{"id":2720,"date":"2016-08-24T17:23:36","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T17:23:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2720"},"modified":"2017-09-06T18:54:41","modified_gmt":"2017-09-06T18:54:41","slug":"dissolving-process","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/dissolving-process\/","title":{"raw":"Dissolving Process","rendered":"Dissolving Process"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NzM0NTA4NzdhYTgyOTlkNzRmNWY1NzVkNzM5ZWJiZTc.-90o\">\r\n \t<li>Describe how ionic compounds form solutions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe how molecular compounds form solutions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>How do you take your coffee?<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"163\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212332\/20140811155540033578.jpeg\" alt=\"White mug with coffee inside\" width=\"163\" height=\"166\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:White_cup_of_black_coffee.jpg\">Coffee Cup<\/a> by Jon-Isac Lindberg.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-l2c\">\u00a0Many people like to start their day with a cup of coffee (others need coffee all day long in order to get anything done).\u00a0 The coffee you drink is a type of solution, often a very complex one.\u00a0 The coffee itself has been brewed so that material from the coffee bean will dissolve in hot water.\u00a0 Some people add sugar, while others add milk or cream.\u00a0 In some areas of the country, latt\u00e9s are popular; so one or more special flavors might be added along with the milk.\u00a0 Whatever the situation, the end-result is an enjoyable solution to drink.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Dissolving Process<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTQzMDY3ZjQ0ZTg0ZDc0YjY5YzQ3MjQ5YTAwZTUxOGM.-mxp\">Water typically dissolves many ionic compounds and polar molecules.\u00a0 Nonpolar molecules such as those found in grease or oil do not dissolve in water.\u00a0 We will first examine the process that occurs when an ionic compound such as table salt (sodium chloride) dissolves in water.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGUwMzEwOTVkYzU2ZDIzOGU0OWE0YmJiYmNhZTQ1OTc.-yo4\">Water molecules move about continuously due to their kinetic energy.\u00a0 When a crystal of sodium chloride is placed into water, the water\u2019s molecules collide with the crystal lattice.\u00a0 Recall that the crystal lattice is composed of alternating positive and negative ions.\u00a0 Water is attracted to the sodium chloride crystal because water is polar and has both a positive and a negative end.\u00a0 The positively charged sodium ions in the crystal attract the oxygen end of the water molecules because they are partially negative.\u00a0 The negatively charged chloride ions in the crystal attract the hydrogen end of the water molecules because they are partially positive.\u00a0 The action of the polar water molecules takes the crystal lattice apart (see image\u00a0below).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212334\/20140811155540124991.png\" alt=\"When salt dissolves, the component ions are surrounded by water molecules\" width=\"500\" height=\"146\" \/> CK-12 Foundation - Christopher Auyeung.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTAzMjQ0YWUxMDY1MDVlM2QyNTMxZTA2N2RiZTBiYzg.-gf9\">After coming apart from the crystal, the individual ions are then surrounded by solvent particles in a process called <strong> solvation <\/strong> <em> .\u00a0 <\/em> Note that the individual Na <sup> + <\/sup> ions are surrounded by water molecules with the oxygen atom oriented near the positive ion.\u00a0 Likewise, the chloride ions are surrounded by water molecules with the opposite orientation.\u00a0 <strong> Hydration <\/strong> is the process of solute particles being surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.\u00a0 Hydration helps to stabilize aqueous solutions by preventing the positive and negative ions from coming back together and forming a precipitate.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjllNTE0YTM1NWNmOTQ4NmJhZTk5Njk3ZmVlMGIxYTM.-1gv\">Table sugar is sucrose (C <sub> 12 <\/sub> H <sub> 22 <\/sub> O <sub> 11 <\/sub> ) and is an example of a molecular compound.\u00a0 Solid sugar consists of individual sugar molecules held together by intermolecular attractive forces.\u00a0 When water dissolves sugar, it separates the individual sugar molecules by disrupting the attractive forces, but does not break the covalent bonds between the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.\u00a0 Dissolved sugar molecules are also hydrated, but without as distinct an orientation to the water molecules as in the case of the ions. The sugar molecule contains many\u00a0-OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules, helping form the sucrose solution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NTIyNDJmOTBhOGIwYmIzZjQ1OGUzN2ZmMjI5MzQxODc.-jc8\">\r\n \t<li>Motion of water molecules helps break up interactions between solid ions or molecules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Solvation involves surrounding ions with solvent particles.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ionic solute molecules are hydrated (surrounded by solvent molecules in a specific orientation).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nUse the link below to answer the following questions:\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www1.dce.k12.wi.us\/srhigh\/teachers\/bheeren\/dissolving_process.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www1.dce.k12.wi.us\/srhigh\/teachers\/bheeren\/dissolving_process.htm<\/a>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NGIzNjlkY2U5ZDkwMzA5MDA4NWFlMWIxZjMwMjNlZTQ.-dal\">\r\n \t<li>Does the bond-breaking step require energy or release energy?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does the hydration process require energy or release energy?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does the distribution of solvent-solute clusters require energy or release energy?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NDY1NDhiZWE0ZDU4MDFjOTM3NDgzZjIwMTEzNmJlZTM.-hqf\">\r\n \t<li>How does the motion of water molecules help form a solution?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is solvation?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is hydration?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does sucrose interact with solvent water molecules?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YzU5MTA2OTQ1MjcwM2Y4N2MwMDk5NjE4MDFiOWI0ZWM.-exx\">\r\n \t<li><strong> hydration: <\/strong> The process of solute particles being surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> solvation: <\/strong> Involves surrounding ions with solvent particles.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NzM0NTA4NzdhYTgyOTlkNzRmNWY1NzVkNzM5ZWJiZTc.-90o\">\n<li>Describe how ionic compounds form solutions.<\/li>\n<li>Describe how molecular compounds form solutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>How do you take your coffee?<\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 173px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212332\/20140811155540033578.jpeg\" alt=\"White mug with coffee inside\" width=\"163\" height=\"166\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:White_cup_of_black_coffee.jpg\">Coffee Cup<\/a> by Jon-Isac Lindberg.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-l2c\">\u00a0Many people like to start their day with a cup of coffee (others need coffee all day long in order to get anything done).\u00a0 The coffee you drink is a type of solution, often a very complex one.\u00a0 The coffee itself has been brewed so that material from the coffee bean will dissolve in hot water.\u00a0 Some people add sugar, while others add milk or cream.\u00a0 In some areas of the country, latt\u00e9s are popular; so one or more special flavors might be added along with the milk.\u00a0 Whatever the situation, the end-result is an enjoyable solution to drink.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Dissolving Process<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTQzMDY3ZjQ0ZTg0ZDc0YjY5YzQ3MjQ5YTAwZTUxOGM.-mxp\">Water typically dissolves many ionic compounds and polar molecules.\u00a0 Nonpolar molecules such as those found in grease or oil do not dissolve in water.\u00a0 We will first examine the process that occurs when an ionic compound such as table salt (sodium chloride) dissolves in water.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGUwMzEwOTVkYzU2ZDIzOGU0OWE0YmJiYmNhZTQ1OTc.-yo4\">Water molecules move about continuously due to their kinetic energy.\u00a0 When a crystal of sodium chloride is placed into water, the water\u2019s molecules collide with the crystal lattice.\u00a0 Recall that the crystal lattice is composed of alternating positive and negative ions.\u00a0 Water is attracted to the sodium chloride crystal because water is polar and has both a positive and a negative end.\u00a0 The positively charged sodium ions in the crystal attract the oxygen end of the water molecules because they are partially negative.\u00a0 The negatively charged chloride ions in the crystal attract the hydrogen end of the water molecules because they are partially positive.\u00a0 The action of the polar water molecules takes the crystal lattice apart (see image\u00a0below).<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212334\/20140811155540124991.png\" alt=\"When salt dissolves, the component ions are surrounded by water molecules\" width=\"500\" height=\"146\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">CK-12 Foundation &#8211; Christopher Auyeung.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTAzMjQ0YWUxMDY1MDVlM2QyNTMxZTA2N2RiZTBiYzg.-gf9\">After coming apart from the crystal, the individual ions are then surrounded by solvent particles in a process called <strong> solvation <\/strong> <em> .\u00a0 <\/em> Note that the individual Na <sup> + <\/sup> ions are surrounded by water molecules with the oxygen atom oriented near the positive ion.\u00a0 Likewise, the chloride ions are surrounded by water molecules with the opposite orientation.\u00a0 <strong> Hydration <\/strong> is the process of solute particles being surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.\u00a0 Hydration helps to stabilize aqueous solutions by preventing the positive and negative ions from coming back together and forming a precipitate.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjllNTE0YTM1NWNmOTQ4NmJhZTk5Njk3ZmVlMGIxYTM.-1gv\">Table sugar is sucrose (C <sub> 12 <\/sub> H <sub> 22 <\/sub> O <sub> 11 <\/sub> ) and is an example of a molecular compound.\u00a0 Solid sugar consists of individual sugar molecules held together by intermolecular attractive forces.\u00a0 When water dissolves sugar, it separates the individual sugar molecules by disrupting the attractive forces, but does not break the covalent bonds between the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.\u00a0 Dissolved sugar molecules are also hydrated, but without as distinct an orientation to the water molecules as in the case of the ions. The sugar molecule contains many\u00a0-OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules, helping form the sucrose solution.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NTIyNDJmOTBhOGIwYmIzZjQ1OGUzN2ZmMjI5MzQxODc.-jc8\">\n<li>Motion of water molecules helps break up interactions between solid ions or molecules.<\/li>\n<li>Solvation involves surrounding ions with solvent particles.<\/li>\n<li>Ionic solute molecules are hydrated (surrounded by solvent molecules in a specific orientation).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www1.dce.k12.wi.us\/srhigh\/teachers\/bheeren\/dissolving_process.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www1.dce.k12.wi.us\/srhigh\/teachers\/bheeren\/dissolving_process.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NGIzNjlkY2U5ZDkwMzA5MDA4NWFlMWIxZjMwMjNlZTQ.-dal\">\n<li>Does the bond-breaking step require energy or release energy?<\/li>\n<li>Does the hydration process require energy or release energy?<\/li>\n<li>Does the distribution of solvent-solute clusters require energy or release energy?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NDY1NDhiZWE0ZDU4MDFjOTM3NDgzZjIwMTEzNmJlZTM.-hqf\">\n<li>How does the motion of water molecules help form a solution?<\/li>\n<li>What is solvation?<\/li>\n<li>What is hydration?<\/li>\n<li>How does sucrose interact with solvent water molecules?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YzU5MTA2OTQ1MjcwM2Y4N2MwMDk5NjE4MDFiOWI0ZWM.-exx\">\n<li><strong> hydration: <\/strong> The process of solute particles being surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.<\/li>\n<li><strong> solvation: <\/strong> Involves surrounding ions with solvent particles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2720\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t 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