{"id":2724,"date":"2016-08-24T17:25:53","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T17:25:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2724"},"modified":"2016-08-26T18:43:33","modified_gmt":"2016-08-26T18:43:33","slug":"liquid-liquid-solutions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/liquid-liquid-solutions\/","title":{"raw":"Liquid-Liquid Solutions","rendered":"Liquid-Liquid Solutions"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZWJiYzYzODExZDQ4OWI5MjAyYjY2MjRmOTNhYzUzZjg.-rm4\">\r\n \t<li>Describe solubility of non-polar compounds in water.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Does oil dissolve in water?<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"232\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212335\/20140811155540246170.jpeg\" alt=\"Because oil does not dissolve in water, it can contaminate large areas when spilled\" width=\"232\" height=\"178\" \/> Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, courtesy of <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_-_May_24,_2010.jpg\">NASA<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDJjODBjMGMyZDJjOTc1OTQyNGFjZGMyMDFhMmJkY2M.-tpn\">In 2010 a major oil spill occurred when an explosion on a drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico released millions of gallons of crude oil into the Gulf.\u00a0 Oil is primarily a mixture of hydrocarbons (organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms). Because of its composition, oil does not dissolve in water.\u00a0 As a result, much of the Gulf of Mexico was contaminated, as was a great deal of shoreline in the affected area.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Liquid-Liquid Solutions<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjQ3MjgyYzA5ZTYyNjZlNmU5NTEzNzdmMTI3MmRkZDc.-7vc\">Nonpolar compounds do not dissolve in water.\u00a0 The attractive forces that operate between the particles in a nonpolar compound are weak dispersion forces.\u00a0 However, the nonpolar molecules are more attracted to themselves than they are to the <strong> polar <\/strong> water molecules.\u00a0 When a nonpolar liquid such as oil is mixed with water, two separate layers form because the liquids will not dissolve into each other (Figure below).\u00a0 When another polar liquid such as ethanol is mixed with water, they completely blend and dissolve into one another.\u00a0 Liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions are said to be <strong> miscible <\/strong> .\u00a0 Liquids that do not dissolve in one another are called <strong> immiscible <\/strong> .\u00a0 The general rule for deciding if one substance is capable of dissolving another is \u201clike dissolves like.\u201d \u00a0A nonpolar solid such as iodine will dissolve in nonpolar lighter fluid, but will not dissolve in polar water.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MjUyYzQ1ODYwYmE5MjRjMTQzOThjYjE3ZmQ2OGZjNDI.-l6v\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"144\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MTkxNjYwNy0zNC0yNS1JbnRDaC0xNS0xMC1XYXRlci1PaWw.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212338\/20140811155540412598.jpeg\" alt=\"Oil and water form a pair of immiscible layers when mixed\" width=\"144\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Water%20and%20oil%20form%20separate%20layers%20when%20they%20are%20mixed%20because%20the%20nonpolar%20oil%20will%20not%20dissolve%20into%20the%20polar.%20The%20oil%20forms%20the%20top%20layer%20because%20it%20is%20less%20dense%20than%20the%20water.\" \/> Figure 1. Water and oil form separate layers when they are mixed because the nonpolar oil will not dissolve into the polar. The oil forms the top layer because it is less dense than the water. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/yortw\/5470226807\/\">Flickr<\/a>: Yortw.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Yjg0M2VmM2RhZmNmMDY3YmMzMGIwZDk2MTVkNTJmODY.-i9a\">For molecular compounds, the major factor that contributes to the material dissolving in water is the ability to form hydrogen bonds with the water solvent.\u00a0 Small compounds such as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, and acetone have polar groups that can interact with the polar H of water.\u00a0 However, as the non-polar portion of the molecule gets larger, solubility with water drops off.\u00a0 The non-polar portion of the molecule increasingly repels to water and eventually overrides the interaction of the polar component with water.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODU4ZDdhMDNmNTc1ZjVjOGIxODYzMjE0Y2Y5ZDI1OTY.-po1\">\r\n \t<li>Non-polar molecules are usually insoluble in water.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A nonionized molecule must be relatively polar to interact with water molecules.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NWIwNTBiNzc4ZmU4NmVhMjM3ZmNiYzA3YmViMDliOTM.-g2t\">Use the link below to answer the following question:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2QxMjQ3MWQyZWU0Y2I4ZjAzYjg2YTVhZGVhOTk1NzM.-jgp\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chemistry.about.com\/od\/factsstructures\/ig\/Chemical-Structures---E\/Ethylene-Glycol.htm\"> http:\/\/chemistry.about.com\/od\/factsstructures\/ig\/Chemical-Structures---E\/Ethylene-Glycol.htm <\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NmNiNGYyYmQyNTQ1NDY5ZjZkMzY3MmIzZWI4Mjc1ZGI.-cf8\">\r\n \t<li>Explain why ethylene glycol will dissolve in water.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-OTE5YWEzOWYyMzAyZGIxZTQxYTA3ZDNmMzBiOWNkMzU.-5pk\">\r\n \t<li>What are the main forces that operate between nonpolar molecules?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What part of a molecule is needed for that molecule to dissolve in water?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List some organic molecules that will dissolve well in water.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NTA2YjljMDc3N2IyOTU0NmZjOWM5MzEwMjliNmE5ZDQ.-fwi\">\r\n \t<li><strong> immiscible: <\/strong> Liquids that do not dissolve in one another.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> miscible: <\/strong> Liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> polar: <\/strong> Molecule that has partial negative and positive charges<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1 id=\"x-ck12-RWxlY3Ryb2x5dGVzIGFuZCBOb25lbGVjdHJvbHl0ZXM.\"><\/h1>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZWJiYzYzODExZDQ4OWI5MjAyYjY2MjRmOTNhYzUzZjg.-rm4\">\n<li>Describe solubility of non-polar compounds in water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Does oil dissolve in water?<\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212335\/20140811155540246170.jpeg\" alt=\"Because oil does not dissolve in water, it can contaminate large areas when spilled\" width=\"232\" height=\"178\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, courtesy of <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_-_May_24,_2010.jpg\">NASA<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDJjODBjMGMyZDJjOTc1OTQyNGFjZGMyMDFhMmJkY2M.-tpn\">In 2010 a major oil spill occurred when an explosion on a drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico released millions of gallons of crude oil into the Gulf.\u00a0 Oil is primarily a mixture of hydrocarbons (organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms). Because of its composition, oil does not dissolve in water.\u00a0 As a result, much of the Gulf of Mexico was contaminated, as was a great deal of shoreline in the affected area.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Liquid-Liquid Solutions<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjQ3MjgyYzA5ZTYyNjZlNmU5NTEzNzdmMTI3MmRkZDc.-7vc\">Nonpolar compounds do not dissolve in water.\u00a0 The attractive forces that operate between the particles in a nonpolar compound are weak dispersion forces.\u00a0 However, the nonpolar molecules are more attracted to themselves than they are to the <strong> polar <\/strong> water molecules.\u00a0 When a nonpolar liquid such as oil is mixed with water, two separate layers form because the liquids will not dissolve into each other (Figure below).\u00a0 When another polar liquid such as ethanol is mixed with water, they completely blend and dissolve into one another.\u00a0 Liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions are said to be <strong> miscible <\/strong> .\u00a0 Liquids that do not dissolve in one another are called <strong> immiscible <\/strong> .\u00a0 The general rule for deciding if one substance is capable of dissolving another is \u201clike dissolves like.\u201d \u00a0A nonpolar solid such as iodine will dissolve in nonpolar lighter fluid, but will not dissolve in polar water.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MjUyYzQ1ODYwYmE5MjRjMTQzOThjYjE3ZmQ2OGZjNDI.-l6v\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 154px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MTkxNjYwNy0zNC0yNS1JbnRDaC0xNS0xMC1XYXRlci1PaWw.\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212338\/20140811155540412598.jpeg\" alt=\"Oil and water form a pair of immiscible layers when mixed\" width=\"144\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Water%20and%20oil%20form%20separate%20layers%20when%20they%20are%20mixed%20because%20the%20nonpolar%20oil%20will%20not%20dissolve%20into%20the%20polar.%20The%20oil%20forms%20the%20top%20layer%20because%20it%20is%20less%20dense%20than%20the%20water.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Water and oil form separate layers when they are mixed because the nonpolar oil will not dissolve into the polar. The oil forms the top layer because it is less dense than the water. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/yortw\/5470226807\/\">Flickr<\/a>: Yortw.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Yjg0M2VmM2RhZmNmMDY3YmMzMGIwZDk2MTVkNTJmODY.-i9a\">For molecular compounds, the major factor that contributes to the material dissolving in water is the ability to form hydrogen bonds with the water solvent.\u00a0 Small compounds such as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, and acetone have polar groups that can interact with the polar H of water.\u00a0 However, as the non-polar portion of the molecule gets larger, solubility with water drops off.\u00a0 The non-polar portion of the molecule increasingly repels to water and eventually overrides the interaction of the polar component with water.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODU4ZDdhMDNmNTc1ZjVjOGIxODYzMjE0Y2Y5ZDI1OTY.-po1\">\n<li>Non-polar molecules are usually insoluble in water.<\/li>\n<li>A nonionized molecule must be relatively polar to interact with water molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NWIwNTBiNzc4ZmU4NmVhMjM3ZmNiYzA3YmViMDliOTM.-g2t\">Use the link below to answer the following question:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2QxMjQ3MWQyZWU0Y2I4ZjAzYjg2YTVhZGVhOTk1NzM.-jgp\"><a href=\"http:\/\/chemistry.about.com\/od\/factsstructures\/ig\/Chemical-Structures---E\/Ethylene-Glycol.htm\"> http:\/\/chemistry.about.com\/od\/factsstructures\/ig\/Chemical-Structures&#8212;E\/Ethylene-Glycol.htm <\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NmNiNGYyYmQyNTQ1NDY5ZjZkMzY3MmIzZWI4Mjc1ZGI.-cf8\">\n<li>Explain why ethylene glycol will dissolve in water.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-OTE5YWEzOWYyMzAyZGIxZTQxYTA3ZDNmMzBiOWNkMzU.-5pk\">\n<li>What are the main forces that operate between nonpolar molecules?<\/li>\n<li>What part of a molecule is needed for that molecule to dissolve in water?<\/li>\n<li>List some organic molecules that will dissolve well in water.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NTA2YjljMDc3N2IyOTU0NmZjOWM5MzEwMjliNmE5ZDQ.-fwi\">\n<li><strong> immiscible: <\/strong> Liquids that do not dissolve in one another.<\/li>\n<li><strong> miscible: <\/strong> Liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions.<\/li>\n<li><strong> polar: <\/strong> Molecule that has partial negative and positive charges<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h1 id=\"x-ck12-RWxlY3Ryb2x5dGVzIGFuZCBOb25lbGVjdHJvbHl0ZXM.\"><\/h1>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2724\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2724","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2336,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2724","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2724\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3403,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2724\/revisions\/3403"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2336"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2724\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2724"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2724"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2724"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2724"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}