{"id":2791,"date":"2016-08-24T18:30:07","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T18:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2791"},"modified":"2017-08-28T22:44:57","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T22:44:57","slug":"transition-metal-ion-formation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/transition-metal-ion-formation\/","title":{"raw":"Transition Metal Ion Formation","rendered":"Transition Metal Ion Formation"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-SW9uaWMgYW5kIE1ldGFsbGljIEJvbmRpbmc.-chapter\">Ionic and Metallic Bonding<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data\"><\/div>\r\n<h1 id=\"x-ck12-VHJhbnNpdGlvbiBNZXRhbCBJb24gRm9ybWF0aW9u\">Transition Metal Ion Formation<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MjJkMzIzMmE5MGQ4YmM0ZjdiMDA4ZWI4ZDEwNTIxOTI.-vsu\">\r\n \t<li>Describe the formation of transition metal ions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-sxd\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211349\/20140811155231418636.png\" alt=\"Elemental groupings in the periodic table\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWU3NDEyNTg5YTNlOTI2Y2ZjZWNmMjUxODc5MTY0NjM.-cx3\"><strong>How do transition metals form ions?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Yjk4NWZjMzcwMDVmNGI1NThlZjA0MTkwOTI3ZWY3NzM.-mro\">The transition metals are an interesting and challenging group of elements.\u00a0 They have perplexing\u00a0 patterns of electron distribution that don\u2019t always follow the electron filling rules.\u00a0 Predicting how they will form ions is also not always obvious.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-ODAzZTliOWFkMWUxOTAyM2NmZjViOWZmNGI5YTRlZjU.-9ui_4-av2\">Transition Metal Ions<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Mzk2MTU1YjU2ODdmNDA3N2VlYzE2MzQ5OGRlYzYwM2I.-7q2\"><strong>Transition metals <\/strong>belong to the <em>d <\/em>block, meaning that the <em>d <\/em>sublevel of electrons is in the process of being filled with up to ten electrons.\u00a0 Many transition metals cannot lose enough electrons to attain a noble-gas electron configuration.\u00a0 In addition, \u00a0the majority of transition metals are capable of adopting ions with different charges.\u00a0 Iron, which forms either the Fe <sup>2+ <\/sup>or Fe <sup>3+ <\/sup>ions, loses electrons as shown below.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ifi\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211351\/9f283bb02010fbd06fc81f8f0601f1e1.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Fe} quad qquad rightarrow quad text{Fe}^{2+} quad + quad 2text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^64s^2 quad quad [text{Ar}]3d^6\\&amp; text{Fe} quad qquad rightarrow quad text{Fe}^{3+} quad + quad 3text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^64s^2 quad quad [text{Ar}]3d^5\" width=\"237\" height=\"103\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWQ1ZTJkODE3OTljNjU2OTIwZTgzOTRkMjMyYzk1ZWU.-bq3\">According to the Aufbau process, the electrons fill the 4 <em>s <\/em>sublevel before beginning to fill the 3 <em>d <\/em>sublevel.\u00a0 However, the outermost <em>s <\/em>electrons are always the first to be removed in the process of forming transition metal cations.\u00a0 Because most transition metals have two valence electrons, the charge of 2+ is a very common one for their ions.\u00a0 This is the case for iron above.\u00a0 A half-filled <em>d<\/em>sublevel ( <em>d <\/em><sup>5 <\/sup>) is particularly stable, which is the result of an iron atom losing a third electron.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NDQ3M2M1ZGFkNDdkMjg1YjdiNThmNWVkOTVhN2Q4ZWM.-so5\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-yi7\"><img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MjAwNjM1OS0yNi03NC1JbnRDaC0wOC0wMy1Jcm9uLVN1bGZhdGUtUnVzdA..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211352\/20140811155231511820.png\" alt=\"Picture of rust, iron oxide, as well as iron sulfate\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/A.%20Rust%20is%20a%20complex%20combination%20of%20oxides%20of%20iron%28III%29%2C%20among%20them%20iron%28III%29%20oxide%2C%20Fe%3Csub%3E2%3C\/sub%3EO%3Csub%3E3%3C\/sub%3E.%20B.%20Iron%28II%29%20sulfate%2C%20FeSO%3Csub%3E4%3C\/sub%3E%2C%20has%20been%20known%20since%20ancient%20times%20as%20green%20vitriol%20and%20was%20used%20for%20centuries%20in%20the%20manufacture%20of%20inks.\" \/><\/p>\r\n<strong>Figure 8.5<\/strong>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OWE2MDFlMWNkNDg4YWJiOTEwMjc2MmM2MzgwYmVhOTM.-guw\">A. Rust is a complex combination of oxides of iron(III), among them iron(III) oxide, Fe <sub>2 <\/sub>O <sub>3 <\/sub>. B. Iron(II) sulfate, FeSO <sub>4 <\/sub>, has been known since ancient times as green vitriol and was used for centuries in the manufacture of inks.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2EzNDgzMjFiYWY5MDdkYWZjNGM0ZGY2YzkxYjlkOWU.-cjf\">Some transition metals that have relatively few <em>d <\/em>electrons may attain a noble-gas electron configuration.\u00a0 Scandium is an example.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWE2ZmMyOGE5NzQ2MDFlNmU5MGM4Njc0YWI4Y2Q2YTY.-9t7\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211353\/e5457cb06f402c9a6f2c01d427f289ce.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Sc} quad quad rightarrow qquad text{Sc}^{3+} quad + quad 3text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^14s^2 qquad [text{Ar}]\" width=\"237\" height=\"48\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjBlMTEyMGU5MWJiZTU0NmM3NWYyZGYzODljMTBjNDM.-9m1\">Others may attain configurations with a full <em>d <\/em>sublevel, such as zinc and copper.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-owq\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211354\/2b4505ec39d8664277ad1eb5478f020d.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Zn} quad quad rightarrow qquad text{Zn}^{2+} quad + quad 2text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^{10}4s^2 qquad [text{Ar}]3d^{10}\\&amp; text{Cu} quad quad rightarrow qquad text{Cu}^+ quad + quad text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^{10}4s^1 qquad [text{Ar}]3d^{10}\" width=\"243\" height=\"102\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWYwNGZmNGNmODNmMzM2NjBiZGQ4MGMzYTg3M2JmMGI.-kzy\">The resulting configuration above, with 18 electrons in the outermost principal energy level, is referred to as a <strong>pseudo noble-gas electron configuration <\/strong>.\u00a0 It gives particular stability to the Zn <sup> 2+ <\/sup>and Cu <sup>+ <\/sup>ions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-MjkwNjEyMTk5ODYxYzMxZDEwMzZiMTg1YjRlNjliNzU.-ztk_4-5zi\">Summary<\/h4>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NjJjYWZmZjA4NTA0MTY3MzkwMzAyMjM1YTU0YTdjNjU.-osa\">\r\n \t<li>Transition metal ion formation is more complex than simple cation formation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transition metal ions often involve rearrangements of both <em>d <\/em>and <em>s <\/em>electrons.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-OGMwMDRkN2UzYjhhNWE4NTBhYjI0NTljM2FmYzJmNTc.-zsy_4-mrl\">Practice<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmVlOGI0MjM2YjI5NzNkM2U0ZjFkMTMyZjVlMTY3NTc.-8s5\">Answer the questions in <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110308144846\/http:\/\/www.dynamicscience.com.au\/tester\/solutions\/chemistry\/atomic%20structure\/transitionmetalsionformation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atomic Structure: Transition Metal Ions<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-NDU3ZGQ1NTE4NGZhZWRiNzg4NWFmZDQwMDlkNzAxNjM.-2ul_4-md4\">Review<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-naf\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-N2JlMjY3MDUzMTA4OWQyMTdiOTc5YjE2NzJiOTUyYWU.-v6u\">\r\n \t<li>What block do the transition metals fall in?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which sublevel is filled first?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which sublevel loses electrons first?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the pseudo noble-gas electron configuration?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YTU3OWU4ODc1NzZmN2Y4ZjFlNzQ4ZThhNjg3ODgxMTg.-uhn\">\r\n \t<li><strong>pseudo noble-gas electron configuration: <\/strong>\u00a018 electrons in the outermost principal energy level.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transition metal: <\/strong>\u00a0Metals whose\u00a0 <img class=\"x-ck12-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211305\/b9a651ce0c7e12c7fab97635f4174129.png\" alt=\"d\" width=\"10\" height=\"13\" \/> sublevels are in the process of filling to ten electrons.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><\/h1>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>CK-12 Foundation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(A) Paulnasca; (B) Ben Mills (Wikimedia: Benjah-bmm27). (A) <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Rust_screw.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Rust_screw.jpg<\/a>; (B) <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-SW9uaWMgYW5kIE1ldGFsbGljIEJvbmRpbmc.-chapter\">Ionic and Metallic Bonding<\/h1>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data\"><\/div>\n<h1 id=\"x-ck12-VHJhbnNpdGlvbiBNZXRhbCBJb24gRm9ybWF0aW9u\">Transition Metal Ion Formation<\/h1>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MjJkMzIzMmE5MGQ4YmM0ZjdiMDA4ZWI4ZDEwNTIxOTI.-vsu\">\n<li>Describe the formation of transition metal ions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTQ2NmIzNTQ2MWJlZmRhNTEzNTE1NzNiYTQ1NjIyYjY.-sxd\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211349\/20140811155231418636.png\" alt=\"Elemental groupings in the periodic table\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWU3NDEyNTg5YTNlOTI2Y2ZjZWNmMjUxODc5MTY0NjM.-cx3\"><strong>How do transition metals form ions?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Yjk4NWZjMzcwMDVmNGI1NThlZjA0MTkwOTI3ZWY3NzM.-mro\">The transition metals are an interesting and challenging group of elements.\u00a0 They have perplexing\u00a0 patterns of electron distribution that don\u2019t always follow the electron filling rules.\u00a0 Predicting how they will form ions is also not always obvious.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-ODAzZTliOWFkMWUxOTAyM2NmZjViOWZmNGI5YTRlZjU.-9ui_4-av2\">Transition Metal Ions<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Mzk2MTU1YjU2ODdmNDA3N2VlYzE2MzQ5OGRlYzYwM2I.-7q2\"><strong>Transition metals <\/strong>belong to the <em>d <\/em>block, meaning that the <em>d <\/em>sublevel of electrons is in the process of being filled with up to ten electrons.\u00a0 Many transition metals cannot lose enough electrons to attain a noble-gas electron configuration.\u00a0 In addition, \u00a0the majority of transition metals are capable of adopting ions with different charges.\u00a0 Iron, which forms either the Fe <sup>2+ <\/sup>or Fe <sup>3+ <\/sup>ions, loses electrons as shown below.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ifi\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211351\/9f283bb02010fbd06fc81f8f0601f1e1.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Fe} quad qquad rightarrow quad text{Fe}^{2+} quad + quad 2text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^64s^2 quad quad [text{Ar}]3d^6\\&amp; text{Fe} quad qquad rightarrow quad text{Fe}^{3+} quad + quad 3text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^64s^2 quad quad [text{Ar}]3d^5\" width=\"237\" height=\"103\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZWQ1ZTJkODE3OTljNjU2OTIwZTgzOTRkMjMyYzk1ZWU.-bq3\">According to the Aufbau process, the electrons fill the 4 <em>s <\/em>sublevel before beginning to fill the 3 <em>d <\/em>sublevel.\u00a0 However, the outermost <em>s <\/em>electrons are always the first to be removed in the process of forming transition metal cations.\u00a0 Because most transition metals have two valence electrons, the charge of 2+ is a very common one for their ions.\u00a0 This is the case for iron above.\u00a0 A half-filled <em>d<\/em>sublevel ( <em>d <\/em><sup>5 <\/sup>) is particularly stable, which is the result of an iron atom losing a third electron.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NDQ3M2M1ZGFkNDdkMjg1YjdiNThmNWVkOTVhN2Q4ZWM.-so5\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<p id=\"x-ck12-yi7\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MjAwNjM1OS0yNi03NC1JbnRDaC0wOC0wMy1Jcm9uLVN1bGZhdGUtUnVzdA..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211352\/20140811155231511820.png\" alt=\"Picture of rust, iron oxide, as well as iron sulfate\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/A.%20Rust%20is%20a%20complex%20combination%20of%20oxides%20of%20iron%28III%29%2C%20among%20them%20iron%28III%29%20oxide%2C%20Fe%3Csub%3E2%3C\/sub%3EO%3Csub%3E3%3C\/sub%3E.%20B.%20Iron%28II%29%20sulfate%2C%20FeSO%3Csub%3E4%3C\/sub%3E%2C%20has%20been%20known%20since%20ancient%20times%20as%20green%20vitriol%20and%20was%20used%20for%20centuries%20in%20the%20manufacture%20of%20inks.\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 8.5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OWE2MDFlMWNkNDg4YWJiOTEwMjc2MmM2MzgwYmVhOTM.-guw\">A. Rust is a complex combination of oxides of iron(III), among them iron(III) oxide, Fe <sub>2 <\/sub>O <sub>3 <\/sub>. B. Iron(II) sulfate, FeSO <sub>4 <\/sub>, has been known since ancient times as green vitriol and was used for centuries in the manufacture of inks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2EzNDgzMjFiYWY5MDdkYWZjNGM0ZGY2YzkxYjlkOWU.-cjf\">Some transition metals that have relatively few <em>d <\/em>electrons may attain a noble-gas electron configuration.\u00a0 Scandium is an example.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWE2ZmMyOGE5NzQ2MDFlNmU5MGM4Njc0YWI4Y2Q2YTY.-9t7\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211353\/e5457cb06f402c9a6f2c01d427f289ce.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Sc} quad quad rightarrow qquad text{Sc}^{3+} quad + quad 3text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^14s^2 qquad [text{Ar}]\" width=\"237\" height=\"48\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjBlMTEyMGU5MWJiZTU0NmM3NWYyZGYzODljMTBjNDM.-9m1\">Others may attain configurations with a full <em>d <\/em>sublevel, such as zinc and copper.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-owq\" class=\"x-ck12-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"x-ck12-block-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211354\/2b4505ec39d8664277ad1eb5478f020d.png\" alt=\"&amp; text{Zn} quad quad rightarrow qquad text{Zn}^{2+} quad + quad 2text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^{10}4s^2 qquad [text{Ar}]3d^{10}\\&amp; text{Cu} quad quad rightarrow qquad text{Cu}^+ quad + quad text{e}^-\\&amp; [text{Ar}]3d^{10}4s^1 qquad [text{Ar}]3d^{10}\" width=\"243\" height=\"102\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MWYwNGZmNGNmODNmMzM2NjBiZGQ4MGMzYTg3M2JmMGI.-kzy\">The resulting configuration above, with 18 electrons in the outermost principal energy level, is referred to as a <strong>pseudo noble-gas electron configuration <\/strong>.\u00a0 It gives particular stability to the Zn <sup> 2+ <\/sup>and Cu <sup>+ <\/sup>ions.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-MjkwNjEyMTk5ODYxYzMxZDEwMzZiMTg1YjRlNjliNzU.-ztk_4-5zi\">Summary<\/h4>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-NjJjYWZmZjA4NTA0MTY3MzkwMzAyMjM1YTU0YTdjNjU.-osa\">\n<li>Transition metal ion formation is more complex than simple cation formation.<\/li>\n<li>Transition metal ions often involve rearrangements of both <em>d <\/em>and <em>s <\/em>electrons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-OGMwMDRkN2UzYjhhNWE4NTBhYjI0NTljM2FmYzJmNTc.-zsy_4-mrl\">Practice<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmVlOGI0MjM2YjI5NzNkM2U0ZjFkMTMyZjVlMTY3NTc.-8s5\">Answer the questions in <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110308144846\/http:\/\/www.dynamicscience.com.au\/tester\/solutions\/chemistry\/atomic%20structure\/transitionmetalsionformation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atomic Structure: Transition Metal Ions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"x-ck12-NDU3ZGQ1NTE4NGZhZWRiNzg4NWFmZDQwMDlkNzAxNjM.-2ul_4-md4\">Review<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-naf\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-N2JlMjY3MDUzMTA4OWQyMTdiOTc5YjE2NzJiOTUyYWU.-v6u\">\n<li>What block do the transition metals fall in?<\/li>\n<li>Which sublevel is filled first?<\/li>\n<li>Which sublevel loses electrons first?<\/li>\n<li>What is the pseudo noble-gas electron configuration?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YTU3OWU4ODc1NzZmN2Y4ZjFlNzQ4ZThhNjg3ODgxMTg.-uhn\">\n<li><strong>pseudo noble-gas electron configuration: <\/strong>\u00a018 electrons in the outermost principal energy level.<\/li>\n<li><strong>transition metal: <\/strong>\u00a0Metals whose\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"x-ck12-math\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211305\/b9a651ce0c7e12c7fab97635f4174129.png\" alt=\"d\" width=\"10\" height=\"13\" \/> sublevels are in the process of filling to ten electrons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h1><\/h1>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>CK-12 Foundation.<\/li>\n<li>(A) Paulnasca; (B) Ben Mills (Wikimedia: Benjah-bmm27). (A) <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Rust_screw.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Rust_screw.jpg<\/a>; (B) <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1507,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2791","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2329,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2791","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1507"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2791\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3640,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2791\/revisions\/3640"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2329"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2791\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2791"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2791"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2791"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2791"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}