{"id":2734,"date":"2016-08-24T17:29:55","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T17:29:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2734"},"modified":"2016-08-26T18:46:19","modified_gmt":"2016-08-26T18:46:19","slug":"colloids","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/colloids\/","title":{"raw":"Colloids","rendered":"Colloids"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NDIyNTViNTk1M2MzMjAxZjliZDI1YjczOGUyNTBhMGM.-sum\">\r\n \t<li>Define colloid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List differences between colloids, solutions, and suspensions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give examples of colloids.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>What type of mixture is a smoke flare?<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212351\/20140811155541368424.jpeg\" alt=\"Smoke flares take advantage of a form of mixture called a colloid\" width=\"400\" height=\"227\" \/> Smoke flares, courtesy of the <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:090626-Smoke_flare.jpg\">U.S. Air Force<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NGRjYjgzODYwMWUwNzFiODA1NjVlNzgxMmMwMThjODY.-sas\">Imagine you are sailing on a yacht.\u00a0 The engine suddenly breaks down and you are stranded in the middle of the ocean.\u00a0 You call the Coast Guard on your radio, but cannot give them an exact location because your GPS isn\u2019t working.\u00a0 Fortunately, you have a smoke flare, which you fire off.\u00a0 The dense colored smoke shows the Coast Guard where you are so they can rescue you.\u00a0 In using the flare, you are taking advantage of a type of mixture called a colloid.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Colloids<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjY2OWJjNzMzYzI3MGZkY2I3NjRhYzU3NTE1MTI5YzE.-nhk\">A <strong> colloid <\/strong> is a heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension.\u00a0 The dispersed particles are spread evenly throughout the <strong> dispersion <\/strong> <strong> medium<\/strong>, which can be a solid, liquid, or gas.\u00a0 Because the dispersed particles of a colloid are not as large as those of a suspension, they do not settle out upon standing. \u00a0The <strong> Table <\/strong> below summarizes the properties and distinctions between solutions, colloids, and suspensions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"x-ck12-YzdmNzg5MGIyNmI4ZjYxZTM2MTM3YTE0NjZhOGZkYzg.-ncw\" class=\"x-ck12-nofloat\" border=\"1\"><caption><strong> Properties of Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions <\/strong><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MmE5ZGJmYTRiNzRjNTNkNzMwNGZjOGI3OWExODc0ZDM.-nqe\"><strong> Solutions <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2ZlMThiZmRlYWJmYTIwZjA0ZGUwZjJmMWZhNmZmNzA.-mfl\"><strong> Colloids <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDdjNTVlOTAxNGY0ZDkwOGU4OTA4ZTY4M2IwZWE0MjI.-8fj\"><strong> Suspensions <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTQ4NDY1ZTgyNDFiMjYxNjJjOGUwYTdiMGNkZmM1ZTc.-lcg\">Homogeneous<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmFjYjkyOTkxYTBmMGU3YWU5ZTBkODc4ZDRkMTQxMzE.-kgt\">Heterogeneous<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmFjYjkyOTkxYTBmMGU3YWU5ZTBkODc4ZDRkMTQxMzE.-vhe\">Heterogeneous<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWE4ODRiNWRlZjQ0MTJjMDFmMjQ4ODEyMGFjYzZlZDc.-qkf\">Particle size: 0.01-1 nm; atoms, ions, or molecules<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWFhYjVmOGYyYmI3MTk2YTI1YTZlMWQ5ZmRmNzUyYTI.-0yf\">Particle size: 1-1000 nm, dispersed; large molecules or aggregates<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmNkYTFkYzJjNGVjOWNkZDk1ZjZkN2NmZDNmYzBiYmM.-zex\">Particle size: over 1000 nm, suspended; large particles or aggregates<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjZkMjlhMWViNjZlNWUyOWVlNWMxYjNlN2Y3YjI3OWU.-soe\">Do not separate on standing<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjZkMjlhMWViNjZlNWUyOWVlNWMxYjNlN2Y3YjI3OWU.-hxe\">Do not separate on standing<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NGNkMzFhYzk5NDVmYWViN2MyNGE5ZjU5ODgwMWIwNzc.-yxp\">Particles settle out<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjMzZTljMGY0NTA0MTg4YzcwMTJjYTZkZjk5ZjA5NmI.-lwa\">Cannot be separated by filtration<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjMzZTljMGY0NTA0MTg4YzcwMTJjYTZkZjk5ZjA5NmI.-def\">Cannot be separated by filtration<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTY2ODNkMDdlYWZhNWFjNGExNzA1YmU1YzNkMzRjMTA.-qql\">Can be separated by filtration<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTc0Y2VhZWY4YmY5NzU4OTlkZjAyNmRmZjJlZTdlNGY.-pj6\">Do not scatter light<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjI1ZDFiNjI1YjE2OGFhYWZmMTZiNWUzMTliMzAxODU.-i9e\">Scatter light (Tyndall effect)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGMwYmYyM2EwNTE1NzViZGNhNTJhMGNiMzA4MWYyMWQ.-pti\">May either scatter light or be opaque<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjkwYjYyYzQzZTU5MmI4ZmNlNzVhY2E1ODlkMGUxMWE.-uuj\">Colloids are unlike solutions because their dispersed particles are much larger than those of a solution.\u00a0 The dispersed particles of a colloid cannot be separated by filtration, but they scatter light, a phenomenon called the <strong> Tyndall effect <\/strong> .<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Tyndall Effect<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzljYzMzMWE5YTYwMjkzNjdkNmRhMDZiZTA2YmU4YTY.-puy\">When light is passed through a true solution, the dissolved particles are too small to deflect the light.\u00a0 However, the dispersed particles of a colloid, being larger, do deflect light.\u00a0 The Tyndall effect is the scattering of visible light by colloidal particles.\u00a0 You have undoubtedly \u201cseen\u201d a light beam as it passes through fog, smoke, or a scattering of dust particles suspended in air.\u00a0 All three are examples of colloids.\u00a0 Suspensions may scatter light, but if the number of suspended particles is sufficiently large, the suspension may simply be opaque and the light scattering will not occur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-N2RlN2M0YjU2MjI2YjJjZDA5NDFkNjQ5YzNmYWJmYTE.-d1g\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MTk1MzcyNC01Ny02Mi1DLUludENoLTA0LTAzLTExLVR5bmRhbGwtRWZmZWN0\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212352\/20140811155541496440.jpeg\" alt=\"Light gleaming through the trees.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" longdesc=\"The%20Tyndall%20effect%20allows%20sunlight%20to%20be%20seen%20as%20it%20passes%20through%20a%20fine%20mist.\" \/> Figure 2. Figure 15.12 The Tyndall effect allows sunlight to be seen as it passes through a fine mist. Image by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/33909700@N02\/3159696620\/\">Dave Stokes<\/a>, CC-BY.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-ZjlhMTBkOWFiMDkwZTE0MjkwNWViNDRmOGY1NGUwMTQ.-hoy\"><strong> Examples of Colloids <\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjY4ZTZhY2NhNmM2MDhhMGUyZTk5NjhiZGI0NzViZjA.-1qy\">The table\u00a0below lists examples of colloidal systems, most of which are very familiar.\u00a0 The dispersed phase describes the particles, while the dispersion medium is the material in which the particles are distributed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"x-ck12-YmU0OGY2NjkyNGE5NDQ4ZTI4YjYxOGUxYjAwNGUwZmI.-1b3\" class=\"x-ck12-nofloat\" border=\"1\"><caption><strong> Classes of Colloids <\/strong><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjA4ZjdlNzIyYzhiYTQ2MDdlY2ZjZWRjOGE0NzVhNjM.-uup\"><strong> Class of Colloid <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjE1Nzc3M2I3OWFhYTA3ZTBlZGNlY2U5MmI4NTA0Yjg.-emy\"><strong> Dispersed Phase <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NzQ5NTY2OTNjM2I0ODIxMmZjMmMyYTlhOGJlYTVjNDk.-lnh\"><strong> Dispersion Medium <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmY3YzBmY2Q2YTMxZTczNWE2MWMwMDFmNzU0MjY5NjE.-n15\"><strong> Examples <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODZmYTY0ZTIwMDZjMzY2NDBiNzI3ODBlZTVhMWEzYzg.-598\">Sol and gel<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWMwM2Y5MWFlNTZlNDc4NDU1ZTM3ODZlOTE1NTkxOTQ.-eli\">solid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-j93\">liquid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2Q4ODg4NGNhYzhkYjI4MTYwZTQ1Y2RlYzA5MjY2OTY.-pmd\">paint, jellies, blood, gelation, mud<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmEyYWUyZjU1YmExOTE3OGZhMDk1ZDRmZjA2NDIwZmY.-hv4\">Solid aerosol<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWMwM2Y5MWFlNTZlNDc4NDU1ZTM3ODZlOTE1NTkxOTQ.-hw0\">solid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmVlNzRlYWMwNzI4YTFiYjVmZjdkNDY2NmY4YzRhODg.-s6x\">gas<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NzY4ZGE4ZGNhZmRiY2Q5Zjk1N2YwMDk2MzRkNjIwYTc.-e2x\">smoke, dust in air<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NzAyZTM5Y2EyZDlmNDU5YWQ4NGYzMGNlNjZlNjJkNDU.-2gw\">Solid emulsion<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-lv1\">liquid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWMwM2Y5MWFlNTZlNDc4NDU1ZTM3ODZlOTE1NTkxOTQ.-mad\">solid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTcxZjhjNDI1NDQ0OTk4ZDgyZDJlZmJlOGM3NTMyODc.-mwu\">cheese, butter<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWQ3MGVlN2YxMWVmYjg2ZDM4MGY3NmU3OTY2NTlmMTQ.-vex\">Liquid emulsion<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-jjl\">liquid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-4km\">liquid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Mjc4NjZhMzhhZGFhZDEwZjllZGM1NjQwZmExMGJmNzM.-4sh\">milk, mayonnaise<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzE4ODMyNGJlNjE2MWNhNGQ1ZGEyZjY0YTMwNmY5NTc.-vkd\">Liquid aerosol<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-9sz\">liquid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmVlNzRlYWMwNzI4YTFiYjVmZjdkNDY2NmY4YzRhODg.-hmp\">gas<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjcxMDFlNGFmOTQzMzEyODQ0MTg0NGVjMjAxMTNjY2Q.-idq\">fog, mist, clouds, aerosol spray<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjlhODdjNGIzNzlhZTAxYjZlZWFjYzVlYjI3NDYwOWI.-nxp\">Foam<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmVlNzRlYWMwNzI4YTFiYjVmZjdkNDY2NmY4YzRhODg.-dh9\">gas<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWMwM2Y5MWFlNTZlNDc4NDU1ZTM3ODZlOTE1NTkxOTQ.-2ph\">solid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTA0MDA0MjE0ZWJmMmE5ZTc4NDBlZDhkMjgwYTg4N2Q.-wkk\">marshmallow<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjlhODdjNGIzNzlhZTAxYjZlZWFjYzVlYjI3NDYwOWI.-lcq\">Foam<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmVlNzRlYWMwNzI4YTFiYjVmZjdkNDY2NmY4YzRhODg.-hwn\">gas<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-rrm\">liquid<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDhlODBjMmM3YTg5ZDhlZTlmNzU2MjA5NDk2ZmUwYWI.-pum\">whipped cream, shaving cream<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjMzMDRhZjVjYzdmZWQwNmExZWI5N2QyOTA0ZTk2M2U.-hkx\">Another property of a colloidal system is the observed when the colloids are studied under a light microscope.\u00a0 The colloids scintillate, reflecting brief flashes of light because the colloidal particles move in a rapid and random fashion.\u00a0 This phenomenon, called Brownian motion, is caused by collisions between the small colloidal particles and the molecules of the dispersion medium.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Emulsions<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTdiMjM5MjVjNjQ0ZGIwYTcyODUwNzhkMjZlNGMzZmY.-ska\">Butter and mayonnaise are examples of a class of colloids called <strong> emulsions<\/strong>.\u00a0 An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid.\u00a0 A stable emulsion requires an emulsifying agent to be present.\u00a0 Mayonnaise is made in part of oil and vinegar.\u00a0 Since oil is nonpolar and vinegar is an aqueous solution and polar, the two do not mix and would quickly separate into layers.\u00a0 However, the addition of egg yolk causes the mixture to become stable and not separate.\u00a0 Egg yolk is capable of interacting with both the polar vinegar and the nonpolar oil.\u00a0 The egg yolk is called the emulsifying agent.\u00a0 Soap acts as an emulsifying agent between grease and water.\u00a0 Grease cannot be simply rinsed off your hands or another surface because it is insoluble.\u00a0 However, the soap stabilizes a grease-water mixture because one end of a soap molecule is polar and the other end is nonpolar.\u00a0 This allows the grease to be removed from your hands or your clothing by washing with soapy water.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YjVjY2RiMjA3MGU4OTE4ZjZhYjMyZWM2MzkyZjQyMGM.-c3a\">\r\n \t<li>A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Tyndall effect is the scattering of visible light by colloidal particles.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-ha6\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGJiZDdkNWIwZmY0NjU0NDBiNTdhNzBhZTVmNjY3YmY.-jt2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/science\/colloid-properties-colloids.html\"> http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/science\/colloid-properties-colloids.html <\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NzE3MDk3MDg0ZTc2ODMyYzIzZDQ1NjA1ZDc3NzQwNjQ.-pbi\">\r\n \t<li>What is one property of colloids that distinguishes them from true solutions?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is Brownian movement?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do colloid particles acquire an electrical charge?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YTY3NzYxNDFlZmI5OWYyNDU3ZDg4YmZhOTljYjU2MjU.-sci\">\r\n \t<li>What is a colloid?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the Tyndall effect?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the dispersion medium in blood?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is an emulsion?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-OTI1YmE0MTUzNDZkN2IyZWY4YjhiZWNkN2IxMTI4OTU.-upu\">\r\n \t<li><strong> colloid: <\/strong> A\u00a0heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> Tyndall effect: <\/strong> Phenomenon in which the dispersed particles of a colloid cannot be separated by filtration, but they scatter light.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> emulsion: <\/strong> A\u00a0colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong> dispersion medium: <\/strong> The material in which the particles are distributed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NDIyNTViNTk1M2MzMjAxZjliZDI1YjczOGUyNTBhMGM.-sum\">\n<li>Define colloid.<\/li>\n<li>List differences between colloids, solutions, and suspensions.<\/li>\n<li>Give examples of colloids.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>What type of mixture is a smoke flare?<\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212351\/20140811155541368424.jpeg\" alt=\"Smoke flares take advantage of a form of mixture called a colloid\" width=\"400\" height=\"227\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke flares, courtesy of the <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:090626-Smoke_flare.jpg\">U.S. Air Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NGRjYjgzODYwMWUwNzFiODA1NjVlNzgxMmMwMThjODY.-sas\">Imagine you are sailing on a yacht.\u00a0 The engine suddenly breaks down and you are stranded in the middle of the ocean.\u00a0 You call the Coast Guard on your radio, but cannot give them an exact location because your GPS isn\u2019t working.\u00a0 Fortunately, you have a smoke flare, which you fire off.\u00a0 The dense colored smoke shows the Coast Guard where you are so they can rescue you.\u00a0 In using the flare, you are taking advantage of a type of mixture called a colloid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Colloids<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjY2OWJjNzMzYzI3MGZkY2I3NjRhYzU3NTE1MTI5YzE.-nhk\">A <strong> colloid <\/strong> is a heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension.\u00a0 The dispersed particles are spread evenly throughout the <strong> dispersion <\/strong> <strong> medium<\/strong>, which can be a solid, liquid, or gas.\u00a0 Because the dispersed particles of a colloid are not as large as those of a suspension, they do not settle out upon standing. \u00a0The <strong> Table <\/strong> below summarizes the properties and distinctions between solutions, colloids, and suspensions.<\/p>\n<table id=\"x-ck12-YzdmNzg5MGIyNmI4ZjYxZTM2MTM3YTE0NjZhOGZkYzg.-ncw\" class=\"x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<caption><strong> Properties of Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions <\/strong><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MmE5ZGJmYTRiNzRjNTNkNzMwNGZjOGI3OWExODc0ZDM.-nqe\"><strong> Solutions <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-N2ZlMThiZmRlYWJmYTIwZjA0ZGUwZjJmMWZhNmZmNzA.-mfl\"><strong> Colloids <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDdjNTVlOTAxNGY0ZDkwOGU4OTA4ZTY4M2IwZWE0MjI.-8fj\"><strong> Suspensions <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTQ4NDY1ZTgyNDFiMjYxNjJjOGUwYTdiMGNkZmM1ZTc.-lcg\">Homogeneous<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmFjYjkyOTkxYTBmMGU3YWU5ZTBkODc4ZDRkMTQxMzE.-kgt\">Heterogeneous<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmFjYjkyOTkxYTBmMGU3YWU5ZTBkODc4ZDRkMTQxMzE.-vhe\">Heterogeneous<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWE4ODRiNWRlZjQ0MTJjMDFmMjQ4ODEyMGFjYzZlZDc.-qkf\">Particle size: 0.01-1 nm; atoms, ions, or molecules<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWFhYjVmOGYyYmI3MTk2YTI1YTZlMWQ5ZmRmNzUyYTI.-0yf\">Particle size: 1-1000 nm, dispersed; large molecules or aggregates<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmNkYTFkYzJjNGVjOWNkZDk1ZjZkN2NmZDNmYzBiYmM.-zex\">Particle size: over 1000 nm, suspended; large particles or aggregates<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjZkMjlhMWViNjZlNWUyOWVlNWMxYjNlN2Y3YjI3OWU.-soe\">Do not separate on standing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjZkMjlhMWViNjZlNWUyOWVlNWMxYjNlN2Y3YjI3OWU.-hxe\">Do not separate on standing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NGNkMzFhYzk5NDVmYWViN2MyNGE5ZjU5ODgwMWIwNzc.-yxp\">Particles settle out<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjMzZTljMGY0NTA0MTg4YzcwMTJjYTZkZjk5ZjA5NmI.-lwa\">Cannot be separated by filtration<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjMzZTljMGY0NTA0MTg4YzcwMTJjYTZkZjk5ZjA5NmI.-def\">Cannot be separated by filtration<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTY2ODNkMDdlYWZhNWFjNGExNzA1YmU1YzNkMzRjMTA.-qql\">Can be separated by filtration<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OTc0Y2VhZWY4YmY5NzU4OTlkZjAyNmRmZjJlZTdlNGY.-pj6\">Do not scatter light<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjI1ZDFiNjI1YjE2OGFhYWZmMTZiNWUzMTliMzAxODU.-i9e\">Scatter light (Tyndall effect)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGMwYmYyM2EwNTE1NzViZGNhNTJhMGNiMzA4MWYyMWQ.-pti\">May either scatter light or be opaque<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjkwYjYyYzQzZTU5MmI4ZmNlNzVhY2E1ODlkMGUxMWE.-uuj\">Colloids are unlike solutions because their dispersed particles are much larger than those of a solution.\u00a0 The dispersed particles of a colloid cannot be separated by filtration, but they scatter light, a phenomenon called the <strong> Tyndall effect <\/strong> .<\/p>\n<h2>Tyndall Effect<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YzljYzMzMWE5YTYwMjkzNjdkNmRhMDZiZTA2YmU4YTY.-puy\">When light is passed through a true solution, the dissolved particles are too small to deflect the light.\u00a0 However, the dispersed particles of a colloid, being larger, do deflect light.\u00a0 The Tyndall effect is the scattering of visible light by colloidal particles.\u00a0 You have undoubtedly \u201cseen\u201d a light beam as it passes through fog, smoke, or a scattering of dust particles suspended in air.\u00a0 All three are examples of colloids.\u00a0 Suspensions may scatter light, but if the number of suspended particles is sufficiently large, the suspension may simply be opaque and the light scattering will not occur.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-N2RlN2M0YjU2MjI2YjJjZDA5NDFkNjQ5YzNmYWJmYTE.-d1g\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MTk1MzcyNC01Ny02Mi1DLUludENoLTA0LTAzLTExLVR5bmRhbGwtRWZmZWN0\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19212352\/20140811155541496440.jpeg\" alt=\"Light gleaming through the trees.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" longdesc=\"The%20Tyndall%20effect%20allows%20sunlight%20to%20be%20seen%20as%20it%20passes%20through%20a%20fine%20mist.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Figure 15.12 The Tyndall effect allows sunlight to be seen as it passes through a fine mist. Image by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/33909700@N02\/3159696620\/\">Dave Stokes<\/a>, CC-BY.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-ZjlhMTBkOWFiMDkwZTE0MjkwNWViNDRmOGY1NGUwMTQ.-hoy\"><strong> Examples of Colloids <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjY4ZTZhY2NhNmM2MDhhMGUyZTk5NjhiZGI0NzViZjA.-1qy\">The table\u00a0below lists examples of colloidal systems, most of which are very familiar.\u00a0 The dispersed phase describes the particles, while the dispersion medium is the material in which the particles are distributed.<\/p>\n<table id=\"x-ck12-YmU0OGY2NjkyNGE5NDQ4ZTI4YjYxOGUxYjAwNGUwZmI.-1b3\" class=\"x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<caption><strong> Classes of Colloids <\/strong><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjA4ZjdlNzIyYzhiYTQ2MDdlY2ZjZWRjOGE0NzVhNjM.-uup\"><strong> Class of Colloid <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjE1Nzc3M2I3OWFhYTA3ZTBlZGNlY2U5MmI4NTA0Yjg.-emy\"><strong> Dispersed Phase <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NzQ5NTY2OTNjM2I0ODIxMmZjMmMyYTlhOGJlYTVjNDk.-lnh\"><strong> Dispersion Medium <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmY3YzBmY2Q2YTMxZTczNWE2MWMwMDFmNzU0MjY5NjE.-n15\"><strong> Examples <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODZmYTY0ZTIwMDZjMzY2NDBiNzI3ODBlZTVhMWEzYzg.-598\">Sol and gel<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWMwM2Y5MWFlNTZlNDc4NDU1ZTM3ODZlOTE1NTkxOTQ.-eli\">solid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-j93\">liquid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-M2Q4ODg4NGNhYzhkYjI4MTYwZTQ1Y2RlYzA5MjY2OTY.-pmd\">paint, jellies, blood, gelation, mud<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmEyYWUyZjU1YmExOTE3OGZhMDk1ZDRmZjA2NDIwZmY.-hv4\">Solid aerosol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWMwM2Y5MWFlNTZlNDc4NDU1ZTM3ODZlOTE1NTkxOTQ.-hw0\">solid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmVlNzRlYWMwNzI4YTFiYjVmZjdkNDY2NmY4YzRhODg.-s6x\">gas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NzY4ZGE4ZGNhZmRiY2Q5Zjk1N2YwMDk2MzRkNjIwYTc.-e2x\">smoke, dust in air<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NzAyZTM5Y2EyZDlmNDU5YWQ4NGYzMGNlNjZlNjJkNDU.-2gw\">Solid emulsion<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-lv1\">liquid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWMwM2Y5MWFlNTZlNDc4NDU1ZTM3ODZlOTE1NTkxOTQ.-mad\">solid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTcxZjhjNDI1NDQ0OTk4ZDgyZDJlZmJlOGM3NTMyODc.-mwu\">cheese, butter<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWQ3MGVlN2YxMWVmYjg2ZDM4MGY3NmU3OTY2NTlmMTQ.-vex\">Liquid emulsion<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-jjl\">liquid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-4km\">liquid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Mjc4NjZhMzhhZGFhZDEwZjllZGM1NjQwZmExMGJmNzM.-4sh\">milk, mayonnaise<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MzE4ODMyNGJlNjE2MWNhNGQ1ZGEyZjY0YTMwNmY5NTc.-vkd\">Liquid aerosol<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-9sz\">liquid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmVlNzRlYWMwNzI4YTFiYjVmZjdkNDY2NmY4YzRhODg.-hmp\">gas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjcxMDFlNGFmOTQzMzEyODQ0MTg0NGVjMjAxMTNjY2Q.-idq\">fog, mist, clouds, aerosol spray<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjlhODdjNGIzNzlhZTAxYjZlZWFjYzVlYjI3NDYwOWI.-nxp\">Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmVlNzRlYWMwNzI4YTFiYjVmZjdkNDY2NmY4YzRhODg.-dh9\">gas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWMwM2Y5MWFlNTZlNDc4NDU1ZTM3ODZlOTE1NTkxOTQ.-2ph\">solid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTA0MDA0MjE0ZWJmMmE5ZTc4NDBlZDhkMjgwYTg4N2Q.-wkk\">marshmallow<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjlhODdjNGIzNzlhZTAxYjZlZWFjYzVlYjI3NDYwOWI.-lcq\">Foam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmVlNzRlYWMwNzI4YTFiYjVmZjdkNDY2NmY4YzRhODg.-hwn\">gas<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjgwYjYzODNkNzY3ZmViMjQzMzNjN2Q0NjBiZWQ5OGM.-rrm\">liquid<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDhlODBjMmM3YTg5ZDhlZTlmNzU2MjA5NDk2ZmUwYWI.-pum\">whipped cream, shaving cream<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjMzMDRhZjVjYzdmZWQwNmExZWI5N2QyOTA0ZTk2M2U.-hkx\">Another property of a colloidal system is the observed when the colloids are studied under a light microscope.\u00a0 The colloids scintillate, reflecting brief flashes of light because the colloidal particles move in a rapid and random fashion.\u00a0 This phenomenon, called Brownian motion, is caused by collisions between the small colloidal particles and the molecules of the dispersion medium.<\/p>\n<h2>Emulsions<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NTdiMjM5MjVjNjQ0ZGIwYTcyODUwNzhkMjZlNGMzZmY.-ska\">Butter and mayonnaise are examples of a class of colloids called <strong> emulsions<\/strong>.\u00a0 An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid.\u00a0 A stable emulsion requires an emulsifying agent to be present.\u00a0 Mayonnaise is made in part of oil and vinegar.\u00a0 Since oil is nonpolar and vinegar is an aqueous solution and polar, the two do not mix and would quickly separate into layers.\u00a0 However, the addition of egg yolk causes the mixture to become stable and not separate.\u00a0 Egg yolk is capable of interacting with both the polar vinegar and the nonpolar oil.\u00a0 The egg yolk is called the emulsifying agent.\u00a0 Soap acts as an emulsifying agent between grease and water.\u00a0 Grease cannot be simply rinsed off your hands or another surface because it is insoluble.\u00a0 However, the soap stabilizes a grease-water mixture because one end of a soap molecule is polar and the other end is nonpolar.\u00a0 This allows the grease to be removed from your hands or your clothing by washing with soapy water.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YjVjY2RiMjA3MGU4OTE4ZjZhYjMyZWM2MzkyZjQyMGM.-c3a\">\n<li>A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension.<\/li>\n<li>The Tyndall effect is the scattering of visible light by colloidal particles.<\/li>\n<li>An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-ha6\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGJiZDdkNWIwZmY0NjU0NDBiNTdhNzBhZTVmNjY3YmY.-jt2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/science\/colloid-properties-colloids.html\"> http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/science\/colloid-properties-colloids.html <\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NzE3MDk3MDg0ZTc2ODMyYzIzZDQ1NjA1ZDc3NzQwNjQ.-pbi\">\n<li>What is one property of colloids that distinguishes them from true solutions?<\/li>\n<li>What is Brownian movement?<\/li>\n<li>Do colloid particles acquire an electrical charge?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-YTY3NzYxNDFlZmI5OWYyNDU3ZDg4YmZhOTljYjU2MjU.-sci\">\n<li>What is a colloid?<\/li>\n<li>What is the Tyndall effect?<\/li>\n<li>What is the dispersion medium in blood?<\/li>\n<li>What is an emulsion?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-OTI1YmE0MTUzNDZkN2IyZWY4YjhiZWNkN2IxMTI4OTU.-upu\">\n<li><strong> colloid: <\/strong> A\u00a0heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Tyndall effect: <\/strong> Phenomenon in which the dispersed particles of a colloid cannot be separated by filtration, but they scatter light.<\/li>\n<li><strong> emulsion: <\/strong> A\u00a0colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid.<\/li>\n<li><strong> dispersion medium: <\/strong> The material in which the particles are distributed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2734\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2734","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2336,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2734","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2734\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3407,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2734\/revisions\/3407"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2336"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2734\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2734"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2734"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2734"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2734"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}