{"id":2784,"date":"2016-08-24T18:28:24","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T18:28:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2784"},"modified":"2016-08-26T17:27:13","modified_gmt":"2016-08-26T17:27:13","slug":"cation-formation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/cation-formation\/","title":{"raw":"Cation Formation","rendered":"Cation Formation"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-SW9uaWMgYW5kIE1ldGFsbGljIEJvbmRpbmc.-chapter\">Ionic and Metallic Bonding<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data\"><\/div>\r\n<h1 id=\"x-ck12-Q2F0aW9uIEZvcm1hdGlvbg..\">Cation Formation<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODNlZGY0NzEwNGVkYTA0YjA1NjQyMmYxNmFiOWQxOGI.-fym\">\r\n \t<li>Define cation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe how cations are formed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write equations to illustrate cation formation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmZiMWM5YjkxMjUzZjExZmYxMjkwYzg0NWQwZjhjZDI.-b9x\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211340\/20140811155230737866.jpeg\" alt=\"Ion exchange resins remove cations from water\" width=\"250\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDBjZjdkMDFkY2I0OGFkZTZlOGE3NzU4YjZhY2NlNjU.-mmk\"><strong>How are cations formed?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODIxNDQ5NjFkODliNDk5NDg5YjQwYTZlNGJiNzEyMjY.-l5c\">In many parts of the country, the water contains high concentrations of minerals that stain clothes, build up deposits on bathtubs and water heaters, and create problems with soap foaming properly.\u00a0 This problem is caused by what is called \u201chard water.\u201d The water contains excessive amounts of cations such as iron and calcium.\u00a0 These ions create a lot of problems in the water.\u00a0 Ion exchange resins (seen above) will remove these minerals and clean up the water.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-NGJlZjU4MzZjNzVjZDQ2NGIxZDA4OGEyMDllYzUzNzI.-tjw_2-akr\">Cation Formation<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWUzNGRkMDY5NDU4YjZiY2E1YjdjMjFkNjRmNWQ0YjU.-8rj\">Cations are the positive ions formed by the loss of one or more electrons.\u00a0 The most commonly formed cations of the representative elements are those that involve the loss of all of the valence electrons.\u00a0 Consider the alkali metal sodium (Na).\u00a0 It has one valence electron in the third principal energy level.\u00a0 Upon losing that electron, the sodium ion now has an octet of electrons from the second principal energy level.\u00a0 The equation below illustrates this process.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-qic\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211342\/132bdf35445c3c9bf1881afb00e97a04.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Na} qquad qquad rightarrow quad text{Na}^+ quad + quad text{e}^-\\&amp; 1s^22s^22p^63s^1 qquad 1s^22s^22p^6 (text{octet})\" width=\"279\" height=\"47\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjE3ODdiZmY5N2FkNTU4M2Y5NGY0YThiMTQ1NThlZDg.-t3p\">The electron configuration of the sodium ion is now the same as that of the noble gas neon.\u00a0 The term <strong>isoelectronic <\/strong>refers to an atom and an ion of a different atom (or two different ions) that have the same electron configuration.\u00a0 The sodium ion is isoelectronic with the neon atom.\u00a0 Consider a similar process with magnesium and with aluminum:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-i7j\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211343\/9ba0724103c64b4c29e13e961fa51a28.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Mg} qquad qquad rightarrow quad text{Mg}^{2+} quad + quad 2text{e}^-\\&amp; 1s^22s^22p^63s^2 qquad quad 1s^22s^22p^6 (text{octet})\\&amp; text{Al} qquad qquad quad rightarrow quad text{Al}^{3+} quad + quad 3text{e}^-\\&amp; 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^1 quad 1s^22s^22p^6 (text{octet})\" width=\"285\" height=\"102\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTA0ODMwZDA4ZTcwMGZhZDk1ZmQwOWNmODc3OTAxMzA.-k4r\">In this case, the magnesium atom loses its two valence electrons in order to achieve the same noble-gas configuration.\u00a0 The aluminum atom loses its three valence electrons.\u00a0 The Mg <sup>2+ <\/sup>ion, the Al<sup>3+ <\/sup>ion, the Na <sup>+ <\/sup>ion, and the Ne atom are all isoelectronic.\u00a0 For representative elements under typical conditions, three electrons is the maximum number that will be lost.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjIxNjkzOGU2ZTVhYzNlYjgxMWQ4ZGE5ZGY2Yjc0OTA.-ggz\">We can also show the loss of valence electron(s) with an electron dot diagram.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-teo\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211344\/a60bb3ef9c87a2334e2213d34973eefd.png\" alt=\"text{Na} cdot &amp; rightarrow text{Na}^++text{e}^-\\cdot text{Mg} cdot &amp; rightarrow text{Mg}^{2+}+2text{e}^-\" width=\"153\" height=\"48\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-MjkwNjEyMTk5ODYxYzMxZDEwMzZiMTg1YjRlNjliNzU.-itn_2-dhc\">Summary<\/h4>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZjBiODJkYWM4YjI4ODQ2YWUzNjBkMjFmMzVkYzAyMjI.-ofc\">\r\n \t<li>Cations form when an atom loses one or more electrons.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The resulting cation has the electron configuration of the noble gas atom in the row above it in the periodic table.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-OGMwMDRkN2UzYjhhNWE4NTBhYjI0NTljM2FmYzJmNTc.-ynw_2-psz\">Practice<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-nlz\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-osf\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmQ4NTk5YjcyZTc2ZjYyYTYzMzUyYzc3OTg5OTY4YzU.-jae\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wisegeek.org\/what-is-deionized-water.htm\">http:\/\/www.wisegeek.org\/what-is-deionized-water.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-Nzc0MjEyODJmNzk1MmYwNTIwZDNkMjNiNDc5NWRmZWU.-afe\">\r\n \t<li>What are some of the cations removed from deionized water?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How is deionized water made?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is not removed from deionized water?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does deionized water slow aging and prevent disease?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-NDU3ZGQ1NTE4NGZhZWRiNzg4NWFmZDQwMDlkNzAxNjM.-o5g_2-t1k\">Review<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-rkh\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-Njg0MTg2YmUyNDcwMjI5NTA3ZWEzN2FjYjE4ZDZiN2Q.-sev\">\r\n \t<li>What is a cation?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How many valence electrons does the sodium atom have?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which atom is the sodium ion isoelectronic with?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How many electrons does magnesium lose to form the magnesium ion?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NzJjYmUzZDgxNjgwMGQ5MTM0MWQ0NjY3YjAwMGNiNWY.-p3d\">\r\n \t<li><strong>isoelectronic:\u00a0 <\/strong>An atom and an ion of a different atom, or two different ions, that have the same electron configuration.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><\/h1>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>User:Bugman\/Wikipedia. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ion_exchange_resin_beads.jpg\"> http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ion_exchange_resin_beads.jpg <\/a> .<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-SW9uaWMgYW5kIE1ldGFsbGljIEJvbmRpbmc.-chapter\">Ionic and Metallic Bonding<\/h1>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data\"><\/div>\n<h1 id=\"x-ck12-Q2F0aW9uIEZvcm1hdGlvbg..\">Cation Formation<\/h1>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODNlZGY0NzEwNGVkYTA0YjA1NjQyMmYxNmFiOWQxOGI.-fym\">\n<li>Define cation.<\/li>\n<li>Describe how cations are formed.<\/li>\n<li>Write equations to illustrate cation formation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmZiMWM5YjkxMjUzZjExZmYxMjkwYzg0NWQwZjhjZDI.-b9x\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211340\/20140811155230737866.jpeg\" alt=\"Ion exchange resins remove cations from water\" width=\"250\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MDBjZjdkMDFkY2I0OGFkZTZlOGE3NzU4YjZhY2NlNjU.-mmk\"><strong>How are cations formed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODIxNDQ5NjFkODliNDk5NDg5YjQwYTZlNGJiNzEyMjY.-l5c\">In many parts of the country, the water contains high concentrations of minerals that stain clothes, build up deposits on bathtubs and water heaters, and create problems with soap foaming properly.\u00a0 This problem is caused by what is called \u201chard water.\u201d The water contains excessive amounts of cations such as iron and calcium.\u00a0 These ions create a lot of problems in the water.\u00a0 Ion exchange resins (seen above) will remove these minerals and clean up the water.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-NGJlZjU4MzZjNzVjZDQ2NGIxZDA4OGEyMDllYzUzNzI.-tjw_2-akr\">Cation Formation<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWUzNGRkMDY5NDU4YjZiY2E1YjdjMjFkNjRmNWQ0YjU.-8rj\">Cations are the positive ions formed by the loss of one or more electrons.\u00a0 The most commonly formed cations of the representative elements are those that involve the loss of all of the valence electrons.\u00a0 Consider the alkali metal sodium (Na).\u00a0 It has one valence electron in the third principal energy level.\u00a0 Upon losing that electron, the sodium ion now has an octet of electrons from the second principal energy level.\u00a0 The equation below illustrates this process.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-qic\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211342\/132bdf35445c3c9bf1881afb00e97a04.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Na} qquad qquad rightarrow quad text{Na}^+ quad + quad text{e}^-\\&amp; 1s^22s^22p^63s^1 qquad 1s^22s^22p^6 (text{octet})\" width=\"279\" height=\"47\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NjE3ODdiZmY5N2FkNTU4M2Y5NGY0YThiMTQ1NThlZDg.-t3p\">The electron configuration of the sodium ion is now the same as that of the noble gas neon.\u00a0 The term <strong>isoelectronic <\/strong>refers to an atom and an ion of a different atom (or two different ions) that have the same electron configuration.\u00a0 The sodium ion is isoelectronic with the neon atom.\u00a0 Consider a similar process with magnesium and with aluminum:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-i7j\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211343\/9ba0724103c64b4c29e13e961fa51a28.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Mg} qquad qquad rightarrow quad text{Mg}^{2+} quad + quad 2text{e}^-\\&amp; 1s^22s^22p^63s^2 qquad quad 1s^22s^22p^6 (text{octet})\\&amp; text{Al} qquad qquad quad rightarrow quad text{Al}^{3+} quad + quad 3text{e}^-\\&amp; 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^1 quad 1s^22s^22p^6 (text{octet})\" width=\"285\" height=\"102\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTA0ODMwZDA4ZTcwMGZhZDk1ZmQwOWNmODc3OTAxMzA.-k4r\">In this case, the magnesium atom loses its two valence electrons in order to achieve the same noble-gas configuration.\u00a0 The aluminum atom loses its three valence electrons.\u00a0 The Mg <sup>2+ <\/sup>ion, the Al<sup>3+ <\/sup>ion, the Na <sup>+ <\/sup>ion, and the Ne atom are all isoelectronic.\u00a0 For representative elements under typical conditions, three electrons is the maximum number that will be lost.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjIxNjkzOGU2ZTVhYzNlYjgxMWQ4ZGE5ZGY2Yjc0OTA.-ggz\">We can also show the loss of valence electron(s) with an electron dot diagram.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-teo\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211344\/a60bb3ef9c87a2334e2213d34973eefd.png\" alt=\"text{Na} cdot &amp; rightarrow text{Na}^++text{e}^-\\cdot text{Mg} cdot &amp; rightarrow text{Mg}^{2+}+2text{e}^-\" width=\"153\" height=\"48\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-MjkwNjEyMTk5ODYxYzMxZDEwMzZiMTg1YjRlNjliNzU.-itn_2-dhc\">Summary<\/h4>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZjBiODJkYWM4YjI4ODQ2YWUzNjBkMjFmMzVkYzAyMjI.-ofc\">\n<li>Cations form when an atom loses one or more electrons.<\/li>\n<li>The resulting cation has the electron configuration of the noble gas atom in the row above it in the periodic table.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-OGMwMDRkN2UzYjhhNWE4NTBhYjI0NTljM2FmYzJmNTc.-ynw_2-psz\">Practice<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-nlz\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-osf\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YmQ4NTk5YjcyZTc2ZjYyYTYzMzUyYzc3OTg5OTY4YzU.-jae\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wisegeek.org\/what-is-deionized-water.htm\">http:\/\/www.wisegeek.org\/what-is-deionized-water.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-Nzc0MjEyODJmNzk1MmYwNTIwZDNkMjNiNDc5NWRmZWU.-afe\">\n<li>What are some of the cations removed from deionized water?<\/li>\n<li>How is deionized water made?<\/li>\n<li>What is not removed from deionized water?<\/li>\n<li>Does deionized water slow aging and prevent disease?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-NDU3ZGQ1NTE4NGZhZWRiNzg4NWFmZDQwMDlkNzAxNjM.-o5g_2-t1k\">Review<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-rkh\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-Njg0MTg2YmUyNDcwMjI5NTA3ZWEzN2FjYjE4ZDZiN2Q.-sev\">\n<li>What is a cation?<\/li>\n<li>How many valence electrons does the sodium atom have?<\/li>\n<li>Which atom is the sodium ion isoelectronic with?<\/li>\n<li>How many electrons does magnesium lose to form the magnesium ion?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NzJjYmUzZDgxNjgwMGQ5MTM0MWQ0NjY3YjAwMGNiNWY.-p3d\">\n<li><strong>isoelectronic:\u00a0 <\/strong>An atom and an ion of a different atom, or two different ions, that have the same electron configuration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h1><\/h1>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>User:Bugman\/Wikipedia. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ion_exchange_resin_beads.jpg\"> http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ion_exchange_resin_beads.jpg <\/a> .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1507,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2784","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2329,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2784","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1507"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2784\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3378,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2784\/revisions\/3378"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2329"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2784\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2784"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2784"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2784"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2784"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}