{"id":1013,"date":"2016-04-19T23:01:57","date_gmt":"2016-04-19T23:01:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1013"},"modified":"2016-07-25T19:36:34","modified_gmt":"2016-07-25T19:36:34","slug":"conjunctions-4-5-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/chapter\/conjunctions-4-5-1\/","title":{"raw":"Text: Conjunctions","rendered":"Text: Conjunctions"},"content":{"raw":"Conjunctions are the words that join sentences, phrases, and other words together. Conjunctions are divided into several categories, all of which follow different rules. We will discuss coordinating conjunctions, adverbial conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.\r\n<h2><span id=\"Coordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2396\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143209\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.30.58-AM-300x256.png\" alt=\"Compass icon\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" \/>The most common conjunctions are\u00a0<em>and<\/em>,\u00a0<em>or<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>but<\/em>. These are all\u00a0<strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>.\u00a0Coordinating conjunctions\u00a0are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more\u00a0equivalent\u00a0items (such as words, phrases, or sentences). The mnemonic acronym <i>FANBOYS<\/i> can be used to remember the most common coordinating conjunctions:\u00a0<i>for<\/i>, <i>and<\/i>, <i>nor<\/i>, <i>but<\/i>, <i>or<\/i>,\u00a0<i>yet<\/i>, and <i>so<\/i>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>For:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a reason\u00a0(\"They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>And:<\/strong>\u00a0presents non-contrasting items or ideas (\"They gamble, and they smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Nor:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a non-contrasting negative idea (\"They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>But:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a contrast or exception (\"They gamble, but they don't smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Or:<\/strong>\u00a0presents an alternative item or idea (\"Every day they gamble, or they smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Yet:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a contrast or exception (\"They gamble, yet they don't smoke.\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>So:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a consequence (\"He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.\")<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nHere are some examples of these used in sentences:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved to be complicated, bulky, <strong>and<\/strong> expensive.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well <strong>and<\/strong> tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The blood vessels leading to the device tended to kink, obstructing the filling of the chambers <strong>and<\/strong> resulting in inadequate output.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any external injury\u00a0<strong>or<\/strong> internal injury put patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding because the small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up so much of the clotting factor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The current from the storage batteries can power lights, <strong>but<\/strong> the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs you can see from the examples above, a comma only appears before these conjunctions sometimes. So how can you tell if you need a comma or not? There are three\u00a0general rules to help you decide.\r\n<h3>Rule 1: Joining Two Complete Ideas<\/h3>\r\nLet's look back at one of our example sentences:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The current from the storage batteries can power lights, but the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/p>\r\nThere are two complete ideas in this sentence. A complete idea has both a\u00a0subject\u00a0(a noun or pronoun) and a verb. The subjects have been italicized, and the verbs bolded:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>the <em>current<\/em> from the storage batteries <strong>can power<\/strong> lights<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the <em>current<\/em> for appliances <strong>must be modified<\/strong> within an inverter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBecause each of these ideas could\u00a0stand alone as a sentence, the coordinating conjunction that joins them must be preceded by a comma. Otherwise you'll have a run-on sentence.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Run-on sentences are one of the most common errors in college-level writing. Mastering the partnership between commas and coordinating conjunctions will go a long way towards resolving many run-on sentence issues in your writing.<\/div>\r\n<h3>Rule 2: Joining Two Similar Items<\/h3>\r\nSo what if there's only one complete idea, but two subjects or two verbs?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Any external injury or internal injury put patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding because the small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up so much of the clotting factor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well and tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe first sentence has two subjects:\u00a0<em>external injury<\/em> and\u00a0<em>internal injury<\/em>. The second sentence has two verbs:\u00a0<em>did not fit well<\/em> and\u00a0<em>tended to obstruct<\/em>.\u00a0In each sentence, the two similar items are separated from each other by a conjunction, but no comma is required.\r\n<h3>Rule 3: Joining Three or More Similar Items<\/h3>\r\nSo what do you do if there are three or more items?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Anna\u00a0loves to run, David loves to hike, and Luz\u00a0loves to dance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fishing, hunting, and gathering were once the only ways for people do get food.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Emanuel has a very careful schedule planned for tomorrow. He needs to work, study, exercise, eat, and clean.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs you can see in the examples above, there is a comma after each item, including the item just prior to the conjunction. There is a little bit of contention about this, but overall, most styles prefer to keep the additional comma (also called the serial comma). We discuss the serial comma\u00a0in more depth\u00a0in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/chapter\/commas-common-rules-4-6-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Commas<\/a>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Starting a Sentence<\/h3>\r\nMany students are taught\u2014and some style\u00a0guides maintain\u2014that English sentences should not start with coordinating conjunctions.\r\n\r\nThis video shows that this idea\u00a0is not actually a rule. And it provides some background for why\u00a0so many people may have adopted this writing convention:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/r8KHIxscCkg\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nAre the following sentences correctly punctuated?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>I heard some news on the radio about a fire and my family saw it on the television.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The fire chief called in all his men, but ordered them to stay back.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The building became engulfed in flames, so they stood by.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They needed to examine everything for they did not think it was an accident.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The police could not find the source of the fire, nor could the fire chief.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"652898\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"652898\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Incorrect: a comma is required before <em>and<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I heard some news on the radio about a fire<strong>, and<\/strong> my family saw it on the television.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incorrect: there is no comma required before\u00a0<em>but<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The fire chief called in all his men <strong>but<\/strong> ordered them to stay back.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Correct.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incorrect: a comma is required before <em>for<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>They needed to examine everything<strong>, for<\/strong> they did not think it was an accident.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Correct.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Adverbial Conjunctions<\/h2>\r\n<em><img class=\"alignright wp-image-2397\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143438\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.34.17-AM-300x237.png\" alt=\"Icon of two thought bubbles\" width=\"189\" height=\"150\" \/>Adverbial conjunctions<\/em> link two separate thoughts or sentences. When used to separate thoughts, as in the example below, a comma is required on either side of the conjunction.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The first artificial hearts were made of smooth silicone rubber, which apparently caused excessive clotting and, <strong>therefore<\/strong>, uncontrolled bleeding.<\/p>\r\nWhen used to separate sentences, as in the\u00a0examples below, a semicolon is required before the conjunction and a comma after.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; <strong>on the other hand<\/strong>, the Dunlite produces 2000 watts in 25 mph winds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For short periods, the fibers were beneficial; <strong>however<\/strong>, the eventual buildup of fibrin on the inner surface of the device would impair its function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The atria of the heart contribute a negligible amount of energy; <strong>in fact<\/strong>, the total power output of the heart is only about 2.5 watts.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAdverbial conjunctions include the following words; however, it is important to note that this is by no means a complete list.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>therefore<\/td>\r\n<td>however<\/td>\r\n<td>in other words<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>thus<\/td>\r\n<td>then<\/td>\r\n<td>otherwise<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\r\n<td>on the other hand<\/td>\r\n<td>in fact<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nFill in the missing punctuation marks for the sentences below:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Al\u00edcia works behind the counter in the family bakery after school __ however\u00a0__ Benjamin doesn't.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On the one hand __ Benjamin loves goes to soccer games __ on the other hand __ he doesn't like to play soccer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"316451\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"316451\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Al\u00edcia works behind the counter in the family bakery after school; however, Benjamin doesn't.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On the one hand, Benjamin loves goes to soccer games; on the other hand, he doesn't like to play soccer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><span id=\"Correlative_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Correlative Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<b><img class=\"alignright wp-image-2398\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143624\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.35.59-AM-300x251.png\" alt=\"Balanced scales icon\" width=\"179\" height=\"150\" \/>Correlative conjunctions<\/b>\u00a0are word pairs that work together to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. This video will define this types of conjunction before it goes through five of the most common correlative conjunctions:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/R74Ly00UygU\r\n\r\nThe table below shows some examples of correlative conjunctions being used in a sentence:\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Correlative Conjunction<\/th>\r\n<th>Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>either...or<\/td>\r\n<td>You <b>either<\/b> do your work <b>or<\/b> prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>neither...nor<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Neither<\/b> the basketball team <b>nor<\/b> the football team is doing well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">not only...but (also)<\/td>\r\n<td>He is <b>not only<\/b> handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> brilliant. (Not only A, but also B)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>Not only<\/b> is he handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>both...and<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Both<\/b> the cross country team <b>and<\/b> the swimming team are doing well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">whether...or<\/td>\r\n<td>You must decide <b>whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go. (It's up to you)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>Whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go, the film must start at 8 pm. (It's not up to you)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>just as...so<\/td>\r\n<td><b>Just as<\/b> many Americans love basketball, <b>so<\/b> many Canadians love ice hockey.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as much...as<\/td>\r\n<td>Football is <b>as much<\/b> an addiction <b>as<\/b> it is a sport.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>no sooner...than<\/td>\r\n<td><b>No sooner<\/b> did she learn to ski, <b>than<\/b> the snow began to thaw.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>rather...than<\/td>\r\n<td>I would <b>rather<\/b> swim <b>than<\/b> surf.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>the...the<\/td>\r\n<td><b>The<\/b> more you practice dribbling, <b>the<\/b> better you will be at it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as...as<\/td>\r\n<td>Football is <b>as<\/b> fast <b>as<\/b> hockey (is (fast)).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nSelect the correct conjunction for each sentence:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>(Both \/ Not only) you but also Paul forgot to do the annual report last week.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You will need to finish it by (either \/ neither) today or tomorrow. Just get it done by Friday.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(Both \/ Not only) you and Paul have been wasting too much time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Not only (she yells \/ does she yell \/ is she yell) at me, but also she screams at me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Either (she stops \/ does she stop) yelling at me or I quit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She both (annoys \/ does she annoy) and angers me.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"608544\"]<strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"608544\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Not only<\/strong>\u00a0you but also Paul forgot to do the annual report last week.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You will need to finish it by <strong>either\u00a0<\/strong>today or tomorrow. Just get it done by Friday.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Both<\/strong>\u00a0you and Paul have been wasting too much time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Not only <strong>does she yell<\/strong>\u00a0at me, but also she screams at me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Either <strong>she stops<\/strong>\u00a0yelling at me or I quit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She both <strong>annoys<\/strong>\u00a0and angers me.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2><div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YcMH2GJSHyNRC6doV7dJNgytcuVlBBeD8CqeHpQvSfE\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\">Learn More<\/a>","rendered":"<p>Conjunctions are the words that join sentences, phrases, and other words together. Conjunctions are divided into several categories, all of which follow different rules. We will discuss coordinating conjunctions, adverbial conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Coordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2396\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143209\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.30.58-AM-300x256.png\" alt=\"Compass icon\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" \/>The most common conjunctions are\u00a0<em>and<\/em>,\u00a0<em>or<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>but<\/em>. These are all\u00a0<strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>.\u00a0Coordinating conjunctions\u00a0are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more\u00a0equivalent\u00a0items (such as words, phrases, or sentences). The mnemonic acronym <i>FANBOYS<\/i> can be used to remember the most common coordinating conjunctions:\u00a0<i>for<\/i>, <i>and<\/i>, <i>nor<\/i>, <i>but<\/i>, <i>or<\/i>,\u00a0<i>yet<\/i>, and <i>so<\/i>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>For:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a reason\u00a0(&#8220;They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>And:<\/strong>\u00a0presents non-contrasting items or ideas (&#8220;They gamble, and they smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nor:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a non-contrasting negative idea (&#8220;They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>But:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a contrast or exception (&#8220;They gamble, but they don&#8217;t smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Or:<\/strong>\u00a0presents an alternative item or idea (&#8220;Every day they gamble, or they smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yet:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a contrast or exception (&#8220;They gamble, yet they don&#8217;t smoke.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li><strong>So:<\/strong>\u00a0presents a consequence (&#8220;He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here are some examples of these used in sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved to be complicated, bulky, <strong>and<\/strong> expensive.<\/li>\n<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well <strong>and<\/strong> tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\n<li>The blood vessels leading to the device tended to kink, obstructing the filling of the chambers <strong>and<\/strong> resulting in inadequate output.<\/li>\n<li>Any external injury\u00a0<strong>or<\/strong> internal injury put patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding because the small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up so much of the clotting factor.<\/li>\n<li>The current from the storage batteries can power lights, <strong>but<\/strong> the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see from the examples above, a comma only appears before these conjunctions sometimes. So how can you tell if you need a comma or not? There are three\u00a0general rules to help you decide.<\/p>\n<h3>Rule 1: Joining Two Complete Ideas<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look back at one of our example sentences:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The current from the storage batteries can power lights, but the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/p>\n<p>There are two complete ideas in this sentence. A complete idea has both a\u00a0subject\u00a0(a noun or pronoun) and a verb. The subjects have been italicized, and the verbs bolded:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the <em>current<\/em> from the storage batteries <strong>can power<\/strong> lights<\/li>\n<li>the <em>current<\/em> for appliances <strong>must be modified<\/strong> within an inverter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Because each of these ideas could\u00a0stand alone as a sentence, the coordinating conjunction that joins them must be preceded by a comma. Otherwise you&#8217;ll have a run-on sentence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Run-on sentences are one of the most common errors in college-level writing. Mastering the partnership between commas and coordinating conjunctions will go a long way towards resolving many run-on sentence issues in your writing.<\/div>\n<h3>Rule 2: Joining Two Similar Items<\/h3>\n<p>So what if there&#8217;s only one complete idea, but two subjects or two verbs?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Any external injury or internal injury put patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding because the small clots that formed throughout the circulatory system used up so much of the clotting factor.<\/li>\n<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well and tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The first sentence has two subjects:\u00a0<em>external injury<\/em> and\u00a0<em>internal injury<\/em>. The second sentence has two verbs:\u00a0<em>did not fit well<\/em> and\u00a0<em>tended to obstruct<\/em>.\u00a0In each sentence, the two similar items are separated from each other by a conjunction, but no comma is required.<\/p>\n<h3>Rule 3: Joining Three or More Similar Items<\/h3>\n<p>So what do you do if there are three or more items?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anna\u00a0loves to run, David loves to hike, and Luz\u00a0loves to dance.<\/li>\n<li>Fishing, hunting, and gathering were once the only ways for people do get food.<\/li>\n<li>Emanuel has a very careful schedule planned for tomorrow. He needs to work, study, exercise, eat, and clean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see in the examples above, there is a comma after each item, including the item just prior to the conjunction. There is a little bit of contention about this, but overall, most styles prefer to keep the additional comma (also called the serial comma). We discuss the serial comma\u00a0in more depth\u00a0in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/chapter\/commas-common-rules-4-6-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Commas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Starting a Sentence<\/h3>\n<p>Many students are taught\u2014and some style\u00a0guides maintain\u2014that English sentences should not start with coordinating conjunctions.<\/p>\n<p>This video shows that this idea\u00a0is not actually a rule. And it provides some background for why\u00a0so many people may have adopted this writing convention:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Beginning sentences with conjunctions | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/r8KHIxscCkg?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Are the following sentences correctly punctuated?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>I heard some news on the radio about a fire and my family saw it on the television.<\/li>\n<li>The fire chief called in all his men, but ordered them to stay back.<\/li>\n<li>The building became engulfed in flames, so they stood by.<\/li>\n<li>They needed to examine everything for they did not think it was an accident.<\/li>\n<li>The police could not find the source of the fire, nor could the fire chief.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q652898\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q652898\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Incorrect: a comma is required before <em>and<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li>I heard some news on the radio about a fire<strong>, and<\/strong> my family saw it on the television.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Incorrect: there is no comma required before\u00a0<em>but<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li>The fire chief called in all his men <strong>but<\/strong> ordered them to stay back.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Correct.<\/li>\n<li>Incorrect: a comma is required before <em>for<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li>They needed to examine everything<strong>, for<\/strong> they did not think it was an accident.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Correct.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Adverbial Conjunctions<\/h2>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2397\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143438\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.34.17-AM-300x237.png\" alt=\"Icon of two thought bubbles\" width=\"189\" height=\"150\" \/>Adverbial conjunctions<\/em> link two separate thoughts or sentences. When used to separate thoughts, as in the example below, a comma is required on either side of the conjunction.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The first artificial hearts were made of smooth silicone rubber, which apparently caused excessive clotting and, <strong>therefore<\/strong>, uncontrolled bleeding.<\/p>\n<p>When used to separate sentences, as in the\u00a0examples below, a semicolon is required before the conjunction and a comma after.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; <strong>on the other hand<\/strong>, the Dunlite produces 2000 watts in 25 mph winds.<\/li>\n<li>For short periods, the fibers were beneficial; <strong>however<\/strong>, the eventual buildup of fibrin on the inner surface of the device would impair its function.<\/li>\n<li>The atria of the heart contribute a negligible amount of energy; <strong>in fact<\/strong>, the total power output of the heart is only about 2.5 watts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Adverbial conjunctions include the following words; however, it is important to note that this is by no means a complete list.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>therefore<\/td>\n<td>however<\/td>\n<td>in other words<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>thus<\/td>\n<td>then<\/td>\n<td>otherwise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\n<td>on the other hand<\/td>\n<td>in fact<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Fill in the missing punctuation marks for the sentences below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Al\u00edcia works behind the counter in the family bakery after school __ however\u00a0__ Benjamin doesn&#8217;t.<\/li>\n<li>On the one hand __ Benjamin loves goes to soccer games __ on the other hand __ he doesn&#8217;t like to play soccer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q316451\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q316451\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Al\u00edcia works behind the counter in the family bakery after school; however, Benjamin doesn&#8217;t.<\/li>\n<li>On the one hand, Benjamin loves goes to soccer games; on the other hand, he doesn&#8217;t like to play soccer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Correlative_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Correlative Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2398\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143624\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.35.59-AM-300x251.png\" alt=\"Balanced scales icon\" width=\"179\" height=\"150\" \/>Correlative conjunctions<\/b>\u00a0are word pairs that work together to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. This video will define this types of conjunction before it goes through five of the most common correlative conjunctions:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Correlative conjunctions | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/R74Ly00UygU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The table below shows some examples of correlative conjunctions being used in a sentence:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Correlative Conjunction<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>either&#8230;or<\/td>\n<td>You <b>either<\/b> do your work <b>or<\/b> prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>neither&#8230;nor<\/td>\n<td><b>Neither<\/b> the basketball team <b>nor<\/b> the football team is doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">not only&#8230;but (also)<\/td>\n<td>He is <b>not only<\/b> handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> brilliant. (Not only A, but also B)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Not only<\/b> is he handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>both&#8230;and<\/td>\n<td><b>Both<\/b> the cross country team <b>and<\/b> the swimming team are doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">whether&#8230;or<\/td>\n<td>You must decide <b>whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go. (It&#8217;s up to you)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Whether<\/b> you stay <b>or<\/b> you go, the film must start at 8 pm. (It&#8217;s not up to you)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>just as&#8230;so<\/td>\n<td><b>Just as<\/b> many Americans love basketball, <b>so<\/b> many Canadians love ice hockey.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as much&#8230;as<\/td>\n<td>Football is <b>as much<\/b> an addiction <b>as<\/b> it is a sport.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>no sooner&#8230;than<\/td>\n<td><b>No sooner<\/b> did she learn to ski, <b>than<\/b> the snow began to thaw.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rather&#8230;than<\/td>\n<td>I would <b>rather<\/b> swim <b>than<\/b> surf.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>the&#8230;the<\/td>\n<td><b>The<\/b> more you practice dribbling, <b>the<\/b> better you will be at it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as&#8230;as<\/td>\n<td>Football is <b>as<\/b> fast <b>as<\/b> hockey (is (fast)).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Select the correct conjunction for each sentence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>(Both \/ Not only) you but also Paul forgot to do the annual report last week.<\/li>\n<li>You will need to finish it by (either \/ neither) today or tomorrow. Just get it done by Friday.<\/li>\n<li>(Both \/ Not only) you and Paul have been wasting too much time.<\/li>\n<li>Not only (she yells \/ does she yell \/ is she yell) at me, but also she screams at me.<\/li>\n<li>Either (she stops \/ does she stop) yelling at me or I quit.<\/li>\n<li>She both (annoys \/ does she annoy) and angers me.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q608544\"><strong>Click to Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q608544\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Not only<\/strong>\u00a0you but also Paul forgot to do the annual report last week.<\/li>\n<li>You will need to finish it by <strong>either\u00a0<\/strong>today or tomorrow. Just get it done by Friday.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Both<\/strong>\u00a0you and Paul have been wasting too much time.<\/li>\n<li>Not only <strong>does she yell<\/strong>\u00a0at me, but also she screams at me.<\/li>\n<li>Either <strong>she stops<\/strong>\u00a0yelling at me or I quit.<\/li>\n<li>She both <strong>annoys<\/strong>\u00a0and angers me.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YcMH2GJSHyNRC6doV7dJNgytcuVlBBeD8CqeHpQvSfE\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\">Learn More<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1013\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation of Coordinators. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Conjunction (grammar). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Coordinators. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Julie Sevastopoulos. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Grammar-Quizzes. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.grammar-quizzes.com\/coordinators.html\">http:\/\/www.grammar-quizzes.com\/coordinators.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Correlative conjunctions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Beginning sentences with conjunctions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/beginning-sentences-with-conjunctions-the-conjunction-the-parts-of-speech-grammar\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/beginning-sentences-with-conjunctions-the-conjunction-the-parts-of-speech-grammar<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of compass. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Douglas Santos. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=coordinate&#038;i=223910\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=coordinate&#038;i=223910<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of thought bubbles. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: icon 54. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&#038;i=393828\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&#038;i=393828<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of balanced scales. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lloyd Humphreys. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=equal&#038;i=96785\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=equal&#038;i=96785<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":35,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Conjunction (grammar)\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence\",\"author\":\"David McMurrey\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Coordinators\",\"author\":\"Julie 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