{"id":2714,"date":"2016-08-24T17:21:15","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T17:21:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2714"},"modified":"2016-08-26T18:21:52","modified_gmt":"2016-08-26T18:21:52","slug":"the-structure-of-ice","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/the-structure-of-ice\/","title":{"raw":"The Structure of Ice","rendered":"The Structure of Ice"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MDQ4NTU2ZDRkZDU4MDIxYmNlYjVlYzgxN2QxNmNhMGM.-byj\">\r\n \t<li>Describe the structure of ice.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain why ice is less dense that liquid water.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Have you ever been ice skating?<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-htu\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212323\/20140811155538779161.jpeg\" alt=\"Ice is unique because water expands as it is frozen. Photo of people ice skating under a bridge.\" width=\"211\" height=\"158\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NWJkZDY3M2Y5MzJjNWIyNDNiYzQzZTYwMWJhNjJmMWM.-lus\">Ice is an interesting and useful material.\u00a0 It can be used to cool food and keep it fresh.\u00a0 It can provide recreation, such as ice-skating.\u00a0 Ice can do great damage when it freezes \u2013 roads can buckle, houses can be damaged, water pipes can burst.\u00a0\u00a0 All this happens because of a unique property of water and ice.\u00a0 When water freezes, it expands in volume as ice is formed.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Structure of Ice<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Yzg4MTg0YWZiNThmNmI5OWE5NzUwMzllODRhMjJiYzM.-92a\">Liquid water is a fluid.\u00a0 The hydrogen bonds in liquid water constantly break and reform as the water molecules tumble past one another.\u00a0 As water cools, its molecular motion slows and the molecules move gradually closer to one another.\u00a0 The <strong> density <\/strong> of any liquid increases as its temperature decreases.\u00a0 For most liquids, this continues as the liquid freezes and the solid state is denser than the liquid state.\u00a0 However, water behaves differently.\u00a0 It actually reaches its highest density at about 4\u00b0C.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-Mjk0ODEwNmY5MWM4YjhhNDQwN2VmZGIzZWRmMmMyNDA.-lcw\">\r\n<table id=\"x-ck12-Mjk0ODEwNmY5MWM4YjhhNDQwN2VmZGIzZWRmMmMyNDA.-wvi\" class=\"x-ck12-nofloat\" border=\"1\"><caption><strong> Density of Water and Ice <\/strong><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWU3YThlMjYyMjg1ZWQ0OWVhMWI0ZTRhZTExNTI1YmQ.-b2u\"><strong> Temperature (\u00b0C)\r\n<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2U2ZDExZGQ5ZGJlZWY1M2MxY2IzY2I4OTZiY2U0NzY.-ice\"><strong> Density (g\/cm <sup> 3 <\/sup> )\r\n<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWYwMjI5ZTg0OTM0YTRlOGFkZDVjYmNhMGE1ZGI5OGY.-9dm\">100 (liquid)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2E0NzRlNGJkNTNkMzllNWY2ZmJiYjRiMTY0NGY1ODg.-loo\">0.9584<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzBjN2M3NmQzMGJkM2RjYWVmYzk2ZjQwMjc1YmRjMGE.-utc\">50<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTkzMmEzMDU1Y2U0MTA1N2RiODI1M2FkZjFmNzFiMmY.-wi9\">0.9881<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGUyOTZhMDY3YTM3NTYzMzcwZGVkMDVmNWEzYmYzZWM.-lyd\">25<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzQ5YmEzNDMzODQ1MTYzMzk3ZTZmZjk4MmM2YjU0ZDc.-dvn\">0.9971<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDNkOTQ0NjgwMmE0NDI1OTc1NWQzOGU2ZDE2M2U4MjA.-lm8\">10<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDc3MTQyYmI0NTZmMGY5N2RlMzdkY2FkZDQ3NWFlY2M.-1ev\">0.9997<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTg3ZmY2NzlhMmYzZTcxZDkxODFhNjdiNzU0MjEyMmM.-x7c\">4<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTliN2JhNzA3ODNiNjE3ZTk5OThkYzRkZDgyZWIzYzU.-if2\">1.000<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODUxOWYxZTYwODhjYzJlNzMyZDM4Y2RmMjg5OTllYzk.-ycn\">0 (liquid)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2Y1ZmEyYzMzYzExZmY3ZWQ2OGNjOTFmMzI5YmZmYTA.-pho\">0.9998<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODBiNmQyYjA1OTA3OGNmNzE0YzYxOWViMjMzMzIwZDk.-aie\">0 (solid)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjFkOTczMmRmYjYxMjNjMDgxMjZkNDFhNTgyYWQ4N2Y.-6q5\">0.9168<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZDA3OTFlOTlkNTAyYzlhN2MxZTVhNzFhYjUyNzViNmI.-qkr\">\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmIxMWM3NTQ5MTlhNWMzODVjNjQ1NTI4M2E2MTY5NmI.-vs6\">Between\u00a04\u00b0C and 0\u00b0C, the density gradually decreases as the hydrogen bonds begin to form a network characterized by a generally <strong> hexagonal <\/strong> structure with open spaces in the middle of the hexagons.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZTI1YzM4MjkzMjEyNTgzZThmMmI0ZDg4M2ZlZjQxNDQ.-mrl\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MTkxMDYwMy03Ny05My1DLUludENoLTA0LTAzLTAyLVN0cnVjdHVyZQ..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212324\/20140811155539046577.png\" alt=\"Ice is unique because water expands as it is frozen. Image showing expanded water molecules.\" width=\"500\" height=\"243\" longdesc=\"The%20structure%20of%20liquid%20water%20%28left%29%20consists%20of%20molecules%20connected%20by%20short-lived%20hydrogen%20bonds%20because%20water%20is%20a%20fluid.%20In%20ice%20%28right%29%2C%20the%20hydrogen%20bonds%20become%20permanent%2C%20resulting%20in%20an%20interconnected%20hexagonally-shaped%20framework%20of%20molecules.\" \/> Figure 1. The structure of liquid water (left) consists of molecules connected by short-lived hydrogen bonds because water is a fluid. In ice (right), the hydrogen bonds become permanent, resulting in an interconnected hexagonally-shaped framework of molecules.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjY3MDg4MGZiZTk4MTZkZmE2YWFkOTEwOTA5MjQ3YWU.-idu\">Ice is less dense than liquid water and so it floats.\u00a0 Ponds or lakes begin to freeze at the surface, closer to the cold air.\u00a0 A layer of ice forms, but does not sink as it would if water did not have this unique structure dictated by its shape, polarity, and hydrogen bonding.\u00a0 If the ice were to sink as it froze, entire lakes would freeze solid.\u00a0 Since the ice does not sink, liquid water remains under the ice all winter long.\u00a0 This is important, as fish and other organisms are capable of surviving through winter.\u00a0 Ice is one of only a very few solids that is less dense than its liquid form.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZDA3OTFlOTlkNTAyYzlhN2MxZTVhNzFhYjUyNzViNmI.-qkr\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZTUzZGUxMjMxNWYwODNkNjhmMDZlZmNjMmEyZGUzNTU.-ach\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZTUzZGUxMjMxNWYwODNkNjhmMDZlZmNjMmEyZGUzNTU.-hog\">\r\n \t<li>Ice is less dense than liquid water.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The intermolecular structure of ice has spaces that are not present in liquid water.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGMwMDRkN2UzYjhhNWE4NTBhYjI0NTljM2FmYzJmNTc.-dy6\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGMwMDRkN2UzYjhhNWE4NTBhYjI0NTljM2FmYzJmNTc.-dy6\">\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-3aq\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OTIxNGNiNzI4ODA5MGM4ZTA5NDUwMDA5MTI3MDcwNDE.-eby\">\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTIxNGNiNzI4ODA5MGM4ZTA5NDUwMDA5MTI3MDcwNDE.-cto\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nyu.edu\/pages\/mathmol\/textbook\/info_water.html\"> http:\/\/www.nyu.edu\/pages\/mathmol\/textbook\/info_water.html <\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZTQ1YzE1Y2VlM2FkNDY2MjBjZDVjNDM4MTA0NzJiMjI.-hjd\">\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZTQ1YzE1Y2VlM2FkNDY2MjBjZDVjNDM4MTA0NzJiMjI.-lkc\">\r\n \t<li>What are hydrogen bonds doing in liquid water?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the structure for ice?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How many water molecules interact in water? In ice?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NDU3ZGQ1NTE4NGZhZWRiNzg4NWFmZDQwMDlkNzAxNjM.-fba\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MzBmNTZjNDAwOTIyZDE5Yjg4NmY4OGJjYmE0YTY3YjY.-dud\">\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NWI0ZmFlMWY0ZmZjNmY3YWU3ODc4YzUxNjc3MjliNDE.-gjr\">\r\n \t<li>For most liquids, what happens to density as the temperature decreases?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does the density of water change at temperatures above 4\u00b0C?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does the density of water change below 4\u00b0C?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ODk0ZjYwOGI4M2M0NDQxMjQ0YmIyNTE2ZWQ5ZTU3YzM.-mnk\" class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MzZiMDM4NGZjNTllODg3MTkxNjdkNjUwOGQzYzQxYjc.-wa4\">\r\n \t<li><strong> density:\u00a0 <\/strong> The concentration of a substance. Increases as its temperature decreases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> hexagonal: <\/strong> Structured like a hexagon.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MDQ4NTU2ZDRkZDU4MDIxYmNlYjVlYzgxN2QxNmNhMGM.-byj\">\n<li>Describe the structure of ice.<\/li>\n<li>Explain why ice is less dense that liquid water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Have you ever been ice skating?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-htu\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212323\/20140811155538779161.jpeg\" alt=\"Ice is unique because water expands as it is frozen. Photo of people ice skating under a bridge.\" width=\"211\" height=\"158\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NWJkZDY3M2Y5MzJjNWIyNDNiYzQzZTYwMWJhNjJmMWM.-lus\">Ice is an interesting and useful material.\u00a0 It can be used to cool food and keep it fresh.\u00a0 It can provide recreation, such as ice-skating.\u00a0 Ice can do great damage when it freezes \u2013 roads can buckle, houses can be damaged, water pipes can burst.\u00a0\u00a0 All this happens because of a unique property of water and ice.\u00a0 When water freezes, it expands in volume as ice is formed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Structure of Ice<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Yzg4MTg0YWZiNThmNmI5OWE5NzUwMzllODRhMjJiYzM.-92a\">Liquid water is a fluid.\u00a0 The hydrogen bonds in liquid water constantly break and reform as the water molecules tumble past one another.\u00a0 As water cools, its molecular motion slows and the molecules move gradually closer to one another.\u00a0 The <strong> density <\/strong> of any liquid increases as its temperature decreases.\u00a0 For most liquids, this continues as the liquid freezes and the solid state is denser than the liquid state.\u00a0 However, water behaves differently.\u00a0 It actually reaches its highest density at about 4\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-Mjk0ODEwNmY5MWM4YjhhNDQwN2VmZGIzZWRmMmMyNDA.-lcw\">\n<table id=\"x-ck12-Mjk0ODEwNmY5MWM4YjhhNDQwN2VmZGIzZWRmMmMyNDA.-wvi\" class=\"x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<caption><strong> Density of Water and Ice <\/strong><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWU3YThlMjYyMjg1ZWQ0OWVhMWI0ZTRhZTExNTI1YmQ.-b2u\"><strong> Temperature (\u00b0C)<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2U2ZDExZGQ5ZGJlZWY1M2MxY2IzY2I4OTZiY2U0NzY.-ice\"><strong> Density (g\/cm <sup> 3 <\/sup> )<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWYwMjI5ZTg0OTM0YTRlOGFkZDVjYmNhMGE1ZGI5OGY.-9dm\">100 (liquid)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2E0NzRlNGJkNTNkMzllNWY2ZmJiYjRiMTY0NGY1ODg.-loo\">0.9584<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzBjN2M3NmQzMGJkM2RjYWVmYzk2ZjQwMjc1YmRjMGE.-utc\">50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTkzMmEzMDU1Y2U0MTA1N2RiODI1M2FkZjFmNzFiMmY.-wi9\">0.9881<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGUyOTZhMDY3YTM3NTYzMzcwZGVkMDVmNWEzYmYzZWM.-lyd\">25<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzQ5YmEzNDMzODQ1MTYzMzk3ZTZmZjk4MmM2YjU0ZDc.-dvn\">0.9971<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDNkOTQ0NjgwMmE0NDI1OTc1NWQzOGU2ZDE2M2U4MjA.-lm8\">10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDc3MTQyYmI0NTZmMGY5N2RlMzdkY2FkZDQ3NWFlY2M.-1ev\">0.9997<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTg3ZmY2NzlhMmYzZTcxZDkxODFhNjdiNzU0MjEyMmM.-x7c\">4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTliN2JhNzA3ODNiNjE3ZTk5OThkYzRkZDgyZWIzYzU.-if2\">1.000<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODUxOWYxZTYwODhjYzJlNzMyZDM4Y2RmMjg5OTllYzk.-ycn\">0 (liquid)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2Y1ZmEyYzMzYzExZmY3ZWQ2OGNjOTFmMzI5YmZmYTA.-pho\">0.9998<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODBiNmQyYjA1OTA3OGNmNzE0YzYxOWViMjMzMzIwZDk.-aie\">0 (solid)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjFkOTczMmRmYjYxMjNjMDgxMjZkNDFhNTgyYWQ4N2Y.-6q5\">0.9168<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZDA3OTFlOTlkNTAyYzlhN2MxZTVhNzFhYjUyNzViNmI.-qkr\">\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmIxMWM3NTQ5MTlhNWMzODVjNjQ1NTI4M2E2MTY5NmI.-vs6\">Between\u00a04\u00b0C and 0\u00b0C, the density gradually decreases as the hydrogen bonds begin to form a network characterized by a generally <strong> hexagonal <\/strong> structure with open spaces in the middle of the hexagons.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZTI1YzM4MjkzMjEyNTgzZThmMmI0ZDg4M2ZlZjQxNDQ.-mrl\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MTkxMDYwMy03Ny05My1DLUludENoLTA0LTAzLTAyLVN0cnVjdHVyZQ..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212324\/20140811155539046577.png\" alt=\"Ice is unique because water expands as it is frozen. Image showing expanded water molecules.\" width=\"500\" height=\"243\" longdesc=\"The%20structure%20of%20liquid%20water%20%28left%29%20consists%20of%20molecules%20connected%20by%20short-lived%20hydrogen%20bonds%20because%20water%20is%20a%20fluid.%20In%20ice%20%28right%29%2C%20the%20hydrogen%20bonds%20become%20permanent%2C%20resulting%20in%20an%20interconnected%20hexagonally-shaped%20framework%20of%20molecules.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. The structure of liquid water (left) consists of molecules connected by short-lived hydrogen bonds because water is a fluid. In ice (right), the hydrogen bonds become permanent, resulting in an interconnected hexagonally-shaped framework of molecules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjY3MDg4MGZiZTk4MTZkZmE2YWFkOTEwOTA5MjQ3YWU.-idu\">Ice is less dense than liquid water and so it floats.\u00a0 Ponds or lakes begin to freeze at the surface, closer to the cold air.\u00a0 A layer of ice forms, but does not sink as it would if water did not have this unique structure dictated by its shape, polarity, and hydrogen bonding.\u00a0 If the ice were to sink as it froze, entire lakes would freeze solid.\u00a0 Since the ice does not sink, liquid water remains under the ice all winter long.\u00a0 This is important, as fish and other organisms are capable of surviving through winter.\u00a0 Ice is one of only a very few solids that is less dense than its liquid form.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZDA3OTFlOTlkNTAyYzlhN2MxZTVhNzFhYjUyNzViNmI.-qkr\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZTUzZGUxMjMxNWYwODNkNjhmMDZlZmNjMmEyZGUzNTU.-ach\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZTUzZGUxMjMxNWYwODNkNjhmMDZlZmNjMmEyZGUzNTU.-hog\">\n<li>Ice is less dense than liquid water.<\/li>\n<li>The intermolecular structure of ice has spaces that are not present in liquid water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGMwMDRkN2UzYjhhNWE4NTBhYjI0NTljM2FmYzJmNTc.-dy6\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OGMwMDRkN2UzYjhhNWE4NTBhYjI0NTljM2FmYzJmNTc.-dy6\">\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-3aq\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-OTIxNGNiNzI4ODA5MGM4ZTA5NDUwMDA5MTI3MDcwNDE.-eby\">\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTIxNGNiNzI4ODA5MGM4ZTA5NDUwMDA5MTI3MDcwNDE.-cto\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nyu.edu\/pages\/mathmol\/textbook\/info_water.html\"> http:\/\/www.nyu.edu\/pages\/mathmol\/textbook\/info_water.html <\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZTQ1YzE1Y2VlM2FkNDY2MjBjZDVjNDM4MTA0NzJiMjI.-hjd\">\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZTQ1YzE1Y2VlM2FkNDY2MjBjZDVjNDM4MTA0NzJiMjI.-lkc\">\n<li>What are hydrogen bonds doing in liquid water?<\/li>\n<li>What is the structure for ice?<\/li>\n<li>How many water molecules interact in water? In ice?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NDU3ZGQ1NTE4NGZhZWRiNzg4NWFmZDQwMDlkNzAxNjM.-fba\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MzBmNTZjNDAwOTIyZDE5Yjg4NmY4OGJjYmE0YTY3YjY.-dud\">\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NWI0ZmFlMWY0ZmZjNmY3YWU3ODc4YzUxNjc3MjliNDE.-gjr\">\n<li>For most liquids, what happens to density as the temperature decreases?<\/li>\n<li>How does the density of water change at temperatures above 4\u00b0C?<\/li>\n<li>How does the density of water change below 4\u00b0C?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ODk0ZjYwOGI4M2M0NDQxMjQ0YmIyNTE2ZWQ5ZTU3YzM.-mnk\" class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MzZiMDM4NGZjNTllODg3MTkxNjdkNjUwOGQzYzQxYjc.-wa4\">\n<li><strong> density:\u00a0 <\/strong> The concentration of a substance. Increases as its temperature decreases.<\/li>\n<li><strong> hexagonal: <\/strong> Structured like a hexagon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2714\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>water molecules. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Christopher Auyeung. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK-12 Foundation. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Ice skating picture. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Siqbal. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SkatersOnRideaCanal.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SkatersOnRideaCanal.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Ice skating picture\",\"author\":\"Siqbal\",\"organization\":\"Wikimedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SkatersOnRideaCanal.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"water molecules\",\"author\":\"Christopher Auyeung\",\"organization\":\"CK-12 Foundation\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2714","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2336,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2714","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2714\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3399,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2714\/revisions\/3399"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2336"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2714\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2714"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2714"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2714"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2714"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}