{"id":3190,"date":"2016-08-25T19:00:27","date_gmt":"2016-08-25T19:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3190"},"modified":"2016-08-25T19:00:56","modified_gmt":"2016-08-25T19:00:56","slug":"alchemy","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/chapter\/alchemy\/","title":{"raw":"Alchemy","rendered":"Alchemy"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the efforts by the alchemists to make gold from lead.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">What's the value of gold?<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjlhNTEyNGFkOTU3N2VmYjM5NDU2MDZhMTUyMTQ0YTk.-qiq\"><img class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210553\/20140811154950565150.jpeg\" alt=\"Gold coins\" width=\"400\" \/>One area of technology that was common to all the societies we have mentioned was metallurgy.\u00a0 Useful tools could be made that would last a long time.\u00a0 Weapons could stay sharp longer with improved metals.\u00a0 Precious metals such as gold and silver could be refined and used for jewelry or for money.\u00a0 Because it was fairly rare, gold was considered to be very valuable and became a common means of paying for goods and services.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjIwMzE5NTBlODIwNWM0ZTI2NDdlMmJkNjhhNjZhYjg.-8lm\">But mining for gold is a slow, dirty, and dangerous process.\u00a0 Not everyone owns a gold mine \u2013 in both the ancient Egyptian society and during the Roman Empire, the gold mines were the property of the state, not an individual or group.\u00a0 So there were few ways for most people to legally get any gold for themselves.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MzZkNjY4ZDg2YmMxZGQyZDM3ZDJmYTZkZjc0YWU5NDY.-zhq\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"141\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1ODkwMC01My0zNy1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTEwLUFsY2hlbWlzdA..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210554\/20140811154950670803.jpeg\" alt=\"Drawing of an alchemist lab\" width=\"141\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Typical%20alchemist%20lab.\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0Typical alchemist lab.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe alchemists were a varied group of scholars and charlatans whose goal was two-fold: to create the <strong> Philosopher\u2019s Stone <\/strong> (which caused the transmutation of lead into gold) and the discovery of the Elixir of Life (bestowing immortality on the person who possessed it).\u00a0 The origin of the term \u201c <strong> alchemy <\/strong> \u201d is uncertain.\u00a0 There are roots to Greek, Arabic, and ancient Egyptian words.\u00a0 Three major streams of alchemy are known \u2013 Chinese, Indian, and European, with all three streams having some factors in common.\u00a0 We will not focus on the philosophical or religious aspects of alchemy, but will look briefly at the techniques developed in the European stream that ultimately influenced the development of the science of chemistry.\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTgzYmZkYWQ4NTI3YjZmNGFkOGM1MTllOGRjNDMxN2I.-9kj\">Many of the specific approaches that alchemists used when they tried changing lead into gold are vague and unclear.\u00a0 Each alchemist had his own code for recording his data.\u00a0 The processes were kept secret so others could not profit from them.\u00a0 Different scholars developed their own set of symbols as they recorded the information they came up with.\u00a0 Many alchemists were not very honest, taking money from a nobleman by claiming to be able to make gold from lead, then leaving town in the middle of the night.\u00a0 Sometimes the nobleman would detect the fraud and have the alchemist hung.\u00a0 By the 1300s, several European rulers had declared alchemy to be illegal and set out strict punishments for those practicing the alchemical arts.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZmY2OWFlZWFhZDBjNDcyZjlmOTVhMThmZjFhYzk2ZTU.-9qh\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1OTA4NC05NS01NC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTEwLVJlY2lwZQ..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210555\/20140811154950750762.png\" alt=\"Old alchemist recipe\" width=\"500\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Alchemist%20recipe.\" \/> Figure 1.\u00a0Alchemist recipe.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-ZWU4MTFlY2QwNzI4MmY2OTU1OTg5N2RmNTIxZmEyMDk.-m2a_9-8iv\">Alchemist Contributions to Chemistry<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjQ3MTdkNWYwY2YwNzc3NDhiZTQ5ZmM1N2Y4N2Q2ODM.-has\">However, out of all this secrecy came several contributions to modern-day chemistry.\u00a0 Early acids and bases were discovered.\u00a0 Glassware for running chemical reactions was developed.\u00a0 Alchemy helped improve the study of metallurgy and the extraction of metals from ores.\u00a0 More systematic approaches to research were being developed, although the idea of orderly scientific experimentation had not become well-established yet.\u00a0 But the groundwork was laid to the development of chemistry as a foundational science.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODE3ZjQxODdhZDcyZTBkMjVkNmIzNzk0YWI4MTY3MTM.-cpz\">The alchemists were never successful in changing lead into gold.\u00a0 But modern nuclear physics can accomplish this task.\u00a0 Lead is subjected to nuclear bombardment in a particle accelerator.\u00a0 A small amount of gold can be obtained by this process. However, the cost of the procedure is far more than the amount of gold obtained.\u00a0 So the dream of the alchemists has never (and will never) come true.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Summary <strong> \u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODgxMjc2MjI4YzU0NzI0Nzk2MGUzMjkyZTRhZmQ2NDU.-xdl\">\r\n \t<li>Gold has been considered valuably by all civilizations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The alchemists tried to find the philosopher\u2019s stone that would allow then to make gold from lead.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Many dishonest schemes were created, but nobody ever made gold from lead.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The alchemists did contribute many advances to the new science of chemistry.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDA5ODM2ZWU4YzJhMDc0OWVjZWY0NDQ1N2U4NDgzOTQ.-lu7\">Answer the following questions using information from this link:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWFiYWVkYmIyM2MwOGJjMWYxY2NkYjYzZDBiNDcxMTk.-oaa\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/18226821\"> http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/18226821 <\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NjkxNTkzMThkNDViOTk4YWE4YTIzNjVhOGYzZDUyZWY.-a4j\">\r\n \t<li>Where did the study of alchemy start?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why did the medieval universities reject alchemy?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What was a major problem for alchemists?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MjlhZWM0M2I5NWQyMjgwYjE1YTE5MzQ2NWFkM2MwOGY.-i5n\">\r\n \t<li>Why is gold considered to be valuable?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Who owned the gold mines during the ancient Egyptian and Roman civilizations?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the elixir of life?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What contributions to modern chemistry were made by the alchemists?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-OTE3MDE0NzlmM2ViN2IzNzc5ZDFiZmY1ZjI5ZWZmYWI.-pvy\">\r\n \t<li><strong>alchemy <\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>The alchemists were a varied group of scholars and charlatans whose goal was two-fold: to create the Philosopher\u2019s Stone (which caused the transmutation of lead into gold) and the discovery of the Elixir of Life (bestowing immortality on the person who possessed it). The origin of the term \u201calchemy\u201d is uncertain. There are roots to Greek, Arabic, and ancient Egyptian words. Three major streams of alchemy are known \u2013 Chinese, Indian, and European, with all three streams having some factors in common.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>philosophers stone: <\/strong>Stone caused the transmutation of lead into gold. One of the main goals of the alchemists was to create this stone.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"836080\"]Show References[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"836080\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>User:Swiss Banker\/Wikipedia.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hoard_of_ancient_gold_coins.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hoard_of_ancient_gold_coins.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Joseph Leopold Ratinckx.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Joseph_Leopold_Ratinckx_Der_Alchemist.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Joseph_Leopold_Ratinckx_Der_Alchemist.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kenelm Digby. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png <\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the efforts by the alchemists to make gold from lead.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">What&#8217;s the value of gold?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjlhNTEyNGFkOTU3N2VmYjM5NDU2MDZhMTUyMTQ0YTk.-qiq\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210553\/20140811154950565150.jpeg\" alt=\"Gold coins\" width=\"400\" \/>One area of technology that was common to all the societies we have mentioned was metallurgy.\u00a0 Useful tools could be made that would last a long time.\u00a0 Weapons could stay sharp longer with improved metals.\u00a0 Precious metals such as gold and silver could be refined and used for jewelry or for money.\u00a0 Because it was fairly rare, gold was considered to be very valuable and became a common means of paying for goods and services.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YjIwMzE5NTBlODIwNWM0ZTI2NDdlMmJkNjhhNjZhYjg.-8lm\">But mining for gold is a slow, dirty, and dangerous process.\u00a0 Not everyone owns a gold mine \u2013 in both the ancient Egyptian society and during the Roman Empire, the gold mines were the property of the state, not an individual or group.\u00a0 So there were few ways for most people to legally get any gold for themselves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-MzZkNjY4ZDg2YmMxZGQyZDM3ZDJmYTZkZjc0YWU5NDY.-zhq\" class=\"x-ck12-img-thumbnail x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 151px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1ODkwMC01My0zNy1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTEwLUFsY2hlbWlzdA..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210554\/20140811154950670803.jpeg\" alt=\"Drawing of an alchemist lab\" width=\"141\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Typical%20alchemist%20lab.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0Typical alchemist lab.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The alchemists were a varied group of scholars and charlatans whose goal was two-fold: to create the <strong> Philosopher\u2019s Stone <\/strong> (which caused the transmutation of lead into gold) and the discovery of the Elixir of Life (bestowing immortality on the person who possessed it).\u00a0 The origin of the term \u201c <strong> alchemy <\/strong> \u201d is uncertain.\u00a0 There are roots to Greek, Arabic, and ancient Egyptian words.\u00a0 Three major streams of alchemy are known \u2013 Chinese, Indian, and European, with all three streams having some factors in common.\u00a0 We will not focus on the philosophical or religious aspects of alchemy, but will look briefly at the techniques developed in the European stream that ultimately influenced the development of the science of chemistry.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-MTgzYmZkYWQ4NTI3YjZmNGFkOGM1MTllOGRjNDMxN2I.-9kj\">Many of the specific approaches that alchemists used when they tried changing lead into gold are vague and unclear.\u00a0 Each alchemist had his own code for recording his data.\u00a0 The processes were kept secret so others could not profit from them.\u00a0 Different scholars developed their own set of symbols as they recorded the information they came up with.\u00a0 Many alchemists were not very honest, taking money from a nobleman by claiming to be able to make gold from lead, then leaving town in the middle of the night.\u00a0 Sometimes the nobleman would detect the fraud and have the alchemist hung.\u00a0 By the 1300s, several European rulers had declared alchemy to be illegal and set out strict punishments for those practicing the alchemical arts.<\/p>\n<div id=\"x-ck12-ZmY2OWFlZWFhZDBjNDcyZjlmOTVhMThmZjFhYzk2ZTU.-9qh\" class=\"x-ck12-img-postcard x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-OTgwNDUtMTM1ODQ1OTA4NC05NS01NC1DLUludENoLTAxLTAxLTEwLVJlY2lwZQ..\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2014\/08\/19210555\/20140811154950750762.png\" alt=\"Old alchemist recipe\" width=\"500\" height=\"192\" longdesc=\"Alchemist%20recipe.\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.\u00a0Alchemist recipe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"x-ck12-ZWU4MTFlY2QwNzI4MmY2OTU1OTg5N2RmNTIxZmEyMDk.-m2a_9-8iv\">Alchemist Contributions to Chemistry<\/h2>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjQ3MTdkNWYwY2YwNzc3NDhiZTQ5ZmM1N2Y4N2Q2ODM.-has\">However, out of all this secrecy came several contributions to modern-day chemistry.\u00a0 Early acids and bases were discovered.\u00a0 Glassware for running chemical reactions was developed.\u00a0 Alchemy helped improve the study of metallurgy and the extraction of metals from ores.\u00a0 More systematic approaches to research were being developed, although the idea of orderly scientific experimentation had not become well-established yet.\u00a0 But the groundwork was laid to the development of chemistry as a foundational science.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ODE3ZjQxODdhZDcyZTBkMjVkNmIzNzk0YWI4MTY3MTM.-cpz\">The alchemists were never successful in changing lead into gold.\u00a0 But modern nuclear physics can accomplish this task.\u00a0 Lead is subjected to nuclear bombardment in a particle accelerator.\u00a0 A small amount of gold can be obtained by this process. However, the cost of the procedure is far more than the amount of gold obtained.\u00a0 So the dream of the alchemists has never (and will never) come true.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Summary <strong> \u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-ODgxMjc2MjI4YzU0NzI0Nzk2MGUzMjkyZTRhZmQ2NDU.-xdl\">\n<li>Gold has been considered valuably by all civilizations.<\/li>\n<li>The alchemists tried to find the philosopher\u2019s stone that would allow then to make gold from lead.<\/li>\n<li>Many dishonest schemes were created, but nobody ever made gold from lead.<\/li>\n<li>The alchemists did contribute many advances to the new science of chemistry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-NDA5ODM2ZWU4YzJhMDc0OWVjZWY0NDQ1N2U4NDgzOTQ.-lu7\">Answer the following questions using information from this link:<\/p>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-YWFiYWVkYmIyM2MwOGJjMWYxY2NkYjYzZDBiNDcxMTk.-oaa\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/18226821\"> http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/18226821 <\/a><\/p>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-NjkxNTkzMThkNDViOTk4YWE4YTIzNjVhOGYzZDUyZWY.-a4j\">\n<li>Where did the study of alchemy start?<\/li>\n<li>Why did the medieval universities reject alchemy?<\/li>\n<li>What was a major problem for alchemists?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"x-ck12-MjlhZWM0M2I5NWQyMjgwYjE1YTE5MzQ2NWFkM2MwOGY.-i5n\">\n<li>Why is gold considered to be valuable?<\/li>\n<li>Who owned the gold mines during the ancient Egyptian and Roman civilizations?<\/li>\n<li>What is the elixir of life?<\/li>\n<li>What contributions to modern chemistry were made by the alchemists?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-OTE3MDE0NzlmM2ViN2IzNzc5ZDFiZmY1ZjI5ZWZmYWI.-pvy\">\n<li><strong>alchemy <\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>The alchemists were a varied group of scholars and charlatans whose goal was two-fold: to create the Philosopher\u2019s Stone (which caused the transmutation of lead into gold) and the discovery of the Elixir of Life (bestowing immortality on the person who possessed it). The origin of the term \u201calchemy\u201d is uncertain. There are roots to Greek, Arabic, and ancient Egyptian words. Three major streams of alchemy are known \u2013 Chinese, Indian, and European, with all three streams having some factors in common.<\/li>\n<li><strong>philosophers stone: <\/strong>Stone caused the transmutation of lead into gold. One of the main goals of the alchemists was to create this stone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q836080\">Show References<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q836080\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>User:Swiss Banker\/Wikipedia.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hoard_of_ancient_gold_coins.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hoard_of_ancient_gold_coins.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Joseph Leopold Ratinckx.<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Joseph_Leopold_Ratinckx_Der_Alchemist.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Joseph_Leopold_Ratinckx_Der_Alchemist.jpg <\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Kenelm Digby. <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png <\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3190\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry Concepts Intermediate. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Calbreath, Baxter, et al.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK12.org. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry Concepts Intermediate\",\"author\":\"Calbreath, Baxter, et al.\",\"organization\":\"CK12.org\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/book\/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3190","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2323,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3190","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3190\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3197,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3190\/revisions\/3197"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2323"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3190\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3190"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3190"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3190"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-cheminter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}