{"id":239,"date":"2016-10-27T22:43:40","date_gmt":"2016-10-27T22:43:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=239"},"modified":"2020-04-11T21:51:15","modified_gmt":"2020-04-11T21:51:15","slug":"dynamics","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/chapter\/dynamics\/","title":{"raw":"Dynamics","rendered":"Dynamics"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>Dynamics refers to the volume of a sound\u00a0\u00a0 (how loud or how soft).<\/strong>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Dynamic markings are based on Italian words as with tempo markings,, although descriptions\u00a0such as\"quietly\" or \"louder\" or \"softer\" are quite acceptable descriptions. In Italian, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">forte<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">\u00a0 means loud and <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">piano<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> means soft.\u00a0 Piano also refers to the instrument, originally called a \"pianoforte\" as it was an one of the early keyboard instruments that was capable of\u00a0 performing dynamics unlike .earlier popular keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord and spinet\u00a0 which were not capable of performing dynamics..<\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>The main dynamic levels are:\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em style=\"font-size: 1em\"><strong>p<\/strong><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> or <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">piano<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">, which means \"soft\u201d<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em> or <em>forte<\/em>, which means \"loud\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMore subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>mp<\/strong><\/em>, standing for mezzo-piano, which means \"moderately soft\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>mf<\/strong><\/em>, standing for mezzo-forte, which means \"moderately loud\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBeyond <em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em> and <em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em>, there are also:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>pp<\/em><\/strong>, which stands for <em>pianissimo<\/em> and means \"very soft\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>ff<\/strong><\/em>, which stands for <em><strong>fortissimo<\/strong><\/em> and means \"very loud\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Mp6UAGN_Ir4\r\n<h4>Dynamic Changes and Markings<\/h4>\r\nListen to the dynamic changes in W.A. Mozart's Overture to <i>The Marriage of Figaro<\/i>. Look at least at the first two pages. Note the soft\u00a0dynamics on page one\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (<em><strong>pp<\/strong><\/em> and <em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em>)\u00a0 then change\u00a0to fortissimo\u00a0 (<em><strong>ff<\/strong><\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Mp6UAGN_Ir4\r\n<h4>Dynamic Changes<\/h4>\r\nTo gradually change the dynamics, composers use <em>crescendo<\/em> and <em>diminuendo <\/em>(also <em>decrescendo<\/em>).\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>crescendo<\/strong><\/em> (<em><strong>cresc.<\/strong><\/em>): gradually play louder\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002542\/Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg_.png\"><img class=\" wp-image-321 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002542\/Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg_-300x75.png\" alt=\"Two lines form an angle and gradually move apart.\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>diminuendo \/ decrescendo <\/em><\/strong>(<strong><em>dim<\/em><\/strong>. or <em><strong>decres.<\/strong><\/em>): gradually play softer\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002543\/Notation_musicale_decrescendo.svg_.png\"><img class=\" wp-image-322 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002543\/Notation_musicale_decrescendo.svg_-300x75.png\" alt=\"Two lines gradually converging to form a point.\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002611\/Screen-Shot-2015-06-23-at-3.19.55-PM.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-503\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002611\/Screen-Shot-2015-06-23-at-3.19.55-PM.png\" alt=\"Dyanmic markings showing start softly (piano), gradually get louder (crescendo) until the music is loud (forte), then gradually get quieter (decrescendo or diminuendo) until it is quiet (piano) again.\" width=\"354\" height=\"244\" \/><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Listen: Dynamic Changes<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"shaded\">Listen for changes \u00a0in dynamics in crescendos in Ludwig van Beethoven's <em>Symphony No. 1, <\/em>3rd Movement, Menuetto.<\/div>\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/wIuN6aM3Cow?t=1s\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Listen: \u00a0contrasting Dynamics<\/h4>\r\nNow listen to the contrasting dynamics \u00a0in this work: \u00a0<em>L'Arisienne \u00a0suite no 2<\/em> \u00a0by Bizet. The work begins at a Forte (Loud) dynamic. At \u00a00'41\" the dynamics suddenly change to \u00a0pianissimo (very soft) dynamic which makes the beginning of a gradual crescendo (getting louder) \u00a0to a fortissimo (very loud) dynamic at \u00a01'37\" which it maintains to the end.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/le4aXLnMLmY\r\n<h2>\u00a0Accents<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"432\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/daecca1456c88bc1862974a0fab72ff6b9043f84\/accents.png\" alt=\"Staff with 6\/8 time and common accents found on notes, including sfz, fp and hats.\" width=\"432\" height=\"96\" \/> Common Accents[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"p0d\">A composer may want a particular note to be louder than all the rest or may want the very beginning of a note to be loudest. Accents are markings that are used to indicate these especially strong-sounding notes. There are a few different types of written accents, but, like dynamics, the proper way to perform a given accent also depends on the instrument playing it, as well as the style and period of the music.<\/p>\r\nThe exact performance of each type of accent depends on the instrument and the style and period of the music, but the sforzando- and fortepiano-type accents are usually louder and longer, and more likely to be used in a long note that starts loudly and then suddenly gets much softer. Caret-type accents are more likely to be used to mark shorter notes that should be stronger than unmarked notes.\r\n\r\n<strong>This is a powerpoint on tempo and\u00a0 dynamics. Open link below in new window Slides relating to dynamics begin on number 16:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/tempo-and-dynamics-51357214\">http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/tempo-and-dynamics-51357214<\/a>","rendered":"<p><strong>Dynamics refers to the volume of a sound\u00a0\u00a0 (how loud or how soft).<\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Dynamic markings are based on Italian words as with tempo markings,, although descriptions\u00a0such as&#8221;quietly&#8221; or &#8220;louder&#8221; or &#8220;softer&#8221; are quite acceptable descriptions. In Italian, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">forte<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">\u00a0 means loud and <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">piano<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> means soft.\u00a0 Piano also refers to the instrument, originally called a &#8220;pianoforte&#8221; as it was an one of the early keyboard instruments that was capable of\u00a0 performing dynamics unlike .earlier popular keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord and spinet\u00a0 which were not capable of performing dynamics..<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>The main dynamic levels are:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em style=\"font-size: 1em\"><strong>p<\/strong><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> or <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em\">piano<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">, which means &#8220;soft\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em> or <em>forte<\/em>, which means &#8220;loud\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>mp<\/strong><\/em>, standing for mezzo-piano, which means &#8220;moderately soft&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>mf<\/strong><\/em>, standing for mezzo-forte, which means &#8220;moderately loud\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Beyond <em><strong>f<\/strong><\/em> and <em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em>, there are also:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>pp<\/em><\/strong>, which stands for <em>pianissimo<\/em> and means &#8220;very soft&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>ff<\/strong><\/em>, which stands for <em><strong>fortissimo<\/strong><\/em> and means &#8220;very loud&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/Mp6UAGN_Ir4<br \/>\n<h4>Dynamic Changes and Markings<\/h4>\n<p>Listen to the dynamic changes in W.A. Mozart&#8217;s Overture to <i>The Marriage of Figaro<\/i>. Look at least at the first two pages. Note the soft\u00a0dynamics on page one\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (<em><strong>pp<\/strong><\/em> and <em><strong>p<\/strong><\/em>)\u00a0 then change\u00a0to fortissimo\u00a0 (<em><strong>ff<\/strong><\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Mozart - The Marriage of Figaro Overture (K.492) - Wiener Symphoniker - Fabio Luisi (HD)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Mp6UAGN_Ir4?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h4>Dynamic Changes<\/h4>\n<p>To gradually change the dynamics, composers use <em>crescendo<\/em> and <em>diminuendo <\/em>(also <em>decrescendo<\/em>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>crescendo<\/strong><\/em> (<em><strong>cresc.<\/strong><\/em>): gradually play louder<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002542\/Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-321 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002542\/Notation_musicale_crescendo.svg_-300x75.png\" alt=\"Two lines form an angle and gradually move apart.\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>diminuendo \/ decrescendo <\/em><\/strong>(<strong><em>dim<\/em><\/strong>. or <em><strong>decres.<\/strong><\/em>): gradually play softer<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002543\/Notation_musicale_decrescendo.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-322 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002543\/Notation_musicale_decrescendo.svg_-300x75.png\" alt=\"Two lines gradually converging to form a point.\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002611\/Screen-Shot-2015-06-23-at-3.19.55-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-503\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/950\/2015\/06\/26002611\/Screen-Shot-2015-06-23-at-3.19.55-PM.png\" alt=\"Dyanmic markings showing start softly (piano), gradually get louder (crescendo) until the music is loud (forte), then gradually get quieter (decrescendo or diminuendo) until it is quiet (piano) again.\" width=\"354\" height=\"244\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Listen: Dynamic Changes<\/h3>\n<div class=\"shaded\">Listen for changes \u00a0in dynamics in crescendos in Ludwig van Beethoven&#8217;s <em>Symphony No. 1, <\/em>3rd Movement, Menuetto.<\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Beethoven: Symphony No. 1 - 3rd Movement\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wIuN6aM3Cow?start=1&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Listen: \u00a0contrasting Dynamics<\/h4>\n<p>Now listen to the contrasting dynamics \u00a0in this work: \u00a0<em>L&#8217;Arisienne \u00a0suite no 2<\/em> \u00a0by Bizet. The work begins at a Forte (Loud) dynamic. At \u00a00&#8217;41&#8221; the dynamics suddenly change to \u00a0pianissimo (very soft) dynamic which makes the beginning of a gradual crescendo (getting louder) \u00a0to a fortissimo (very loud) dynamic at \u00a01&#8217;37&#8221; which it maintains to the end.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"L&#39;Arlesienne suite No 2: Farandole (March of Three Kings) - George Bizet\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/le4aXLnMLmY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0Accents<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 442px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/daecca1456c88bc1862974a0fab72ff6b9043f84\/accents.png\" alt=\"Staff with 6\/8 time and common accents found on notes, including sfz, fp and hats.\" width=\"432\" height=\"96\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Common Accents<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"p0d\">A composer may want a particular note to be louder than all the rest or may want the very beginning of a note to be loudest. Accents are markings that are used to indicate these especially strong-sounding notes. There are a few different types of written accents, but, like dynamics, the proper way to perform a given accent also depends on the instrument playing it, as well as the style and period of the music.<\/p>\n<p>The exact performance of each type of accent depends on the instrument and the style and period of the music, but the sforzando- and fortepiano-type accents are usually louder and longer, and more likely to be used in a long note that starts loudly and then suddenly gets much softer. Caret-type accents are more likely to be used to mark shorter notes that should be stronger than unmarked notes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>This is a powerpoint on tempo and\u00a0 dynamics. Open link below in new window Slides relating to dynamics begin on number 16:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/tempo-and-dynamics-51357214\">http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/CandelaContent\/tempo-and-dynamics-51357214<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2162,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-239","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":232,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2162"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/239\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2924,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/239\/revisions\/2924"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/232"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/239\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=239"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=239"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/vccs-tcc-music-rford\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}