{"id":2604,"date":"2016-08-24T13:51:44","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T13:51:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2604"},"modified":"2017-08-28T22:00:41","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T22:00:41","slug":"sublimation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/sublimation\/","title":{"raw":"Sublimation","rendered":"Sublimation"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define sublimation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define deposition.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give examples of materials that undergo sublimation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-7sc\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212041\/20140811155425912642.jpeg\" alt=\"Sublimation will eventually cause frozen objects to dry\" width=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjU0ODVmNjM2OTIzMTBlZjIzZWRmOGE2YTZkNThlODE.-sjn\"><strong>How did the early settlers do their laundry in the winter?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjZmN2U4NDFiNjA0MWI4MTIwOGVlYWNkNTRmM2E2YWU.-sv4\">Of course, they could wash the clothes inside, but where to dry them?\u00a0 There were no dryers available, so the clothes had to be hung up to dry.\u00a0 In the winter, you would expect that ice would form on the clothes, but that didn\u2019t happen.\u00a0 Even in freezing weather, the water might freeze initially, but would eventually go off as a vapor \u2013 from solid ice directly to the gas stage.\u00a0 There are still families today who have to rely on this cumbersome process to get their laundry done.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-7sc\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Sublimation<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<h4>Vapor Pressure of a Solid<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2ZmZTVhZDY1ZDFmZTU3OWRjMTMyMjMzNjZiN2Q5OGI.-1xa\">\"Sublimation\" reviews the vapor pressure of a liquid and its dependence upon temperature.\u00a0 Solids also have a vapor pressure, though it is generally much less than that of a liquid.\u00a0 A snow bank will gradually disappear even if the temperature stays below 0\u00b0C.\u00a0 The snow does not melt, but instead passes directly from the solid state to the vapor state.\u00a0 <strong>Sublimation <\/strong>is the change of state from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWVhNDQ4NmYxNGFjZTViZmVhM2FhMWE0MjgyOTZkNDk.-mvw\">\"Dry ice,\" or solid carbon dioxide, is a substance that sublimes at atmospheric pressures.\u00a0 Dry ice is very cold (\u221278\u00b0C) and so is used as a coolant for goods such as ice cream that must remain frozen during shipment.\u00a0 Because the dry ice sublimes rather than melting, there is no liquid mess associated with its change of state as the dry ice warms. As you may have seen in demonstrations, dry ice merely transforms from a solid to a cold, steamy looking gas.\u00a0 Ferrocene (an iron-containing compound) is usually purified by sublimation by gentle warming at atmospheric pressure.\u00a0 In the <strong>Figure <\/strong>below , you can see the reddish ferrocene crystals deposited on the outside of that tube.\u00a0 <strong>Deposition <\/strong>is the change of state from a gas to a solid.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NjJkZWYxYTFjMzlmYzA2YjMwNzgzYjhmNmJkNWRlYTM.-4bg\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-g5i\"><img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MzMyNzQ0My00My04MC0y\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212042\/20140811155429237184.jpeg\" alt=\"\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Ferrocene%20purified%20by%20sublimation.\" \/><\/p>\r\n<strong>Figure 13.15<\/strong>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGQzNTE2MjliNjAwZmQ0YjNmYjRmYjY0MDNmYTZiY2M.-rxs\">Ferrocene purified by sublimation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZGRlZDczN2Q4YzRiMzhiZTU1ZWY1NGI5MzgzNWM2ZDU.-j28\">\r\n \t<li>Sublimation is the change of state from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Deposition is the change of state from a gas to a solid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carbon dioxide is an example of a material that easily undergoes sublimation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-1mf\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2OTE3YzNmMzlmZTY3MmRmNWRmZDNkYzljZTgwZDA.-4j6\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Sublimation_%28chemistry%29\">http:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Sublimation_%28chemistry%29<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MDE1MjA1OWUwM2Y1ZjAyMmE2ZDg2ZDdjMDBkYWNkNGY.-ffo\">\r\n \t<li>How is sublimation used by chemists?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the process of purification by sublimation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is lyophilization?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZGI3ZTI2OTFhMGJhOTY4NzZlOWY5MDFiOWEyYjZmMmE.-tbm\">\r\n \t<li>Define sublimation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How is ferrocene purified?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Name a substance which undergoes sublimation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MmJiYjVhNGVhMDVjYzUzODZmMGViNGZlZjMxZTY4MTE.-krc\">\r\n \t<li><strong>deposition: <\/strong>The change of state from a gas to a solid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sublimation: <\/strong>The change of state from a gas to a solid.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Conrad Poirier. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sherbrooke_Street_at_night.JPG\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sherbrooke_Street_at_night.JPG <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User:Bucki\/De.Wikipedia. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ferrocen.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ferrocen.jpg <\/a>. Public Domain<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define sublimation.<\/li>\n<li>Define deposition.<\/li>\n<li>Give examples of materials that undergo sublimation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-7sc\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212041\/20140811155425912642.jpeg\" alt=\"Sublimation will eventually cause frozen objects to dry\" width=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjU0ODVmNjM2OTIzMTBlZjIzZWRmOGE2YTZkNThlODE.-sjn\"><strong>How did the early settlers do their laundry in the winter?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjZmN2U4NDFiNjA0MWI4MTIwOGVlYWNkNTRmM2E2YWU.-sv4\">Of course, they could wash the clothes inside, but where to dry them?\u00a0 There were no dryers available, so the clothes had to be hung up to dry.\u00a0 In the winter, you would expect that ice would form on the clothes, but that didn\u2019t happen.\u00a0 Even in freezing weather, the water might freeze initially, but would eventually go off as a vapor \u2013 from solid ice directly to the gas stage.\u00a0 There are still families today who have to rely on this cumbersome process to get their laundry done.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-7sc\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Sublimation<\/span><\/h2>\n<h4>Vapor Pressure of a Solid<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2ZmZTVhZDY1ZDFmZTU3OWRjMTMyMjMzNjZiN2Q5OGI.-1xa\">&#8220;Sublimation&#8221; reviews the vapor pressure of a liquid and its dependence upon temperature.\u00a0 Solids also have a vapor pressure, though it is generally much less than that of a liquid.\u00a0 A snow bank will gradually disappear even if the temperature stays below 0\u00b0C.\u00a0 The snow does not melt, but instead passes directly from the solid state to the vapor state.\u00a0 <strong>Sublimation <\/strong>is the change of state from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWVhNDQ4NmYxNGFjZTViZmVhM2FhMWE0MjgyOTZkNDk.-mvw\">&#8220;Dry ice,&#8221; or solid carbon dioxide, is a substance that sublimes at atmospheric pressures.\u00a0 Dry ice is very cold (\u221278\u00b0C) and so is used as a coolant for goods such as ice cream that must remain frozen during shipment.\u00a0 Because the dry ice sublimes rather than melting, there is no liquid mess associated with its change of state as the dry ice warms. As you may have seen in demonstrations, dry ice merely transforms from a solid to a cold, steamy looking gas.\u00a0 Ferrocene (an iron-containing compound) is usually purified by sublimation by gentle warming at atmospheric pressure.\u00a0 In the <strong>Figure <\/strong>below , you can see the reddish ferrocene crystals deposited on the outside of that tube.\u00a0 <strong>Deposition <\/strong>is the change of state from a gas to a solid.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NjJkZWYxYTFjMzlmYzA2YjMwNzgzYjhmNmJkNWRlYTM.-4bg\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<p id=\"x-ck12-g5i\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MzMyNzQ0My00My04MC0y\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212042\/20140811155429237184.jpeg\" alt=\"\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Ferrocene%20purified%20by%20sublimation.\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 13.15<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGQzNTE2MjliNjAwZmQ0YjNmYjRmYjY0MDNmYTZiY2M.-rxs\">Ferrocene purified by sublimation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZGRlZDczN2Q4YzRiMzhiZTU1ZWY1NGI5MzgzNWM2ZDU.-j28\">\n<li>Sublimation is the change of state from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state.<\/li>\n<li>Deposition is the change of state from a gas to a solid.<\/li>\n<li>Carbon dioxide is an example of a material that easily undergoes sublimation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-1mf\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2OTE3YzNmMzlmZTY3MmRmNWRmZDNkYzljZTgwZDA.-4j6\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Sublimation_%28chemistry%29\">http:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Sublimation_%28chemistry%29<\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MDE1MjA1OWUwM2Y1ZjAyMmE2ZDg2ZDdjMDBkYWNkNGY.-ffo\">\n<li>How is sublimation used by chemists?<\/li>\n<li>Describe the process of purification by sublimation.<\/li>\n<li>What is lyophilization?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZGI3ZTI2OTFhMGJhOTY4NzZlOWY5MDFiOWEyYjZmMmE.-tbm\">\n<li>Define sublimation.<\/li>\n<li>How is ferrocene purified?<\/li>\n<li>Name a substance which undergoes sublimation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MmJiYjVhNGVhMDVjYzUzODZmMGViNGZlZjMxZTY4MTE.-krc\">\n<li><strong>deposition: <\/strong>The change of state from a gas to a solid.<\/li>\n<li><strong>sublimation: <\/strong>The change of state from a gas to a solid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Conrad Poirier. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sherbrooke_Street_at_night.JPG\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sherbrooke_Street_at_night.JPG <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>User:Bucki\/De.Wikipedia. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ferrocen.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ferrocen.jpg <\/a>. Public Domain<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1507,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2604","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2334,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1507"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2604\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3613,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2604\/revisions\/3613"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2334"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2604\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2604"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2604"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}