{"id":2928,"date":"2016-08-24T19:50:06","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T19:50:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2928"},"modified":"2017-08-28T22:56:36","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T22:56:36","slug":"alloys","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/alloys\/","title":{"raw":"Alloys","rendered":"Alloys"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-QWxsb3lz\">Alloys<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MGZiZWZiOTk3NWJlOGZkMjc2NjI0ZjQwOGVmOGFmM2M.-0f3\">\r\n \t<li>Define alloy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe compositions and uses for common alloys.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGVmMjA1MjlhNDI3Y2ZjNGEwZTcxOWEyOTAzMTI4MmM.-zeg\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211423\/20140811155234534071.png\" alt=\"Guitar strings are made from alloys\" width=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmM0YTEwMWZlMWI1MGJjOWZmMmFjZWY0MWI4NjAwMGU.-k1b\"><strong>What are the best guitar strings to use?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTc1NThkYzhkMjI0ZTJiZDQ0MDk5ZWExNWJjMGM5MDY.-tpo\">Many guitar players are very meticulous when it comes to their strings.\u00a0 There is a variety to select from, depending on the type of guitar and the style of music.\u00a0 Electric guitars need steel strings so the magnetic pick-up will detect the string vibrations.\u00a0 Acoustic guitar players have several choices.\u00a0 Bronze strings (mixed with different amounts of cooper and zinc) have perhaps the brightest tone.\u00a0 There are several combinations of bronze alloys to choose from.\u00a0 For those with lots of money, titanium strings are available (but very expensive).\u00a0 Gold coating also helps string life and makes its unique contribution to tone.\u00a0 Alloy chemistry has contributed greatly to the strength, durability, and tonal quality of guitar strings.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Alloys<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjA3MDE1MzhhZDIyMzE4YzBjOWJlM2ZjYjJhYjk5ZGY.-oab\">An <strong>alloy <\/strong>is a mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.\u00a0 You are probably familiar with some alloys such as brass and bronze.\u00a0 <strong>Brass <\/strong>is an alloy of copper and zinc.\u00a0 <strong>Bronze <\/strong>is an alloy of copper and tin.\u00a0 Alloys are commonly used in manufactured items because the properties of these metal mixtures are often superior to a pure metal.\u00a0 Bronze is harder than copper and more easily cast.\u00a0 Brass is very malleable and its acoustic properties make it useful for musical instruments.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ODNkMWY3YWZiMGNiYzk3MDgzM2Q3N2RlMzc3MjM2ZDg.-ikd\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-shq\"><img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MjAxMzEzNC05NC01NC1JbnRDaC0wOC0xNS1Ccm9uemUtYW5kLWJyYXNz\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211425\/20140811155234623186.png\" alt=\"Bronze helmets and brass trumpets are made from alloys\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Bronze%2C%20an%20alloy%20of%20copper%20and%20tin%2C%20has%20been%20in%20use%20since%20ancient%20times.%20The%20Bronze%20Age%20saw%20the%20increased%20use%20of%20metals%20rather%20than%20stone%20for%20weapons%2C%20tools%2C%20and%20decorative%20objects.%20Brass%2C%20an%20alloy%20of%20copper%20and%20zinc%2C%20is%20widely%20used%20in%20musical%20instruments%20like%20the%20trumpet%20and%20trombone.\" \/><\/p>\r\n<strong>Figure 8.19<\/strong>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MmI0MzViN2ViNTliNjExMzhhMjBhZTM3YTZhYzJmNTI.-q4w\">Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, has been in use since ancient times. The Bronze Age saw the increased use of metals rather than stone for weapons, tools, and decorative objects. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is widely used in musical instruments like the trumpet and trombone.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDNlYjhhODdjN2QzMjA4N2YzMTIyYWU3ODExYTNhNjA.-4wm\">Steels are a very important class of alloys.\u00a0 The many types of steels are primarily composed of iron, with various amounts of the elements carbon, chromium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, and boron.\u00a0 Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion.\u00a0 Most large modern structures like skyscrapers and stadiums are supported by a steel skeleton (see <strong>Figure <\/strong>below ).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NTNmZjdjYjQ0YzY3ZjJjYjhhZWMxNWQyYjdiZGI2ZWY.-m0q\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-crm\"><img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MjAxMzE5Ni04OS0xMC1JbnRDaC0wOC0xNi1Ta3lzY3JhcGVy\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211426\/20140811155234761799.jpeg\" alt=\"Steel columns are used in skyscrapers\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/The%20Willis%20Tower%20%28formerly%20called%20the%20Sears%20Tower%29%20in%20Chicago%20was%20once%20the%20tallest%20building%20in%20the%20world%20and%20is%20still%20the%20tallest%20in%20the%20Western%20Hemisphere.%20The%20use%20of%20steel%20columns%20makes%20it%20possible%20to%20build%20taller%2C%20stronger%2C%20and%20lighter%20buildings.\" \/><\/p>\r\n<strong>Figure 8.20<\/strong>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTAzOTc2OWVkY2NiZjBlNDdmMDQ3YzZjZDllYTE1YTY.-vc4\">The Willis Tower (formerly called the Sears Tower) in Chicago was once the tallest building in the world and is still the tallest in the Western Hemisphere. The use of steel columns makes it possible to build taller, stronger, and lighter buildings.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGJhY2M0MjQyOTgzNWI4NTc5Mjk0MzU5ZmQ2ZjlmMjU.-bxz\">Alloys can be one of two general types.\u00a0 In one type, called a <strong>substitutional alloy, <\/strong>the various atoms simply replace each other in the crystal structure.\u00a0 In another type, called an <strong>interstitial alloy, <\/strong>the smaller atoms such as carbon fit in between the larger atoms in the crystal packing arrangement.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Summary<\/h4>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZjM2NTgyYjE5OGNiMmQ3YjQ5MTkwNTMwMTgyNzE0OTk.-gop\">\r\n \t<li>Alloys are mixtures of materials, at least one of which is a metal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bronze alloys were widely used in weapons.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Brass alloys have long been employed in musical instruments.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Steel alloys are strong and durable.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Practice<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-eap\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-fho\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MGZlNzIyYzZhMmUyZWNhYzVjYWMyZWVkYzM2M2U2MGU.-v8r\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ruthtrumpold.id.au\/blogs\/designtech\/?p=365\">http:\/\/ruthtrumpold.id.au\/blogs\/designtech\/?p=365<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZWQ2NzFlMjlhZGZjY2I2MDgxODZjNmJjMGVjOWE0MWU.-jml\">\r\n \t<li>What alloys are extensively used in the production of cars and engine parts?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why are copper alloys used in electrical equipment?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why are titanium alloys used in chemical, petrochemical, and biomaterial applications?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>Review<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-4pf\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MzI0NDViYjg5NjQyNGM3OTU3NDVhYjY2YjI0ZWY2NTI.-shc\">\r\n \t<li>What is brass made of?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is bronze made of?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why is steel widely used in construction?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is a substitutional alloy?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YTQ0ZjIxYmU2YTViNTE0Njc4MDdkNjIyZWUzYjlhMDU.-hzb\">\r\n \t<li><strong>alloy: <\/strong>A mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>brass: <\/strong>An alloy of copper and zinc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bronze: <\/strong>An alloy of copper and tin.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>interstitial alloy: <\/strong>The smaller atoms such as carbon fit in between the larger atoms in the crystal packing arrangement.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>substitutional alloy: <\/strong>The various atoms simply replace each other in the crystal structure.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Sharat Ganapati (Flickr: frozenchipmunk). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/frozenchipmunk\/47133328\/\"> http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/frozenchipmunk\/47133328\/ <\/a> .<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(A) Davide Ferro; (B) Guillaume Piolle. (A) <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ancient_bronze_greek_helmet_-South_Italy.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ancient_bronze_greek_helmet_-South_Italy.jpg<\/a>; (B) <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trompette_piccolo_-_pavillon.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trompette_piccolo_-_pavillon.jpg<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>User:Soakologist\/Wikipedia. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sears_Tower_ss.jpg\"> http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sears_Tower_ss.jpg <\/a> .<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h1 id=\"x-ck12-QWxsb3lz\">Alloys<\/h1>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-objectives\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MGZiZWZiOTk3NWJlOGZkMjc2NjI0ZjQwOGVmOGFmM2M.-0f3\">\n<li>Define alloy.<\/li>\n<li>Describe compositions and uses for common alloys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-OGVmMjA1MjlhNDI3Y2ZjNGEwZTcxOWEyOTAzMTI4MmM.-zeg\"><span class=\"x-ck12-img-inline\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211423\/20140811155234534071.png\" alt=\"Guitar strings are made from alloys\" width=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZmM0YTEwMWZlMWI1MGJjOWZmMmFjZWY0MWI4NjAwMGU.-k1b\"><strong>What are the best guitar strings to use?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZTc1NThkYzhkMjI0ZTJiZDQ0MDk5ZWExNWJjMGM5MDY.-tpo\">Many guitar players are very meticulous when it comes to their strings.\u00a0 There is a variety to select from, depending on the type of guitar and the style of music.\u00a0 Electric guitars need steel strings so the magnetic pick-up will detect the string vibrations.\u00a0 Acoustic guitar players have several choices.\u00a0 Bronze strings (mixed with different amounts of cooper and zinc) have perhaps the brightest tone.\u00a0 There are several combinations of bronze alloys to choose from.\u00a0 For those with lots of money, titanium strings are available (but very expensive).\u00a0 Gold coating also helps string life and makes its unique contribution to tone.\u00a0 Alloy chemistry has contributed greatly to the strength, durability, and tonal quality of guitar strings.<\/p>\n<h3>Alloys<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MjA3MDE1MzhhZDIyMzE4YzBjOWJlM2ZjYjJhYjk5ZGY.-oab\">An <strong>alloy <\/strong>is a mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.\u00a0 You are probably familiar with some alloys such as brass and bronze.\u00a0 <strong>Brass <\/strong>is an alloy of copper and zinc.\u00a0 <strong>Bronze <\/strong>is an alloy of copper and tin.\u00a0 Alloys are commonly used in manufactured items because the properties of these metal mixtures are often superior to a pure metal.\u00a0 Bronze is harder than copper and more easily cast.\u00a0 Brass is very malleable and its acoustic properties make it useful for musical instruments.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ODNkMWY3YWZiMGNiYzk3MDgzM2Q3N2RlMzc3MjM2ZDg.-ikd\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<p id=\"x-ck12-shq\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MjAxMzEzNC05NC01NC1JbnRDaC0wOC0xNS1Ccm9uemUtYW5kLWJyYXNz\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211425\/20140811155234623186.png\" alt=\"Bronze helmets and brass trumpets are made from alloys\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/Bronze%2C%20an%20alloy%20of%20copper%20and%20tin%2C%20has%20been%20in%20use%20since%20ancient%20times.%20The%20Bronze%20Age%20saw%20the%20increased%20use%20of%20metals%20rather%20than%20stone%20for%20weapons%2C%20tools%2C%20and%20decorative%20objects.%20Brass%2C%20an%20alloy%20of%20copper%20and%20zinc%2C%20is%20widely%20used%20in%20musical%20instruments%20like%20the%20trumpet%20and%20trombone.\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 8.19<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MmI0MzViN2ViNTliNjExMzhhMjBhZTM3YTZhYzJmNTI.-q4w\">Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, has been in use since ancient times. The Bronze Age saw the increased use of metals rather than stone for weapons, tools, and decorative objects. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is widely used in musical instruments like the trumpet and trombone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZDNlYjhhODdjN2QzMjA4N2YzMTIyYWU3ODExYTNhNjA.-4wm\">Steels are a very important class of alloys.\u00a0 The many types of steels are primarily composed of iron, with various amounts of the elements carbon, chromium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, and boron.\u00a0 Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion.\u00a0 Most large modern structures like skyscrapers and stadiums are supported by a steel skeleton (see <strong>Figure <\/strong>below ).<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-NTNmZjdjYjQ0YzY3ZjJjYjhhZWMxNWQyYjdiZGI2ZWY.-m0q\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<p id=\"x-ck12-crm\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM2MjAxMzE5Ni04OS0xMC1JbnRDaC0wOC0xNi1Ta3lzY3JhcGVy\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19211426\/20140811155234761799.jpeg\" alt=\"Steel columns are used in skyscrapers\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-admin\/The%20Willis%20Tower%20%28formerly%20called%20the%20Sears%20Tower%29%20in%20Chicago%20was%20once%20the%20tallest%20building%20in%20the%20world%20and%20is%20still%20the%20tallest%20in%20the%20Western%20Hemisphere.%20The%20use%20of%20steel%20columns%20makes%20it%20possible%20to%20build%20taller%2C%20stronger%2C%20and%20lighter%20buildings.\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 8.20<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YTAzOTc2OWVkY2NiZjBlNDdmMDQ3YzZjZDllYTE1YTY.-vc4\">The Willis Tower (formerly called the Sears Tower) in Chicago was once the tallest building in the world and is still the tallest in the Western Hemisphere. The use of steel columns makes it possible to build taller, stronger, and lighter buildings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZGJhY2M0MjQyOTgzNWI4NTc5Mjk0MzU5ZmQ2ZjlmMjU.-bxz\">Alloys can be one of two general types.\u00a0 In one type, called a <strong>substitutional alloy, <\/strong>the various atoms simply replace each other in the crystal structure.\u00a0 In another type, called an <strong>interstitial alloy, <\/strong>the smaller atoms such as carbon fit in between the larger atoms in the crystal packing arrangement.<\/p>\n<h4>Summary<\/h4>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ZjM2NTgyYjE5OGNiMmQ3YjQ5MTkwNTMwMTgyNzE0OTk.-gop\">\n<li>Alloys are mixtures of materials, at least one of which is a metal.<\/li>\n<li>Bronze alloys were widely used in weapons.<\/li>\n<li>Brass alloys have long been employed in musical instruments.<\/li>\n<li>Steel alloys are strong and durable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Practice<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-eap\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-Y2JlMjQ5M2YzMTNmNmRjMzNmZTI0MTMzYzcwM2IzZmY.-fho\">Use the link below to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MGZlNzIyYzZhMmUyZWNhYzVjYWMyZWVkYzM2M2U2MGU.-v8r\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ruthtrumpold.id.au\/blogs\/designtech\/?p=365\">http:\/\/ruthtrumpold.id.au\/blogs\/designtech\/?p=365<\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-ZWQ2NzFlMjlhZGZjY2I2MDgxODZjNmJjMGVjOWE0MWU.-jml\">\n<li>What alloys are extensively used in the production of cars and engine parts?<\/li>\n<li>Why are copper alloys used in electrical equipment?<\/li>\n<li>Why are titanium alloys used in chemical, petrochemical, and biomaterial applications?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Review<\/h4>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NmNlM2JkYzM5ZTU0NDcyNTAzOGUwZTg3Yjc3MWRiMWU.-4pf\"><em>Questions<\/em><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MzI0NDViYjg5NjQyNGM3OTU3NDVhYjY2YjI0ZWY2NTI.-shc\">\n<li>What is brass made of?<\/li>\n<li>What is bronze made of?<\/li>\n<li>Why is steel widely used in construction?<\/li>\n<li>What is a substitutional alloy?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-problem-set\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"x-ck12-data-vocabulary\">\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-YTQ0ZjIxYmU2YTViNTE0Njc4MDdkNjIyZWUzYjlhMDU.-hzb\">\n<li><strong>alloy: <\/strong>A mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>brass: <\/strong>An alloy of copper and zinc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>bronze: <\/strong>An alloy of copper and tin.<\/li>\n<li><strong>interstitial alloy: <\/strong>The smaller atoms such as carbon fit in between the larger atoms in the crystal packing arrangement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>substitutional alloy: <\/strong>The various atoms simply replace each other in the crystal structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Sharat Ganapati (Flickr: frozenchipmunk). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/frozenchipmunk\/47133328\/\"> http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/frozenchipmunk\/47133328\/ <\/a> .<\/li>\n<li>(A) Davide Ferro; (B) Guillaume Piolle. (A) <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ancient_bronze_greek_helmet_-South_Italy.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ancient_bronze_greek_helmet_-South_Italy.jpg<\/a>; (B) <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trompette_piccolo_-_pavillon.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trompette_piccolo_-_pavillon.jpg<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>User:Soakologist\/Wikipedia. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sears_Tower_ss.jpg\"> http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sears_Tower_ss.jpg <\/a> .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1507,"menu_order":13,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2928","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2329,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2928","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1507"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2928\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3645,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2928\/revisions\/3645"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2329"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2928\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2928"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2928"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2928"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2928"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}