{"id":1569,"date":"2015-09-30T03:33:36","date_gmt":"2015-09-30T03:33:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/spanish11xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1569"},"modified":"2015-10-09T02:14:35","modified_gmt":"2015-10-09T02:14:35","slug":"mas-estructuras-gramaticales","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/chapter\/mas-estructuras-gramaticales\/","title":{"raw":"M\u00e1s estructuras gramaticales","rendered":"M\u00e1s estructuras gramaticales"},"content":{"raw":"Read through this content to review the grammar taught in this module\u00a0(note: there is no <em>new<\/em> instruction on this page). Be sure you can correctly indicate the gender of a noun, create plural nouns, change the gender of adjectives to match the nouns they describe, use definite and indefinite articles, identify personal pronouns, and use the verb \u201cser.\"\r\n<h3><strong>Definite and Indefinite Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nDefinite articles describe a specific thing, while indefinite articles are used to refer to other things.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>el<\/strong> - the (masculine)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>la<\/strong> - the (feminine)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>un<\/strong> - a, an (masculine)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>una<\/strong> - a, an (feminine)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Grammar note<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>El<\/strong> and <strong>La<\/strong> both mean <em>the<\/em> in Spanish. <em>El<\/em> is the masculine form and words that use <em>el<\/em> usually end in -o. <em>La<\/em> is the feminine form; most words that end in -a and all words that end in -ci\u00f3n are feminine. Some nouns can be either gender, such as <em>estudiante<\/em>, which can be used as <em>el estudiante<\/em> or <em>la estudiante<\/em> to mean <em>the student<\/em>. Examples of nouns contrary to the norms of gender are <em>la mano<\/em> and \"la radio\".<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Some feminine words, like <em>agua<\/em>, use the form <em>El<\/em> when in singular form, as it is considered hard to say <em>la agua<\/em> due to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glottal_stop\">glottal stop (hiatus)<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Some Spanish speakers use local dialects, for example, in central Mexico <em>sal\u00f3n de clases<\/em> is used instead of aula, and <em>maestro(a)<\/em> instead of profesor(a).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Gender Agreement<\/h3>\r\nIn Spanish, every noun has a gender, which is either masculine or feminine. The article 'la' indicates feminine gender and the article 'el' indicates masculine gender. The gender of a noun cannot always be predicted by looking at the noun, but, typically, nouns ending in 'o' are masculine and those ending in 'a' are feminine. For example:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>La pluma<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The pen (feminine)<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>El cuaderno<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The notebook (masculine)<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3><strong>Number Agreement<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe number of any noun in Spanish is either singular or plural. The plural form depends on the last letter of the noun. If a noun ends in a vowel, add an 's' to the end of it. If it ends in a consonant, add 'es'. Articles also have plural forms. The plural form of 'la' is 'las', and the plural form of 'el' is 'los'. For example:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>La escuela<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The school (singular)<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Las escuelas<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The schools (plural)<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>El \u00e1rbol<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The tree (singular)<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Los \u00e1rboles<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The trees (plural)<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nNumbers in Spanish are always in the singular form. Plural forms of numbers don't exist. Notice in the following examples that even though the noun is in a plural form, the number doesn't change. The number \"one\" has both a masculine and a feminine form \"uno\" and \"una\", but other numbers do not change for gender. For example:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>cinco casas<\/td>\r\n<td><em>five houses<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>diez ni\u00f1os<\/td>\r\n<td><em>ten children<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>dos amigos<\/td>\r\n<td><em>two friends<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>una noche<\/td>\r\n<td><em>one night<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>Pronouns<\/h3>\r\nPronouns are essential to the Spanish language and mastering them will be very useful in the language. In Spanish, there are 6 types of pronouns.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>yo<\/strong> - I<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>t\u00fa<\/strong> - you (familiar)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>usted (Ud.)<\/strong> - you (formal)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>\u00e9l<\/strong> - he<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>ella<\/strong> - she<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>nosotros<\/strong> - we (masculine)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>nosotras<\/strong> - we (feminine)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>vosotros<\/strong> - you (plural, familiar, masculine)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>vosotras<\/strong> - you (plural, familiar, feminine)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>ustedes (Uds.)<\/strong> - you (plural, formal)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>ellos<\/strong> - they (masculine)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>ellas<\/strong> - they (feminine)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe 6 types of pronouns in Spanish are:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>1st person singular: yo<\/li>\r\n\t<li>2nd person singular: t\u00fa, usted (Ud.)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>3rd person singular: \u00e9l, ella<\/li>\r\n\t<li>1st person plural: nosotros, nosotras<\/li>\r\n\t<li>2nd person plural: vosotros, vosotras, ustedes (Uds.)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>3rd person plural: ellos, ellas<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The masculine form of the plural pronouns is always used if there is a masculine object, for example, even if there are 100 females and only 1 male, <em>ellos<\/em> is still used when talking about the crowd.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><em>Vosotros<\/em> and <em>Vosotras<\/em>, the English equivalent of \"y'all\" are mainly used in Spain, but they are also used in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay at a lesser extent and rarely in the United States. For the rest of the Spanish-speaking world, use <em>Ustedes (Uds.)<\/em>, which is the formal way of saying you (plural) in all Spanish-speaking countries.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Grammar (T\u00fa\/Usted [Ud.] - Vosotros\/Ustedes[Uds.])<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIn Spanish, there are several ways to say \"you.\" We must differenciate between familiar\/formal and singular\/plural forms. <em>T\u00fa<\/em> (singular) is used when talking to someone you know, such as family, friends, or pets. <em>Usted<\/em> (abbreviated Ud.) is used in formal events, such as talking to a teacher, someone who you don't know well, or a person who has a high title, such as a police officer, etc. In some Spanish-speaking countries (Venezuela and Colombia for example), <em>usted<\/em> can also be used for a close friend and <em>t\u00fa<\/em> is never used as a polite form. In the same way, <em>vosotros<\/em> (<em>vosotras<\/em> in feminine) is the plural of <em>t\u00fa<\/em> and <em>ustedes<\/em> (abbreviated uds.)) is the plural of <em>usted<\/em>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Familiar<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>t\u00fa<\/td>\r\n<td>vosotros\/as (Spain)\r\nustedes (Latin America) <a href=\"http:\/\/lema.rae.es\/dpd\/srv\/search?id=yhtVtQ5pQD6ONJL2Gd\">RAE<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Formal<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>usted<\/td>\r\n<td>Ustedes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nRemember that when talking to a person you don't know well or a respected person, use the usted (Ud.) form and ustedes (Uds.) form when talking to a group of people where there is at least one person you call usted individually.\r\n<h3><strong>The principle uses of ser<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nSer is used to signify equivalence or identity between two elements of a sentence:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Alberto es doctor.\r\nAlberto = doctor.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Alberto is a doctor.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Mar\u00eda es una buena persona.\r\nMar\u00eda = buena persona.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Maria is a good person. <\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Ram\u00f3n es colombiano.\r\nRam\u00f3n = colombiano.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Ramon is Colombian.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nOrigin: ser + de + country\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Diego es de Per\u00fa.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Diego is from Peru.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Este tapete es de M\u00e9xico.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>This rug is from Mexico.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\npossession\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Esa bicicleta es de Gustavo.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>That bike is Gustavo's.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Las llaves son de Julio.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Those keys are Julio's.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\ntime\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Son las dos.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>It's two.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Es la una y media.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>It's one thirty.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\ndates\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Hoy es el cuarto de junio.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Today is the fourth of June.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Es jueves.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>It's Thursday.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3><strong>Ser, linking verb<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\"Ser\" is used as a linking verb, stating that something is equal to something else. In the sentence, \"John is tall.\" we are saying that John is equal to a tall person. In Spanish we use the verb \"ser\" as a linking verb to say what something is. For example:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Yo soy americano.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>I am an American.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Juan es alto.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Juan is tall.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nosotros somos viejos.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>We are old.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3><strong>Uses of the articles<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nUnlike English, Spanish does not use indefinite articles when dealing with one's occupation, religion or citizenship.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Jorge es abogado.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Jorge is a lawyer. <\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Soy mexicano.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>I am Mexican <\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Mi hermano es budista.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>My brother is a Buddhist. <\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3><strong>Adjective Agreement<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nAdjectives agree with the noun they modify in number and gender. Except for adjectives that end in \"e\" (e.g., grande) generally adjectives end in \"o\" if they are masculine and \"a\" if they are feminine. Additionally we add an \"s\" to make them plural. For example:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Marcos es alto.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Marcos is tall.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Mar\u00eda es alta.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Mar\u00eda is tall.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Marcos y Juan son altos.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Marcos and Juan are tall.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3><strong>Grammar: Adjectives<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIn Spanish, most adjectives are classified by gender. Masculine adjectives usually end in -o and feminine adjectives usually end in -a. Masculine adjectives are used to describe males and masculine nouns, while feminine adjectives are used to describe females or feminine nouns.\r\n<h3><strong>Masculine<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>ordenad<strong>o<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>trabaja<strong>dor<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>pacient<strong>e<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>deportist<strong>a<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Feminine<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>ordenad<strong>a<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>trabaja<strong>dora<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>pacient<strong>e<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>deportist<strong>a<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>Read through this content to review the grammar taught in this module\u00a0(note: there is no <em>new<\/em> instruction on this page). Be sure you can correctly indicate the gender of a noun, create plural nouns, change the gender of adjectives to match the nouns they describe, use definite and indefinite articles, identify personal pronouns, and use the verb \u201cser.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Definite and Indefinite Articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Definite articles describe a specific thing, while indefinite articles are used to refer to other things.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>el<\/strong> &#8211; the (masculine)<\/li>\n<li><strong>la<\/strong> &#8211; the (feminine)<\/li>\n<li><strong>un<\/strong> &#8211; a, an (masculine)<\/li>\n<li><strong>una<\/strong> &#8211; a, an (feminine)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Grammar note<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>El<\/strong> and <strong>La<\/strong> both mean <em>the<\/em> in Spanish. <em>El<\/em> is the masculine form and words that use <em>el<\/em> usually end in -o. <em>La<\/em> is the feminine form; most words that end in -a and all words that end in -ci\u00f3n are feminine. Some nouns can be either gender, such as <em>estudiante<\/em>, which can be used as <em>el estudiante<\/em> or <em>la estudiante<\/em> to mean <em>the student<\/em>. Examples of nouns contrary to the norms of gender are <em>la mano<\/em> and &#8220;la radio&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Some feminine words, like <em>agua<\/em>, use the form <em>El<\/em> when in singular form, as it is considered hard to say <em>la agua<\/em> due to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glottal_stop\">glottal stop (hiatus)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Some Spanish speakers use local dialects, for example, in central Mexico <em>sal\u00f3n de clases<\/em> is used instead of aula, and <em>maestro(a)<\/em> instead of profesor(a).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Gender Agreement<\/h3>\n<p>In Spanish, every noun has a gender, which is either masculine or feminine. The article &#8216;la&#8217; indicates feminine gender and the article &#8216;el&#8217; indicates masculine gender. The gender of a noun cannot always be predicted by looking at the noun, but, typically, nouns ending in &#8216;o&#8217; are masculine and those ending in &#8216;a&#8217; are feminine. For example:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>La pluma<\/td>\n<td><em>The pen (feminine)<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>El cuaderno<\/td>\n<td><em>The notebook (masculine)<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Number Agreement<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The number of any noun in Spanish is either singular or plural. The plural form depends on the last letter of the noun. If a noun ends in a vowel, add an &#8216;s&#8217; to the end of it. If it ends in a consonant, add &#8216;es&#8217;. Articles also have plural forms. The plural form of &#8216;la&#8217; is &#8216;las&#8217;, and the plural form of &#8216;el&#8217; is &#8216;los&#8217;. For example:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>La escuela<\/td>\n<td><em>The school (singular)<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Las escuelas<\/td>\n<td><em>The schools (plural)<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>El \u00e1rbol<\/td>\n<td><em>The tree (singular)<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Los \u00e1rboles<\/td>\n<td><em>The trees (plural)<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Numbers in Spanish are always in the singular form. Plural forms of numbers don&#8217;t exist. Notice in the following examples that even though the noun is in a plural form, the number doesn&#8217;t change. The number &#8220;one&#8221; has both a masculine and a feminine form &#8220;uno&#8221; and &#8220;una&#8221;, but other numbers do not change for gender. For example:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>cinco casas<\/td>\n<td><em>five houses<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>diez ni\u00f1os<\/td>\n<td><em>ten children<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>dos amigos<\/td>\n<td><em>two friends<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>una noche<\/td>\n<td><em>one night<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Pronouns<\/h3>\n<p>Pronouns are essential to the Spanish language and mastering them will be very useful in the language. In Spanish, there are 6 types of pronouns.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>yo<\/strong> &#8211; I<\/li>\n<li><strong>t\u00fa<\/strong> &#8211; you (familiar)<\/li>\n<li><strong>usted (Ud.)<\/strong> &#8211; you (formal)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00e9l<\/strong> &#8211; he<\/li>\n<li><strong>ella<\/strong> &#8211; she<\/li>\n<li><strong>nosotros<\/strong> &#8211; we (masculine)<\/li>\n<li><strong>nosotras<\/strong> &#8211; we (feminine)<\/li>\n<li><strong>vosotros<\/strong> &#8211; you (plural, familiar, masculine)<\/li>\n<li><strong>vosotras<\/strong> &#8211; you (plural, familiar, feminine)<\/li>\n<li><strong>ustedes (Uds.)<\/strong> &#8211; you (plural, formal)<\/li>\n<li><strong>ellos<\/strong> &#8211; they (masculine)<\/li>\n<li><strong>ellas<\/strong> &#8211; they (feminine)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The 6 types of pronouns in Spanish are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1st person singular: yo<\/li>\n<li>2nd person singular: t\u00fa, usted (Ud.)<\/li>\n<li>3rd person singular: \u00e9l, ella<\/li>\n<li>1st person plural: nosotros, nosotras<\/li>\n<li>2nd person plural: vosotros, vosotras, ustedes (Uds.)<\/li>\n<li>3rd person plural: ellos, ellas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The masculine form of the plural pronouns is always used if there is a masculine object, for example, even if there are 100 females and only 1 male, <em>ellos<\/em> is still used when talking about the crowd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Vosotros<\/em> and <em>Vosotras<\/em>, the English equivalent of &#8220;y&#8217;all&#8221; are mainly used in Spain, but they are also used in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay at a lesser extent and rarely in the United States. For the rest of the Spanish-speaking world, use <em>Ustedes (Uds.)<\/em>, which is the formal way of saying you (plural) in all Spanish-speaking countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Grammar (T\u00fa\/Usted [Ud.] &#8211; Vosotros\/Ustedes[Uds.])<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In Spanish, there are several ways to say &#8220;you.&#8221; We must differenciate between familiar\/formal and singular\/plural forms. <em>T\u00fa<\/em> (singular) is used when talking to someone you know, such as family, friends, or pets. <em>Usted<\/em> (abbreviated Ud.) is used in formal events, such as talking to a teacher, someone who you don&#8217;t know well, or a person who has a high title, such as a police officer, etc. In some Spanish-speaking countries (Venezuela and Colombia for example), <em>usted<\/em> can also be used for a close friend and <em>t\u00fa<\/em> is never used as a polite form. In the same way, <em>vosotros<\/em> (<em>vosotras<\/em> in feminine) is the plural of <em>t\u00fa<\/em> and <em>ustedes<\/em> (abbreviated uds.)) is the plural of <em>usted<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>Singular<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Plural<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Familiar<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>t\u00fa<\/td>\n<td>vosotros\/as (Spain)<br \/>\nustedes (Latin America) <a href=\"http:\/\/lema.rae.es\/dpd\/srv\/search?id=yhtVtQ5pQD6ONJL2Gd\">RAE<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Formal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>usted<\/td>\n<td>Ustedes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Remember that when talking to a person you don&#8217;t know well or a respected person, use the usted (Ud.) form and ustedes (Uds.) form when talking to a group of people where there is at least one person you call usted individually.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The principle uses of ser<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ser is used to signify equivalence or identity between two elements of a sentence:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Alberto es doctor.<br \/>\nAlberto = doctor.<\/td>\n<td><em>Alberto is a doctor.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Mar\u00eda es una buena persona.<br \/>\nMar\u00eda = buena persona.<\/td>\n<td><em>Maria is a good person. <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Ram\u00f3n es colombiano.<br \/>\nRam\u00f3n = colombiano.<\/td>\n<td><em>Ramon is Colombian.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Origin: ser + de + country<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Diego es de Per\u00fa.<\/td>\n<td><em>Diego is from Peru.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Este tapete es de M\u00e9xico.<\/td>\n<td><em>This rug is from Mexico.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>possession<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Esa bicicleta es de Gustavo.<\/td>\n<td><em>That bike is Gustavo&#8217;s.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Las llaves son de Julio.<\/td>\n<td><em>Those keys are Julio&#8217;s.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>time<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Son las dos.<\/td>\n<td><em>It&#8217;s two.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Es la una y media.<\/td>\n<td><em>It&#8217;s one thirty.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>dates<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hoy es el cuarto de junio.<\/td>\n<td><em>Today is the fourth of June.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Es jueves.<\/td>\n<td><em>It&#8217;s Thursday.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Ser, linking verb<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&#8220;Ser&#8221; is used as a linking verb, stating that something is equal to something else. In the sentence, &#8220;John is tall.&#8221; we are saying that John is equal to a tall person. In Spanish we use the verb &#8220;ser&#8221; as a linking verb to say what something is. For example:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Yo soy americano.<\/td>\n<td><em>I am an American.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Juan es alto.<\/td>\n<td><em>Juan is tall.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nosotros somos viejos.<\/td>\n<td><em>We are old.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Uses of the articles<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Unlike English, Spanish does not use indefinite articles when dealing with one&#8217;s occupation, religion or citizenship.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Jorge es abogado.<\/td>\n<td><em>Jorge is a lawyer. <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Soy mexicano.<\/td>\n<td><em>I am Mexican <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Mi hermano es budista.<\/td>\n<td><em>My brother is a Buddhist. <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Adjective Agreement<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Adjectives agree with the noun they modify in number and gender. Except for adjectives that end in &#8220;e&#8221; (e.g., grande) generally adjectives end in &#8220;o&#8221; if they are masculine and &#8220;a&#8221; if they are feminine. Additionally we add an &#8220;s&#8221; to make them plural. For example:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Marcos es alto.<\/td>\n<td><em>Marcos is tall.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Mar\u00eda es alta.<\/td>\n<td><em>Mar\u00eda is tall.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Marcos y Juan son altos.<\/td>\n<td><em>Marcos and Juan are tall.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Grammar: Adjectives<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In Spanish, most adjectives are classified by gender. Masculine adjectives usually end in -o and feminine adjectives usually end in -a. Masculine adjectives are used to describe males and masculine nouns, while feminine adjectives are used to describe females or feminine nouns.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Masculine<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>ordenad<strong>o<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>trabaja<strong>dor<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>pacient<strong>e<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>deportist<strong>a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Feminine<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>ordenad<strong>a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>trabaja<strong>dora<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>pacient<strong>e<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>deportist<strong>a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1569\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Definite and Indefinite Articles, Pronouns, Grammar - Vosotros\/Ustedes, Grammar: Adjectives. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikiversity . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Spanish_1\">https:\/\/en.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Spanish_1<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Spanish 1. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Gender Agreement, Numbers, The principle uses of ser, Ser: linking verb. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Texas at Austin. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/Spanish%20Proficiency%20Exercises\">http:\/\/Spanish%20Proficiency%20Exercises<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Spanish Proficiency Exercises, COERLL. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Definite and Indefinite Articles, Pronouns, Grammar - Vosotros\/Ustedes, Grammar: Adjectives\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikiversity \",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Spanish_1\",\"project\":\"Spanish 1\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Gender Agreement, Numbers, The principle uses of ser, Ser: linking verb\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"University of Texas at Austin\",\"url\":\"Spanish Proficiency Exercises\",\"project\":\"Spanish Proficiency Exercises, COERLL\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1569","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1580,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1569","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1569\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1825,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1569\/revisions\/1825"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1580"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1569\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1569"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1569"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1569"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/umes-spanish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1569"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}