support_Group_31,_prepares_a_chlorine_solution.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of CDC\/Dawn Arlotta.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Man_applying_fertilizer.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Man_applying_fertilizer.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>John Curtis. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Curtis_potato_pests.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Curtis_potato_pests.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Courtesy of Sgt. Ethan E. Rocke, U.S. Marine Corps.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ModularTacticalVest.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ModularTacticalVest.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Nom (User:Cjp24\/Wikimedia Commons).<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sanyo_CZ_8127.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sanyo_CZ_8127.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>User:Vanischenu\/Wikimedia Commons.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nylon_spatula.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nylon_spatula.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2476\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2476","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2323,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3574,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2476\/revisions\/3574"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2323"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2476\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2476"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2476"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}