{"id":2514,"date":"2016-08-23T15:50:18","date_gmt":"2016-08-23T15:50:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2514"},"modified":"2016-09-20T15:40:31","modified_gmt":"2016-09-20T15:40:31","slug":"physical-properties","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/physical-properties\/","title":{"raw":"Physical Properties","rendered":"Physical Properties"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define physical property.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List and describe physical properties of matter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Why are drag car standards constantly reinforced?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODdlODRiNTI4MGMxY2ZjZjdmY2RjNDlmZmFlMTM3ZTI.-xbu\">Drag racing is a highly competitive (and expensive) sport. There are a variety of classes of vehicles, ranging from stock classes (depending on car weight, engine size, and degree of engine modification) all the way up to the Top Fuel class with weights of over two thousand pounds and capable of top speeds of well over 300 miles per hour at the end of the quarter-mile. The standards for each class are well defined and frequent checks are made of engine dimensions and components to ensure that the rules are followed.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210607\/20140811155004304982.jpeg\" alt=\"Drag racing car\" width=\"229\" height=\"305\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzhiODFjMjIyZmZhMTcxMjE1Mzg1MjM0YTk5MjU3NDI.-mry\">A <strong>physical <\/strong><strong>property <\/strong>is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Silver is a shiny metal that conducts electricity very well. It can be molded into thin sheets, a property called malleability. Salt is dull and brittle and conducts electricity when it has been dissolved into water, which it does quite easily. Physical properties of matter include color, hardness, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, <strong>freezing points,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>melting points<\/strong>, and <strong>boiling points. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<strong>Freezing point<\/strong> is the temperature at which a liquid changes to solid. \u00a0<strong>Melting point<\/strong> is the temperature at which a solid is converted to a liquid. \u00a0Melting point and freezing points thus occur at the same temperature because the change of state involves the same two states (liquid-solid; solid-liquid). \u00a0It is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid or a liquid changes to a solid. <strong>\u00a0Evaporation\u00a0<\/strong>occurs when water is lost from a substance. \u00a0When wet clothes are hung out on a clothesline on a sunny day and after a few hours the clothes are dry, the water has evaporated from the surface of the clothes. \u00a0Heat is removed as warmer water molecules leave the liquid. \u00a0The remaining liquid water cools down as the heat leaves, a phenomenon known as evaporative cooling. \u00a0As the temperature of the water increases, the molecules gain energy and move faster and faster until they have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces between the molecules and become a gas. \u00a0The temperature at which the molecules of a liquid become gas is the<strong> boiling point<\/strong>.Have you ever put a clear glass pot lid over a boiling pot of water and turned it off? \u00a0At first the gas molecules hit the lid and either fall back down into the pot or collect on the pot lid. \u00a0Walk away from the pot and after a while when you get back to it, you will notice that there are water droplets that have formed on the pot lid. \u00a0As the temperature of the water dropped, the molecules lost energy and some still on the lid converted into liquid. \u00a0The water droplets have formed due to <strong>condensation.<\/strong>\u00a0 Condensation occurs when water vapor is converted back to liquid.\r\n\r\n<strong>Sublimation<\/strong> occurs when a solid is converted directly to a gas. \u00a0An example of sublimation is dry ice. \u00a0It sublimes at -78<sup>o<\/sup>C and produces a gas or vapor. \u00a0<strong>Deposition<\/strong> occurs when a gas is converted directly to a solid. \u00a0An example of deposition occurs when you pass frozen foods under cold water. \u00a0The water immediately freezes on the surface of the food.\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MzFiYjJjNzdiMzQyMTdiYTMwNmFmMGJhZThlOTYyYzU.-oal\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"192\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MzE1NjY4OS0xNC0xOC1JbWFnZS0tLTQ.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210609\/20140811155004528887.jpeg\" alt=\"Graphite is used in pencils\" width=\"192\" height=\"144\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Pencil.\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0Pencil.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjZjOTgxODU3YWExN2QzZjk0M2VkMjRmZjNiMjFmMWI.-0do\">For the elements, color does not vary much from one element to the next. The vast majority of elements are colorless, silver, or gray. Some elements do have distinctive colors: sulfur and chlorine are yellow, copper is (of course) copper-colored, and elemental bromine is red.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTViMGNlYjNiNGM0YjkzZDdhZjI0YWYwNjk1Y2VkN2M.-tp6\"><strong>Density <\/strong>can be a very useful parameter for identifying an element. Density is the mass of a substance divided by its volume and can be in units of g\/mL, g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>, kg\/L, etc. \u00a0Of the materials that exist as solids at room temperature, iodine has a very low density compared to zinc, chromium, and tin. Gold has a very high density, as does platinum.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGI1ZGYzNDFmYzdlZGYyOWM1OTc1ODczY2M1YTgwNjg.-hri\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"192\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MzE1NjczMi00Ny0xMDAtSW1hZ2UtLS01\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210610\/20140811155004672443.png\" alt=\"A diamond ring\" width=\"192\" height=\"156\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Diamond%20ring.\" \/> Figure 2.\u00a0Diamond ring.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGI1ZGYzNDFmYzdlZGYyOWM1OTc1ODczY2M1YTgwNjg.-hri\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Hardness <\/strong>helps determine how an element (especially a metal) might be used. Many elements are fairly soft (silver and gold, for example) while others (such as titanium, tungsten, and chromium) are much harder. Carbon is an interesting example of hardness. In graphite (the \u201clead\u201d found in pencils) the carbon is very soft, while the carbon in a diamond is roughly seven times as hard.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGEyNTM4NGY4NjIyMmE5NDJkMjgwZTQ1YjJmZWZhMWY.-gfx\">Melting and boiling points are somewhat unique identifiers, especially of compounds. In addition to giving some idea as to the identity of the compound, important information can be obtained about the purity of the material.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NjhkOWFiZjMwZDFmZDliNzFlNTMyY2Y4NDJiYWM3NDQ.-umx\">\r\n \t<li>A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Physical properties include color, density, hardness, and melting and boiling points.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-ch6\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjUyYmNhMTEwODVjYmQ4NjVkZjhkODhlMzAwZTdkMjY.-e5h\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/99tsu\/physical-properties-of-matter-presentation\">http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/99tsu\/physical-properties-of-matter-presentation<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ODExMmYyZmMwOTk5ZjFkMjQwODJmODIwZDAxMGM3NDg.-rb9\">\r\n \t<li>What is thermal conductivity?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give an example of malleability.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define ductility.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YmM1ODU0OGY4NzAwNjkzM2Q3MTBjMDg1YmJhMGM3NmY.-alb\">\r\n \t<li>What is a physical property?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What color are most metals?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is titanium harder or softer than gold?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-OWMxNDU4YWM0NjUxNGMwYWI0OGVlZGVlZGRhY2ZiZTE.-jg0\">\r\n \t<li><strong>boiling point: <\/strong>The temperature which causes liquid to boil.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>density: <\/strong>The concentration of a substance. Increases as its temperature decreases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hardness: <\/strong>Helps determine how an element (especially a metal) might be used.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>melting point: <\/strong>The temperature which causes solids to melt. \u00a0Same as freezing point.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>freezing point:\u00a0<\/strong>The temperature at which liquids become solids. \u00a0Same as melting point.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>evaporation:\u00a0<\/strong>The loss of water from a substance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>condensation:<\/strong> The conversion of water vapor back to liquid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sublimation:<\/strong> \u00a0When a solid is converted directly to a gas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>deposition:<\/strong> When a gas is converted directly to a solid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>physical property: <\/strong>A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Simon Speed (Wikimedia: Simonxag). <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:DragsterBedfordCentre.JPG\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:DragsterBedfordCentre.JPG <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User:Infratec\/Wikimedia Commons. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sharpened_Pencil.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sharpened_Pencil.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User:Ikkyu2\/Wikimedia Commons. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tiffany_mount.gif\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tiffany_mount.gif <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define physical property.<\/li>\n<li>List and describe physical properties of matter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Why are drag car standards constantly reinforced?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODdlODRiNTI4MGMxY2ZjZjdmY2RjNDlmZmFlMTM3ZTI.-xbu\">Drag racing is a highly competitive (and expensive) sport. There are a variety of classes of vehicles, ranging from stock classes (depending on car weight, engine size, and degree of engine modification) all the way up to the Top Fuel class with weights of over two thousand pounds and capable of top speeds of well over 300 miles per hour at the end of the quarter-mile. The standards for each class are well defined and frequent checks are made of engine dimensions and components to ensure that the rules are followed.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210607\/20140811155004304982.jpeg\" alt=\"Drag racing car\" width=\"229\" height=\"305\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzhiODFjMjIyZmZhMTcxMjE1Mzg1MjM0YTk5MjU3NDI.-mry\">A <strong>physical <\/strong><strong>property <\/strong>is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Silver is a shiny metal that conducts electricity very well. It can be molded into thin sheets, a property called malleability. Salt is dull and brittle and conducts electricity when it has been dissolved into water, which it does quite easily. Physical properties of matter include color, hardness, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, <strong>freezing points,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>melting points<\/strong>, and <strong>boiling points. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Freezing point<\/strong> is the temperature at which a liquid changes to solid. \u00a0<strong>Melting point<\/strong> is the temperature at which a solid is converted to a liquid. \u00a0Melting point and freezing points thus occur at the same temperature because the change of state involves the same two states (liquid-solid; solid-liquid). \u00a0It is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid or a liquid changes to a solid. <strong>\u00a0Evaporation\u00a0<\/strong>occurs when water is lost from a substance. \u00a0When wet clothes are hung out on a clothesline on a sunny day and after a few hours the clothes are dry, the water has evaporated from the surface of the clothes. \u00a0Heat is removed as warmer water molecules leave the liquid. \u00a0The remaining liquid water cools down as the heat leaves, a phenomenon known as evaporative cooling. \u00a0As the temperature of the water increases, the molecules gain energy and move faster and faster until they have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces between the molecules and become a gas. \u00a0The temperature at which the molecules of a liquid become gas is the<strong> boiling point<\/strong>.Have you ever put a clear glass pot lid over a boiling pot of water and turned it off? \u00a0At first the gas molecules hit the lid and either fall back down into the pot or collect on the pot lid. \u00a0Walk away from the pot and after a while when you get back to it, you will notice that there are water droplets that have formed on the pot lid. \u00a0As the temperature of the water dropped, the molecules lost energy and some still on the lid converted into liquid. \u00a0The water droplets have formed due to <strong>condensation.<\/strong>\u00a0 Condensation occurs when water vapor is converted back to liquid.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sublimation<\/strong> occurs when a solid is converted directly to a gas. \u00a0An example of sublimation is dry ice. \u00a0It sublimes at -78<sup>o<\/sup>C and produces a gas or vapor. \u00a0<strong>Deposition<\/strong> occurs when a gas is converted directly to a solid. \u00a0An example of deposition occurs when you pass frozen foods under cold water. \u00a0The water immediately freezes on the surface of the food.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MzFiYjJjNzdiMzQyMTdiYTMwNmFmMGJhZThlOTYyYzU.-oal\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 202px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MzE1NjY4OS0xNC0xOC1JbWFnZS0tLTQ.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210609\/20140811155004528887.jpeg\" alt=\"Graphite is used in pencils\" width=\"192\" height=\"144\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Pencil.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0Pencil.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjZjOTgxODU3YWExN2QzZjk0M2VkMjRmZjNiMjFmMWI.-0do\">For the elements, color does not vary much from one element to the next. The vast majority of elements are colorless, silver, or gray. Some elements do have distinctive colors: sulfur and chlorine are yellow, copper is (of course) copper-colored, and elemental bromine is red.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTViMGNlYjNiNGM0YjkzZDdhZjI0YWYwNjk1Y2VkN2M.-tp6\"><strong>Density <\/strong>can be a very useful parameter for identifying an element. Density is the mass of a substance divided by its volume and can be in units of g\/mL, g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>, kg\/L, etc. \u00a0Of the materials that exist as solids at room temperature, iodine has a very low density compared to zinc, chromium, and tin. Gold has a very high density, as does platinum.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGI1ZGYzNDFmYzdlZGYyOWM1OTc1ODczY2M1YTgwNjg.-hri\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 202px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MzE1NjczMi00Ny0xMDAtSW1hZ2UtLS01\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210610\/20140811155004672443.png\" alt=\"A diamond ring\" width=\"192\" height=\"156\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Diamond%20ring.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.\u00a0Diamond ring.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGI1ZGYzNDFmYzdlZGYyOWM1OTc1ODczY2M1YTgwNjg.-hri\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<p><strong>Hardness <\/strong>helps determine how an element (especially a metal) might be used. Many elements are fairly soft (silver and gold, for example) while others (such as titanium, tungsten, and chromium) are much harder. Carbon is an interesting example of hardness. In graphite (the \u201clead\u201d found in pencils) the carbon is very soft, while the carbon in a diamond is roughly seven times as hard.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGEyNTM4NGY4NjIyMmE5NDJkMjgwZTQ1YjJmZWZhMWY.-gfx\">Melting and boiling points are somewhat unique identifiers, especially of compounds. In addition to giving some idea as to the identity of the compound, important information can be obtained about the purity of the material.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NjhkOWFiZjMwZDFmZDliNzFlNTMyY2Y4NDJiYWM3NDQ.-umx\">\n<li>A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.<\/li>\n<li>Physical properties include color, density, hardness, and melting and boiling points.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-ch6\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjUyYmNhMTEwODVjYmQ4NjVkZjhkODhlMzAwZTdkMjY.-e5h\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/99tsu\/physical-properties-of-matter-presentation\">http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/99tsu\/physical-properties-of-matter-presentation<\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ODExMmYyZmMwOTk5ZjFkMjQwODJmODIwZDAxMGM3NDg.-rb9\">\n<li>What is thermal conductivity?<\/li>\n<li>Give an example of malleability.<\/li>\n<li>Define ductility.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YmM1ODU0OGY4NzAwNjkzM2Q3MTBjMDg1YmJhMGM3NmY.-alb\">\n<li>What is a physical property?<\/li>\n<li>What color are most metals?<\/li>\n<li>Is titanium harder or softer than gold?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-OWMxNDU4YWM0NjUxNGMwYWI0OGVlZGVlZGRhY2ZiZTE.-jg0\">\n<li><strong>boiling point: <\/strong>The temperature which causes liquid to boil.<\/li>\n<li><strong>density: <\/strong>The concentration of a substance. Increases as its temperature decreases.<\/li>\n<li><strong>hardness: <\/strong>Helps determine how an element (especially a metal) might be used.<\/li>\n<li><strong>melting point: <\/strong>The temperature which causes solids to melt. \u00a0Same as freezing point.<\/li>\n<li><strong>freezing point:\u00a0<\/strong>The temperature at which liquids become solids. \u00a0Same as melting point.<\/li>\n<li><strong>evaporation:\u00a0<\/strong>The loss of water from a substance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>condensation:<\/strong> The conversion of water vapor back to liquid.<\/li>\n<li><strong>sublimation:<\/strong> \u00a0When a solid is converted directly to a gas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>deposition:<\/strong> When a gas is converted directly to a solid.<\/li>\n<li><strong>physical property: <\/strong>A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Simon Speed (Wikimedia: Simonxag). <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:DragsterBedfordCentre.JPG\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:DragsterBedfordCentre.JPG <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>User:Infratec\/Wikimedia Commons. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sharpened_Pencil.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sharpened_Pencil.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>User:Ikkyu2\/Wikimedia Commons. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tiffany_mount.gif\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tiffany_mount.gif <\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1507,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2514","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2324,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2514","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1507"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2514\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3558,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2514\/revisions\/3558"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2324"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2514\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2514"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2514"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2514"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2514"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}