{"id":2530,"date":"2016-08-23T15:52:15","date_gmt":"2016-08-23T15:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2530"},"modified":"2017-08-28T21:37:15","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T21:37:15","slug":"chemical-symbols-and-formulas","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/chemical-symbols-and-formulas\/","title":{"raw":"Chemical Symbols and Formulas","rendered":"Chemical Symbols and Formulas"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-TWF0dGVyIGFuZCBDaGFuZ2U.-chapter\"><\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define chemical symbol.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define chemical formula.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give the Latin name for elements that use the Latin name for their symbol.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>How do chess players monitor their moves in a game?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2FlYWQxZTcxY2U0MWZhYjVhNWQ3ZjM0MTVlZWMyMmM.-kmq\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210645\/20140811155008763517.jpeg\" alt=\"Chess record sheets are like chemical symbols and formulas\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-Y2YxYmYzY2ZkMTAxYzBkOWZlMWRjN2IzYTkyYWRmZjM.-nwy_11-edl\">How do chess players monitor their moves in a game?<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2YxYmYzY2ZkMTAxYzBkOWZlMWRjN2IzYTkyYWRmZjM.-hqe\">Suppose you were walking along and noticed a piece of paper on the ground with markings on it.\u00a0 You pick it up and see the paper in the picture above.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDgxZjcwOGMwZTljNTJhZmQ3ZWIwMzg1NDFmMDZmMDE.-ysa\">To most people, these notes are meaningless (maybe they\u2019re a secret spy code).\u00a0 But to a chess player, these symbols tell the story of a chess game.\u00a0 Each abbreviation describes a chess piece or a move during the game. The use of special symbols allows us to \u201csee\u201d the game without having to read a wordy and possibly incomplete description of what happened.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NTI2NGM0ZDRlYjVmZmYzYTg4M2Y0OTM2ZGFmM2QzNGE.-jvv\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-7ng\"><img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MzE3MzI5OC0wNy01LTQ.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210647\/20140811155008925895.jpeg\" alt=\"\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Chess%20game.\" \/><\/p>\r\n<strong>Figure 2.17<\/strong>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Mjk2ZmQxNmVlYjEzOTUyMzQwMjU1MjQ3ZDMxMTU3Yjk.-mjj\">Chess game.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Chemical Symbols and Formulas<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2NkOTUxOWVjODUxNzM2YzgzZjI4OTZiMzQzZTZkOWU.-rkb\">In order to illustrate chemical reactions and the elements and <strong>compounds <\/strong>involved in them, chemists use symbols and formulas.\u00a0 A <strong>chemical symbol <\/strong>is a one-or two-letter designation of an element.\u00a0 Some examples of chemical symbols are \"O\" for oxygen, \"Zn\" for zinc, and \"Fe\" for iron.\u00a0 The first letter of a symbol is always capitalized.\u00a0 If the symbol contains two letters, the second letter is lower case.\u00a0 The majority of elements have symbols that are based on their English names.\u00a0 However, some of the elements that have been known since ancient times have maintained symbols that are based on their Latin names, as shown in <strong>Table <\/strong>below .<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"x-ck12-ZWYxNzg0OGM4ZjNjNjU5M2VmYjQ2ZmZiNGI1MjEzZTk.-8ny\" class=\"x-ck12-nofloat\" border=\"1\" summary=\"Symbols and Latin Names for Elements\"><caption><strong>Symbols and Latin Names for Elements<\/strong><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Chemical Symbol<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Name<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Latin Name<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Na<\/td>\r\n<td>sodium<\/td>\r\n<td>natrium<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>K<\/td>\r\n<td>potassium<\/td>\r\n<td>kalium<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Fe<\/td>\r\n<td>iron<\/td>\r\n<td>ferrum<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Cu<\/td>\r\n<td>copper<\/td>\r\n<td>cuprum<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Ag<\/td>\r\n<td>silver<\/td>\r\n<td>argentum<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sn<\/td>\r\n<td>tin<\/td>\r\n<td>stannum<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sb<\/td>\r\n<td>antimony<\/td>\r\n<td>stibium<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Au<\/td>\r\n<td>gold<\/td>\r\n<td>aurum<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pb<\/td>\r\n<td>lead<\/td>\r\n<td>plumbum<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzE0MGNiOTFjYjQ0MmI1YjMzZThmNDhhMmE4MTdkODk.-dxo\">Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.\u00a0 A <strong>chemical formula <\/strong>is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements.\u00a0 Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen in a two to one ratio.\u00a0 The chemical formula for water is H <sub>2 <\/sub>O.\u00a0 Sulfuric acid is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the Unites States and is composed of the elements hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.\u00a0 The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is H <sub>2 <\/sub>SO <sub>4 <\/sub>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MmM4NmRlMzZiZjExN2Y5NjQ3ZWY3MGEyMjdiMGFkYTU.-2vo\">\r\n \t<li>A chemical symbolis a one- or two-letter designation of an element.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A chemical formula is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Many elements have symbols that derive from the Latin name for the element.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-t8w\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YjJhYjU3MmIyMWNiN2NlMDk2NTQyYjYwYWIwZTAyMjc.-ena\">\r\n \t<li>Why do elements and compounds need to be represented in a short and accurate way?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do we have different symbols in different countries?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What do the numbed in a formula stand for?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-9bn\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NzliMWYxNGNlNzU5MDAxNmJjZDcyMjdiNjc4MWE1MTc.-ez7\">\r\n \t<li>What is a chemical symbol?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is a chemical formula?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How many hydrogen atoms are in one molecule of the compound C <sub>12 <\/sub>H <sub>22 <\/sub>O <sub>11 <\/sub>?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the Latin name for the element potassium?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZGNjZWU2ZjQwMGQ0N2YwZWI5M2M3YzViNTdkZTVkZWE.-kfz\">\r\n \t<li><strong>chemical formula: <\/strong>An expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chemical symbol: <\/strong>A one- or two-letter designation of an element.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>compound: <\/strong>Are combinations of two or more elements.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Planilha_R%C3%A9ti_e_Capablanca.gif\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Planilha_R%C3%A9ti_e_Capablanca.gif <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Roland Scheicher. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Immortal_game.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Immortal_game.jpg <\/a>. Public Domain<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-TWF0dGVyIGFuZCBDaGFuZ2U.-chapter\"><\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define chemical symbol.<\/li>\n<li>Define chemical formula.<\/li>\n<li>Give the Latin name for elements that use the Latin name for their symbol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>How do chess players monitor their moves in a game?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2FlYWQxZTcxY2U0MWZhYjVhNWQ3ZjM0MTVlZWMyMmM.-kmq\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210645\/20140811155008763517.jpeg\" alt=\"Chess record sheets are like chemical symbols and formulas\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-Y2YxYmYzY2ZkMTAxYzBkOWZlMWRjN2IzYTkyYWRmZjM.-nwy_11-edl\">How do chess players monitor their moves in a game?<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2YxYmYzY2ZkMTAxYzBkOWZlMWRjN2IzYTkyYWRmZjM.-hqe\">Suppose you were walking along and noticed a piece of paper on the ground with markings on it.\u00a0 You pick it up and see the paper in the picture above.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDgxZjcwOGMwZTljNTJhZmQ3ZWIwMzg1NDFmMDZmMDE.-ysa\">To most people, these notes are meaningless (maybe they\u2019re a secret spy code).\u00a0 But to a chess player, these symbols tell the story of a chess game.\u00a0 Each abbreviation describes a chess piece or a move during the game. The use of special symbols allows us to \u201csee\u201d the game without having to read a wordy and possibly incomplete description of what happened.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NTI2NGM0ZDRlYjVmZmYzYTg4M2Y0OTM2ZGFmM2QzNGE.-jvv\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<p id=\"x-ck12-7ng\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MzE3MzI5OC0wNy01LTQ.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210647\/20140811155008925895.jpeg\" alt=\"\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Chess%20game.\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 2.17<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Mjk2ZmQxNmVlYjEzOTUyMzQwMjU1MjQ3ZDMxMTU3Yjk.-mjj\">Chess game.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Chemical Symbols and Formulas<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2NkOTUxOWVjODUxNzM2YzgzZjI4OTZiMzQzZTZkOWU.-rkb\">In order to illustrate chemical reactions and the elements and <strong>compounds <\/strong>involved in them, chemists use symbols and formulas.\u00a0 A <strong>chemical symbol <\/strong>is a one-or two-letter designation of an element.\u00a0 Some examples of chemical symbols are &#8220;O&#8221; for oxygen, &#8220;Zn&#8221; for zinc, and &#8220;Fe&#8221; for iron.\u00a0 The first letter of a symbol is always capitalized.\u00a0 If the symbol contains two letters, the second letter is lower case.\u00a0 The majority of elements have symbols that are based on their English names.\u00a0 However, some of the elements that have been known since ancient times have maintained symbols that are based on their Latin names, as shown in <strong>Table <\/strong>below .<\/p>\n<table id=\"x-ck12-ZWYxNzg0OGM4ZjNjNjU5M2VmYjQ2ZmZiNGI1MjEzZTk.-8ny\" class=\"x-ck12-nofloat\" summary=\"Symbols and Latin Names for Elements\">\n<caption><strong>Symbols and Latin Names for Elements<\/strong><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Chemical Symbol<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Name<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Latin Name<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Na<\/td>\n<td>sodium<\/td>\n<td>natrium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>K<\/td>\n<td>potassium<\/td>\n<td>kalium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fe<\/td>\n<td>iron<\/td>\n<td>ferrum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cu<\/td>\n<td>copper<\/td>\n<td>cuprum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ag<\/td>\n<td>silver<\/td>\n<td>argentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sn<\/td>\n<td>tin<\/td>\n<td>stannum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sb<\/td>\n<td>antimony<\/td>\n<td>stibium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Au<\/td>\n<td>gold<\/td>\n<td>aurum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pb<\/td>\n<td>lead<\/td>\n<td>plumbum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzE0MGNiOTFjYjQ0MmI1YjMzZThmNDhhMmE4MTdkODk.-dxo\">Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.\u00a0 A <strong>chemical formula <\/strong>is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements.\u00a0 Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen in a two to one ratio.\u00a0 The chemical formula for water is H <sub>2 <\/sub>O.\u00a0 Sulfuric acid is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the Unites States and is composed of the elements hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.\u00a0 The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is H <sub>2 <\/sub>SO <sub>4 <\/sub>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MmM4NmRlMzZiZjExN2Y5NjQ3ZWY3MGEyMjdiMGFkYTU.-2vo\">\n<li>A chemical symbolis a one- or two-letter designation of an element.<\/li>\n<li>Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.<\/li>\n<li>A chemical formula is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements.<\/li>\n<li>Many elements have symbols that derive from the Latin name for the element.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-t8w\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YjJhYjU3MmIyMWNiN2NlMDk2NTQyYjYwYWIwZTAyMjc.-ena\">\n<li>Why do elements and compounds need to be represented in a short and accurate way?<\/li>\n<li>Do we have different symbols in different countries?<\/li>\n<li>What do the numbed in a formula stand for?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-9bn\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NzliMWYxNGNlNzU5MDAxNmJjZDcyMjdiNjc4MWE1MTc.-ez7\">\n<li>What is a chemical symbol?<\/li>\n<li>What is a chemical formula?<\/li>\n<li>How many hydrogen atoms are in one molecule of the compound C <sub>12 <\/sub>H <sub>22 <\/sub>O <sub>11 <\/sub>?<\/li>\n<li>What is the Latin name for the element potassium?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZGNjZWU2ZjQwMGQ0N2YwZWI5M2M3YzViNTdkZTVkZWE.-kfz\">\n<li><strong>chemical formula: <\/strong>An expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements.<\/li>\n<li><strong>chemical symbol: <\/strong>A one- or two-letter designation of an element.<\/li>\n<li><strong>compound: <\/strong>Are combinations of two or more elements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Planilha_R%C3%A9ti_e_Capablanca.gif\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Planilha_R%C3%A9ti_e_Capablanca.gif <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Roland Scheicher. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Immortal_game.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Immortal_game.jpg <\/a>. Public Domain<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1507,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2530","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2324,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2530","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1507"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2530\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3584,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2530\/revisions\/3584"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2324"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2530\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2530"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2530"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2530"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2530"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}