{"id":2477,"date":"2016-08-22T21:21:57","date_gmt":"2016-08-22T21:21:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2477"},"modified":"2017-08-30T15:29:45","modified_gmt":"2017-08-30T15:29:45","slug":"chemistry-and-the-environment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/chemistry-and-the-environment\/","title":{"raw":"Chemistry and the Environment","rendered":"Chemistry and the Environment"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-M2VkMTNlZGRlOWE0OTMxZTViNGMzY2U2ODUzM2ZjMzM.-0ag\">\r\n \t<li>List contributions made by chemistry to solving environmental contamination problems.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>What are the effects of waste within our environment?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODcxNjRkOThlMTE4ZWFkZDAwODQ5ODAzODM3NjUzNmI.-2em\">Where to dump the garbage?\u00a0 Where to put the waste materials we don\u2019t want, after we have made what we do want?\u00a0 For many years we just dumped the waste in the nearest lake, river, empty spot of ground, and didn\u2019t worry about it.\u00a0 However, as we learn more about the effects of chemicals on living systems, we have become more concerned about the effects of all this dumping.\u00a0 In many cases, we just didn\u2019t know what the long-term effects would be.\u00a0 Today, dumping is generally illegal and offenders pay heavy penalties of fines and jail sentences.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210549\/20140811154950250305.jpeg\" alt=\"Polluted water from chemical waste\" width=\"400\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWVmMjc2N2FlMWQ4YjYxMDQxMzc5ZmE0NzY4ODVlZmQ.-y1r\">Many chemicals that were once commonly used were later found out to be harmful to the <strong> environment <\/strong> , to human health, or both.\u00a0 The element <strong> lead <\/strong> was once a common additive to gasoline and to paint.\u00a0 Plumbing pipes were once typically made of lead.\u00a0 Only since the 1970s has the danger of lead become apparent.\u00a0 It causes brain damage and small children (who often chewed on objects painted with lead-based paint) are particularly susceptible.\u00a0 The use of lead in gasoline, paint, and plumbing pipes is now banned and new materials are being developed to replace the hazardous lead components.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MTdiYTAxZmMyOTllMmU5NmVhNTQ4ZmU0MzI1MjljZjU.-ka1\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NjU5OC02MS0yMS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA5LUJhdHRlcmllcw..\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210551\/20140811154950391766.jpeg\" alt=\"Batteries for recycling\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" longdesc=\"Batteries%20for%20recycling.\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0Batteries for recycling.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nLead is still widely used in car batteries.\u00a0 In recent years, battery <strong> recycling <\/strong> is becoming very common - about 98% of car batteries a recycled today.\u00a0 The used batteries go to a processing plant where they are crushed and placed in a tank.\u00a0 The lead sinks to the bottom and can be separated, melted and used again.\u00a0 Plastic materials float to the top, are separated, and melted.\u00a0 The plastic can then be used in a number of applications.\u00a0 The battery acids are treated with chemicals to neutralize them before they are disposed of.\r\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-NzM1N2RkZWM1ZTdlYTE2NjljOThjOTEzZTY2N2FmNGM.-15f_8-nvu\">How Chemists Help the Environment<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTdmMzA3Y2M4ZGQyZWNmNDcyYTRjZWZkZmY5NjIzYmU.-wv4\">Chemists are involved in all aspects of environmental protection.\u00a0 In the case of lead, chemists measured the amount of lead in soil, paint, plumbing, blood, and other materials.\u00a0 Chemists studied the chemical processes in the body to see how lead did its damage.\u00a0 Methods for removal of lead from the body were developed with the help of chemists.\u00a0 New gasoline products were developed that gave good fuel efficiency and smooth running of the engine without the presence of lead.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTAyMDgxZjA5MjA5YTgwOTgxZjBmNGVhNTFmYjFjNjg.-c6u\">Chemists continue to look for threats to our health and the environment and to search for alternatives so that harmful chemicals can be replaced with others that will do the job as effectively, but without the harm.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODQyZmNjMTI0MzVhNWVjMzRhOGE3YWY2NzFhYmRkMjA.-ynq\">\r\n \t<li>Environmental <strong> contamination <\/strong> is a major problem today.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lead contamination has serious harmful effects on the body.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chemists contribute in many ways to helping with issues of lead contamination.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-fku\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pollutionissues.com\/A-Bo\/Abatement.html\">http:\/\/www.pollutionissues.com\/A-Bo\/Abatement.html<\/a>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MmY0MzY2NDYxMTlkYjdmZjE5MzkwMWYzODZiZjQ1ZDQ.-x9d\">\r\n \t<li>What technologies and processes are involved in pollution abatement?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is remediation?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-M2I1NjA0M2Q5YWI3MjhkMzY5OGJlYjgyOGYyZDY1OTY.-9vd\">\r\n \t<li>Where was lead found in products?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is a hazard of lead?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What happens to the lead in used car batteries?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List two ways chemists help with issues related to lead contamination.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NmQxMDEzYmY2ZGNjMmU1ODFlM2I1OTJmMzE1YmUzM2Q.-ocv\">\r\n \t<li><strong> contamination: <\/strong> When chemicals in the environment\u00a0produce harmful effects.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> environment: <\/strong> An area or surroundings where organisms live.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> lead: <\/strong> An element that was once commonly used in gasoline and paint, is now found to have dangerous effects, such as brain damage. Lead contamination has many harmful effects on the body.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> recycling: <\/strong> Takes used items and materials and turns it into something new. For example, 98% of car batteries are recycled today. In the processing plant, the plastic materials are separated from the lead, so the plastic can then be used for many applications.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Courtesy of Hope Alexander, Environmental Protection Agency.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:INDUSTRIAL_CONTAMINATION_OF_THE_ARTHUR_KILL_RIVER_AT_BAYONNE,_NEW_JERSEY_IN_THE_NEW_YORK_METROPOLITAN_AREA._RIVERS_IN..._-_NARA_-_555788.tif\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:INDUSTRIAL_CONTAMINATION_OF_THE_ARTHUR_KILL_RIVER_AT_BAYONNE,_NEW_JERSEY_IN_THE_NEW_YORK_METROPOLITAN_AREA._RIVERS_IN..._-_NARA_-_555788.tif <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User:Lack Thereof\/Wikipedia. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pallet_of_scrap_lead-acid_batteries_%28left_side%29.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pallet_of_scrap_lead-acid_batteries_%28left_side%29.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-M2VkMTNlZGRlOWE0OTMxZTViNGMzY2U2ODUzM2ZjMzM.-0ag\">\n<li>List contributions made by chemistry to solving environmental contamination problems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>What are the effects of waste within our environment?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODcxNjRkOThlMTE4ZWFkZDAwODQ5ODAzODM3NjUzNmI.-2em\">Where to dump the garbage?\u00a0 Where to put the waste materials we don\u2019t want, after we have made what we do want?\u00a0 For many years we just dumped the waste in the nearest lake, river, empty spot of ground, and didn\u2019t worry about it.\u00a0 However, as we learn more about the effects of chemicals on living systems, we have become more concerned about the effects of all this dumping.\u00a0 In many cases, we just didn\u2019t know what the long-term effects would be.\u00a0 Today, dumping is generally illegal and offenders pay heavy penalties of fines and jail sentences.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210549\/20140811154950250305.jpeg\" alt=\"Polluted water from chemical waste\" width=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWVmMjc2N2FlMWQ4YjYxMDQxMzc5ZmE0NzY4ODVlZmQ.-y1r\">Many chemicals that were once commonly used were later found out to be harmful to the <strong> environment <\/strong> , to human health, or both.\u00a0 The element <strong> lead <\/strong> was once a common additive to gasoline and to paint.\u00a0 Plumbing pipes were once typically made of lead.\u00a0 Only since the 1970s has the danger of lead become apparent.\u00a0 It causes brain damage and small children (who often chewed on objects painted with lead-based paint) are particularly susceptible.\u00a0 The use of lead in gasoline, paint, and plumbing pipes is now banned and new materials are being developed to replace the hazardous lead components.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MTdiYTAxZmMyOTllMmU5NmVhNTQ4ZmU0MzI1MjljZjU.-ka1\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 361px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1NjU5OC02MS0yMS1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTA5LUJhdHRlcmllcw..\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210551\/20140811154950391766.jpeg\" alt=\"Batteries for recycling\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" longdesc=\"Batteries%20for%20recycling.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0Batteries for recycling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Lead is still widely used in car batteries.\u00a0 In recent years, battery <strong> recycling <\/strong> is becoming very common &#8211; about 98% of car batteries a recycled today.\u00a0 The used batteries go to a processing plant where they are crushed and placed in a tank.\u00a0 The lead sinks to the bottom and can be separated, melted and used again.\u00a0 Plastic materials float to the top, are separated, and melted.\u00a0 The plastic can then be used in a number of applications.\u00a0 The battery acids are treated with chemicals to neutralize them before they are disposed of.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-NzM1N2RkZWM1ZTdlYTE2NjljOThjOTEzZTY2N2FmNGM.-15f_8-nvu\">How Chemists Help the Environment<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTdmMzA3Y2M4ZGQyZWNmNDcyYTRjZWZkZmY5NjIzYmU.-wv4\">Chemists are involved in all aspects of environmental protection.\u00a0 In the case of lead, chemists measured the amount of lead in soil, paint, plumbing, blood, and other materials.\u00a0 Chemists studied the chemical processes in the body to see how lead did its damage.\u00a0 Methods for removal of lead from the body were developed with the help of chemists.\u00a0 New gasoline products were developed that gave good fuel efficiency and smooth running of the engine without the presence of lead.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTAyMDgxZjA5MjA5YTgwOTgxZjBmNGVhNTFmYjFjNjg.-c6u\">Chemists continue to look for threats to our health and the environment and to search for alternatives so that harmful chemicals can be replaced with others that will do the job as effectively, but without the harm.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODQyZmNjMTI0MzVhNWVjMzRhOGE3YWY2NzFhYmRkMjA.-ynq\">\n<li>Environmental <strong> contamination <\/strong> is a major problem today.<\/li>\n<li>Lead contamination has serious harmful effects on the body.<\/li>\n<li>Chemists contribute in many ways to helping with issues of lead contamination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-fku\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pollutionissues.com\/A-Bo\/Abatement.html\">http:\/\/www.pollutionissues.com\/A-Bo\/Abatement.html<\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MmY0MzY2NDYxMTlkYjdmZjE5MzkwMWYzODZiZjQ1ZDQ.-x9d\">\n<li>What technologies and processes are involved in pollution abatement?<\/li>\n<li>What is remediation?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-M2I1NjA0M2Q5YWI3MjhkMzY5OGJlYjgyOGYyZDY1OTY.-9vd\">\n<li>Where was lead found in products?<\/li>\n<li>What is a hazard of lead?<\/li>\n<li>What happens to the lead in used car batteries?<\/li>\n<li>List two ways chemists help with issues related to lead contamination.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NmQxMDEzYmY2ZGNjMmU1ODFlM2I1OTJmMzE1YmUzM2Q.-ocv\">\n<li><strong> contamination: <\/strong> When chemicals in the environment\u00a0produce harmful effects.<\/li>\n<li><strong> environment: <\/strong> An area or surroundings where organisms live.<\/li>\n<li><strong> lead: <\/strong> An element that was once commonly used in gasoline and paint, is now found to have dangerous effects, such as brain damage. Lead contamination has many harmful effects on the body.<\/li>\n<li><strong> recycling: <\/strong> Takes used items and materials and turns it into something new. For example, 98% of car batteries are recycled today. In the processing plant, the plastic materials are separated from the lead, so the plastic can then be used for many applications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Courtesy of Hope Alexander, Environmental Protection Agency.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:INDUSTRIAL_CONTAMINATION_OF_THE_ARTHUR_KILL_RIVER_AT_BAYONNE,_NEW_JERSEY_IN_THE_NEW_YORK_METROPOLITAN_AREA._RIVERS_IN..._-_NARA_-_555788.tif\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:INDUSTRIAL_CONTAMINATION_OF_THE_ARTHUR_KILL_RIVER_AT_BAYONNE,_NEW_JERSEY_IN_THE_NEW_YORK_METROPOLITAN_AREA._RIVERS_IN&#8230;_-_NARA_-_555788.tif <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>User:Lack Thereof\/Wikipedia. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pallet_of_scrap_lead-acid_batteries_%28left_side%29.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pallet_of_scrap_lead-acid_batteries_%28left_side%29.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2477\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2477","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2323,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2477","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2477\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3673,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2477\/revisions\/3673"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2323"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2477\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2477"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2477"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}