{"id":2534,"date":"2016-08-23T15:54:56","date_gmt":"2016-08-23T15:54:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2534"},"modified":"2017-08-28T21:39:08","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T21:39:08","slug":"reactants-and-products","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/reactants-and-products\/","title":{"raw":"Reactants and Products","rendered":"Reactants and Products"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-TWF0dGVyIGFuZCBDaGFuZ2U.-chapter\"><\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define chemical equation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define reactant.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define product.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>What would you do without a computer?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-qat\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210652\/20140811155009365469.jpeg\" alt=\"A computer is used to process chemical data\" width=\"450\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-MzZmODhiNzRmYzM3MmM5ZjhkODljNmIyYzE2YzQ1MmU.-qto_13-f3s\">What would you do without a computer?<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzZmODhiNzRmYzM3MmM5ZjhkODljNmIyYzE2YzQ1MmU.-gnp\">Over the last few decades, computers have proven to be extremely useful tools for organizing and processing information.\u00a0 You put data into the computer (such as the structural parameters of a compound) and your output can be a detailed diagram of how that molecule looks in three dimensions.\u00a0 The computer and its programs transform input data into a useful final product.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3>Chemical Equation<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjI5ZjQzZDVhM2RiZjYyMWJjMjgzZWJhNzBhZWJlNDk.-yah\">The reaction between zinc and sulfur can be shown in what is called a <strong>chemical equation <\/strong>.\u00a0 In words, we could write the reaction as:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjM5ZmQ3ZDY1ZWQ5OWRkZjc2ZmEzZTE3MmI1MTBjYTY.-vch\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\">zinc + sulfur \u2192 zinc sulfide<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MGJmOWVhOWQxODkwNWI0ZTBkYjJhYzI4MWVhMjRjOWQ.-psi\">The more convenient way to express a chemical reaction is to use the symbols and formulas of the substances involved:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmMyYzI2OTQ3OWNmODFiZDZkOTE1NTA0Y2MwMjcwYmQ.-tje\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\">Zn + S \u2192 ZnS<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NWEzYTMyYWY1MWUwYWQ0NjU4NjI2ZGNlYTJkMmQ5ZTY.-kyw\">The substance(s) to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation are called reactants.\u00a0 A <strong>reactant <\/strong>is a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction.\u00a0 The substance(s) to the right of the arrow are called <strong>products <\/strong>.\u00a0 A product is a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.\u00a0 In the equation above, the zinc and sulfur are the reactants that chemically combine to form the zinc sulfide product.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDg5OTY1ZGM4YWFkMThjNWE0ODJlYzQ1NzE2Yjc0MDk.-3fu\">There is a standard way of writing chemical equations.\u00a0 The reactants are all written on the left-hand side of the equation, with the products on the right-hand side.\u00a0 An arrow points from the reactants to the products to indicate the direction of the reaction:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTM3ZGNkOWM3N2ZlZDU5YWRhOWQzMzg5ZTBiYzZlODg.-qu5\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\">reactants \u2192 products<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDNmY2JmOGJlMGEwMDRlNDY5N2QyNTZmNWNjYjUwOWU.-kiw\">When appropriate, a symbol may be written above or below the arrow to indicate some special circumstance.\u00a0 The symbol \"\u0394\" is often used to indicate that the reaction is to be heated.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjVjODMzYjYyMjIzMGNhYzViZmZlNmYyOWNiNDFiMzU.-gqs\">The presence of the arrow also indicates that the reaction goes in one direction under the conditions indicated.\u00a0 There are reactions which can be easily reversed, but we will not take those up right now.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTVkNTYwN2M3ZGNmZjEyNzUyNjdkNzNjYzVjN2Y5NWM.-uam\">There are a wide variety of reactions possible: elements may form compounds (as seen in the reaction above), compounds may form elements (water will break down in the presence of an electric current to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas) or compounds may combine, break apart, or rearrange to form new materials.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-N2EyNDFmZTFlZGMwOGY1YmM1Yzc2ZWM3MTA4OTllOTg.-1g9\">\r\n \t<li>A chemical equation describes a chemical reaction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactants are starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Products are the end-result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-n4m\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-mvx\">Read this <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130322111156\/http:\/\/chemprofessor.com\/outline7b.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">outline of Reactants and Products<\/a> to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-N2QxOWVjZmU1MTVjMzkyZmFkM2MwNmFlMTEyYWM2N2I.-ouu\">\r\n \t<li>Where are reactants written in a chemical equation?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Where are products written in a chemical equation?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What chemical information is found in a chemical equation?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-69d\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-Mjk4MWIzMGNiMGFhMWUwZDY2NDA4OWVmNGM4YWY4Yjk.-n9l\">\r\n \t<li>What is a reactant?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is a product?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What does a chemical equation do?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the reaction sodium + water \u2192 sodium hydroxide + hydrogen,\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MzZiYjdhODQyNmEwOTQ1MzUwNDNjY2Y1MWMxYmJhNTI.-odv\">\r\n \t<li>what are the reactants?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>what are the products?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZDMxZGI5NzE0NjQ4OWI5MjliYWU3NTc0ZGM2NzJkN2M.-vj8\">\r\n \t<li><strong>chemical equation: <\/strong>Describes a chemical reaction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>product: <\/strong>Are the end-result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>reactant: <\/strong>Starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Jon Sullivan. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Computer_home_station.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Computer_home_station.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-TWF0dGVyIGFuZCBDaGFuZ2U.-chapter\"><\/h1>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define chemical equation.<\/li>\n<li>Define reactant.<\/li>\n<li>Define product.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>What would you do without a computer?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-qat\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210652\/20140811155009365469.jpeg\" alt=\"A computer is used to process chemical data\" width=\"450\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-MzZmODhiNzRmYzM3MmM5ZjhkODljNmIyYzE2YzQ1MmU.-qto_13-f3s\">What would you do without a computer?<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzZmODhiNzRmYzM3MmM5ZjhkODljNmIyYzE2YzQ1MmU.-gnp\">Over the last few decades, computers have proven to be extremely useful tools for organizing and processing information.\u00a0 You put data into the computer (such as the structural parameters of a compound) and your output can be a detailed diagram of how that molecule looks in three dimensions.\u00a0 The computer and its programs transform input data into a useful final product.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Chemical Equation<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjI5ZjQzZDVhM2RiZjYyMWJjMjgzZWJhNzBhZWJlNDk.-yah\">The reaction between zinc and sulfur can be shown in what is called a <strong>chemical equation <\/strong>.\u00a0 In words, we could write the reaction as:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjM5ZmQ3ZDY1ZWQ5OWRkZjc2ZmEzZTE3MmI1MTBjYTY.-vch\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\">zinc + sulfur \u2192 zinc sulfide<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MGJmOWVhOWQxODkwNWI0ZTBkYjJhYzI4MWVhMjRjOWQ.-psi\">The more convenient way to express a chemical reaction is to use the symbols and formulas of the substances involved:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmMyYzI2OTQ3OWNmODFiZDZkOTE1NTA0Y2MwMjcwYmQ.-tje\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\">Zn + S \u2192 ZnS<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NWEzYTMyYWY1MWUwYWQ0NjU4NjI2ZGNlYTJkMmQ5ZTY.-kyw\">The substance(s) to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation are called reactants.\u00a0 A <strong>reactant <\/strong>is a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction.\u00a0 The substance(s) to the right of the arrow are called <strong>products <\/strong>.\u00a0 A product is a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.\u00a0 In the equation above, the zinc and sulfur are the reactants that chemically combine to form the zinc sulfide product.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDg5OTY1ZGM4YWFkMThjNWE0ODJlYzQ1NzE2Yjc0MDk.-3fu\">There is a standard way of writing chemical equations.\u00a0 The reactants are all written on the left-hand side of the equation, with the products on the right-hand side.\u00a0 An arrow points from the reactants to the products to indicate the direction of the reaction:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTM3ZGNkOWM3N2ZlZDU5YWRhOWQzMzg5ZTBiYzZlODg.-qu5\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\">reactants \u2192 products<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDNmY2JmOGJlMGEwMDRlNDY5N2QyNTZmNWNjYjUwOWU.-kiw\">When appropriate, a symbol may be written above or below the arrow to indicate some special circumstance.\u00a0 The symbol &#8220;\u0394&#8221; is often used to indicate that the reaction is to be heated.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjVjODMzYjYyMjIzMGNhYzViZmZlNmYyOWNiNDFiMzU.-gqs\">The presence of the arrow also indicates that the reaction goes in one direction under the conditions indicated.\u00a0 There are reactions which can be easily reversed, but we will not take those up right now.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTVkNTYwN2M3ZGNmZjEyNzUyNjdkNzNjYzVjN2Y5NWM.-uam\">There are a wide variety of reactions possible: elements may form compounds (as seen in the reaction above), compounds may form elements (water will break down in the presence of an electric current to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas) or compounds may combine, break apart, or rearrange to form new materials.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-N2EyNDFmZTFlZGMwOGY1YmM1Yzc2ZWM3MTA4OTllOTg.-1g9\">\n<li>A chemical equation describes a chemical reaction.<\/li>\n<li>Reactants are starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation.<\/li>\n<li>Products are the end-result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-n4m\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-mvx\">Read this <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130322111156\/http:\/\/chemprofessor.com\/outline7b.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">outline of Reactants and Products<\/a> to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-N2QxOWVjZmU1MTVjMzkyZmFkM2MwNmFlMTEyYWM2N2I.-ouu\">\n<li>Where are reactants written in a chemical equation?<\/li>\n<li>Where are products written in a chemical equation?<\/li>\n<li>What chemical information is found in a chemical equation?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-69d\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-Mjk4MWIzMGNiMGFhMWUwZDY2NDA4OWVmNGM4YWY4Yjk.-n9l\">\n<li>What is a reactant?<\/li>\n<li>What is a product?<\/li>\n<li>What does a chemical equation do?<\/li>\n<li>In the reaction sodium + water \u2192 sodium hydroxide + hydrogen,\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MzZiYjdhODQyNmEwOTQ1MzUwNDNjY2Y1MWMxYmJhNTI.-odv\">\n<li>what are the reactants?<\/li>\n<li>what are the products?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZDMxZGI5NzE0NjQ4OWI5MjliYWU3NTc0ZGM2NzJkN2M.-vj8\">\n<li><strong>chemical equation: <\/strong>Describes a chemical reaction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>product: <\/strong>Are the end-result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>reactant: <\/strong>Starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Jon Sullivan. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Computer_home_station.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Computer_home_station.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1507,"menu_order":13,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2534","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2324,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1507"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2534\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3586,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2534\/revisions\/3586"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2324"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2534\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2534"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2534"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2534"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}