{"id":1226,"date":"2016-04-26T17:45:14","date_gmt":"2016-04-26T17:45:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1226"},"modified":"2016-08-19T17:45:45","modified_gmt":"2016-08-19T17:45:45","slug":"text-non-finite-verbs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/chapter\/text-non-finite-verbs\/","title":{"raw":"Text: Non-Finite Verbs","rendered":"Text: Non-Finite Verbs"},"content":{"raw":"Just when we thought we had verbs figured out, we're brought face-to-face\u00a0with a new animal:\u00a0the non-finite verbs. These words <em>look<\/em> similar to verbs we've already been talking about, but they <em>act<\/em> quite different than those other verbs.\r\n\r\nBy definition, a non-finite verb cannot serve as the root of an independent clause. In practical terms, this\u00a0means that they don't serve as the action of a sentence. They also don't have a tense. While the sentence around them may be past, present, or future tense, the non-finite verbs themselves are neutral. There are three types of non-finite verbs: gerunds, participles, and infinitives.\r\n<h2>Gerunds<\/h2>\r\nGerunds all end in\u00a0<i>-ing<\/i>: <em>skiing<\/em>, <em>reading<\/em>, <em>dancing<\/em>, <em>singing<\/em>, etc.\u00a0Gerunds <strong>act like nouns<\/strong> and can serve as subjects or objects of sentences. Let's take a look at a few examples:\r\n\r\nThe following sentences illustrate some uses of gerunds:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Swimming<\/b> is fun.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Here, the subject is <em>swimming<\/em>, the gerund.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The verb is the linking verb\u00a0<em>is<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I like <b>swimming<\/b>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This time, the subject of this sentence is the pronoun <em>I<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The verb is <em>like<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The gerund <em>swimming<\/em> becomes the direct object.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I never gave <b>swimming<\/b> all that much effort.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do you fancy <b>going out<\/b>?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>After\u00a0<b>being elected president<\/b>, he moved with his family to the capital.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nGerunds\u00a0can be created using helping\u00a0verbs as well:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Being deceived<\/b> can make someone feel angry.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Having read the book once before<\/b> makes me more prepared.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nOften the \"doer\" of the gerund is clearly signaled:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>We enjoyed <strong>singing<\/strong> yesterday (we ourselves sang)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The cat responded by <strong>licking<\/strong> the cream (the cat licked the cream)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>His heart is set on <strong>being<\/strong> awarded the prize (he hopes that he himself will be awarded the prize)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tom\u00e1s likes <strong>eating<\/strong> apricots (Tom\u00e1s himself\u00a0eats apricots)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nHowever, sometimes the \"doer\" must be overtly specified, typically in a position immediately before the non-finite verb:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>We enjoyed their\u00a0<strong>singing.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>We were delighted at Bianca <strong>being<\/strong> awarded the prize.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the gerunds and their roles in the following sentences:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Sam\u00a0was really bad at gardening.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Studying is one of Jazz's favorite things to do.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Danny just wanted to go skateboarding.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"274304\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"274304\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Sam\u00a0was really bad at <strong>gardening<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>Gardening<\/em> is the object of the prepositional phrase \"bad at gardening.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Studying<\/strong> is one of Jazz's favorite things to do. <em>Studying<\/em> is the subject of the sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Danny just wanted to go <strong>skateboarding<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>Skateboarding<\/em> is the direct object of the sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Participles<\/h2>\r\nA <b>participle<\/b> is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.\u00a0It is one of the types of nonfinite verb forms.\r\n\r\nThe two types of participle in English are traditionally called the <b>present participle<\/b> (forms such as <i>writing<\/i>, <i>singing<\/i> and <i>raising<\/i>) and the <b>past participle<\/b> (forms such as <i>written<\/i>, <i>sung<\/i> and <i>raised<\/i>).\r\n<h3>The Present Participle<\/h3>\r\nEven though they look exactly the same, gerunds and present participles do different things. As we just learned, the gerund acts as a noun: e.g., \"I like <i>sleeping<\/i>\"; \"<i>Sleeping\u00a0<\/i>is not allowed.\" Present participles, on the other hand, act similarly to\u00a0an adjective or adverb: e.g., \"The\u00a0<em>sleeping<\/em> girl\u00a0over there is my sister\"; \"<em>Breathing<\/em> heavily, she finished the race in first place.\"\r\n\r\nThe present participle, or participial phrases (clauses) formed from it, are used as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>as an adjective phrase modifying a noun phrase: <i>The man <b>sitting<\/b> over there is my uncle.<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li>adverbially, the subject being understood to be the same as that of the main clause: <i><b>Looking<\/b> at the plans, I gradually came to see where the problem lay.<\/i> <i>He shot the man, <b>killing<\/b> him.<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li>more generally as a clause or sentence modifier: <i>Broadly <b>speaking<\/b>, the project was successful.<\/i><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe present participle can also be used\u00a0with the helping verb <em>to be<\/em>\u00a0to<span class=\"s1\">\u00a0form a type of present tense: <i>Jim was <\/i><b><i>sleeping<\/i><\/b><i>.\u00a0<\/i>This is something we learned a little bit about in helping verbs and tense.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<h3>The Past Participle<\/h3>\r\nPast participles often look very similar to the simple past tense of a verb:\u00a0<em>finished,\u00a0danced<\/em>,\u00a0etc. However, some verbs have different forms. Reference lists will be your best help in finding the correct past participle.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/Developmental+Reading+and+Writing\/Irregular_Past_Participles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Here is one such list of\u00a0participles<\/a>. Here's a short list of some of the most common irregular past participles you'll use:\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Verb<\/th>\r\n<th>Simple Past<\/th>\r\n<th>Past Participle<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to be<\/td>\r\n<td>was\/were<\/td>\r\n<td>been<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to become<\/td>\r\n<td>became<\/td>\r\n<td>become<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to begin<\/td>\r\n<td>began<\/td>\r\n<td>begun<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to come<\/td>\r\n<td>came<\/td>\r\n<td>come<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to do<\/td>\r\n<td>did<\/td>\r\n<td>done<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to drink<\/td>\r\n<td>drank<\/td>\r\n<td>drunk<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to eat<\/td>\r\n<td>ate<\/td>\r\n<td>eaten<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to get<\/td>\r\n<td>got<\/td>\r\n<td>gotten<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to give<\/td>\r\n<td>gave<\/td>\r\n<td>given<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to go<\/td>\r\n<td>went<\/td>\r\n<td>gone<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to know<\/td>\r\n<td>knew<\/td>\r\n<td>know<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to run<\/td>\r\n<td>ran<\/td>\r\n<td>run<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to see<\/td>\r\n<td>saw<\/td>\r\n<td>seen<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to show<\/td>\r\n<td>showed<\/td>\r\n<td>shown<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to speak<\/td>\r\n<td>spoke<\/td>\r\n<td>spoken<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to take<\/td>\r\n<td>took<\/td>\r\n<td>taken<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to throw<\/td>\r\n<td>threw<\/td>\r\n<td>thrown<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>to write<\/td>\r\n<td>wrote<\/td>\r\n<td>written<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Words\u00a0like\u00a0<em>bought<\/em> and\u00a0<em>caught<\/em> are the correct past participles\u2014not\u00a0<em>boughten<\/em> or\u00a0<em>caughten<\/em>.<\/div>\r\nPast participles are used\u00a0in a couple of different ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>as an adjective phrase: <i>The chicken <b>eaten<\/b> by the children was contaminated.<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li>adverbially: <i><b>Seen<\/b> from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution.<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li>in a nominative absolute construction, with a subject: <i>The task <b>finished<\/b>, we returned home.<\/i><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe past participle can also be used with the helping verb <em>to have<\/em>\u00a0to form a type of past tense: <i>The chicken has <b>eaten<\/b>. <\/i>This is something we learned about in helping verbs and tense.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the participles in the following sentences, as well as the functions they perform:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Tucker had always wanted a pet dog.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Having been born in the 1990s, Amber often found herself surrounded by nostalgia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rayssa was practicing her flute when everything suddenly went wrong.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"397305\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"397305\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The past participle is\u00a0<em>wanted<\/em>. In this case, it is used alongside the helping verb\u00a0<em>had<\/em> to form the past tense.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Having been born in the 1990s<\/em> is a present participle phrase. It is used adverbially, and the subject is the same as the subject of the main phrase: Amber. Additionally,\u00a0<em>been<\/em> is the past participle. It is used alongside the helping verb\u00a0<em>having<\/em> to give a sense of the past tense.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>Practicing<\/i>\u00a0is the present participle. It, along with the helping verb\u00a0<em>was<\/em>, create a sense of continuity or process.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> The past participle\u00a0can also be used to form the passive voice: <i>The chicken was <b>eaten<\/b>. <\/i>We'll discuss the passive voice more in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/chapter\/active-and-passive-voice\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Active and Passive Voice<\/a>.<\/div>\r\n<h2>Infinitives<\/h2>\r\n<blockquote>To be or not to be, that is the question.\r\n\r\n\u2014Hamlet<\/blockquote>\r\n<b><\/b>The infinitive is the basic dictionary form of a verb, usually preceded by\u00a0<i>to<\/i> (when it's not, it's called the\u00a0<strong>bare infinitive<\/strong>, which we'll discuss more later). Thus <i>to go<\/i> is an infinitive.\u00a0There are several different uses of the infinitive. They can be used alongside verbs, as a noun phrase, as a modifier, or in a question.\r\n<h3>With\u00a0Other Verbs<\/h3>\r\nThe <i>to<\/i>-infinitive is used with other verbs (we'll discuss exceptions when we talk about the bare infinitive):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I aim <strong>to convince<\/strong> him of our plan's\u00a0ingenuity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You already know that he'll fail <strong>to complete<\/strong> the task.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou can also use multiple infinitives in a single sentence: \"Today, I plan\u00a0<strong>to run<\/strong> three miles, <strong>to clean<\/strong> my room, and <strong>to update<\/strong> my budget.\" All three of these infinitives follow the verb\u00a0<em>plan<\/em>. Other verbs that often come before infinitives include\u00a0<em>want<\/em>, <em>convince<\/em>, <em>try<\/em>, <em>able<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>like<\/em>.\r\n<h3>As a Noun Phrase<\/h3>\r\nThe infinitive can also be used to express an\u00a0action in an abstract, general way:\u00a0\"<b>To err<\/b> is human\"; \"<b>To know\u00a0<\/b>me is <b>to love me<\/b>.\" No one in particular is completing these actions. In these sentences, the infinitives act as the subjects.\r\n\r\nInfinitives can also serve as the object of a sentence. One\u00a0common construction\u00a0involves a dummy subject (<i>it<\/i>): \"It was nice <b>to meet<\/b> you.\"\r\n<h3>As a Modifier<\/h3>\r\nInfinitives can be\u00a0used as an adjective (e.g., \"A\u00a0request <b>to see<\/b> someone\" or \"The man <b>to save<\/b> us\")\u00a0or as an adverb (e.g., \"Keen <strong>to get<\/strong> on,\" \"Nice <b>to listen<\/b> to,\" or \"In order <strong>to\u00a0win<\/strong>\").\r\n<h3>In Questions<\/h3>\r\nInfinitives can be\u00a0used in elliptical questions as well, as in \"I don't know where <b>to go<\/b>.\"\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> The infinitive is also the usual dictionary form or citation form of a verb. The form listed in dictionaries is the bare infinitive, although the <i>to<\/i>-infinitive is often used in referring to verbs or in defining other verbs: \"The word <em>amble<\/em> means 'to walk slowly'\"; \"How do we conjugate the verb <i>to go<\/i>?\"\r\n\r\nCertain helping\u00a0verbs\u00a0do not have infinitives, such <em>will<\/em>,\u00a0<em>can<\/em>,\u00a0and<i> <i>may<\/i><\/i>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Split Infinitives?<\/h3>\r\nOne of the biggest\u00a0controversies among grammarians and style writers has been the appropriateness of separating the two words of the <i>to<\/i>-infinitive as in \"to <em>boldly<\/em> go.\" Despite what a\u00a0lot of people have\u00a0declared\u00a0over the years, there is absolutely nothing wrong with this construction. It is 100 percent grammatically sound.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Part of the reason so many authorities have been against this construction is likely the fact that in languages such as Latin, the infinitive is a single word, and cannot be split. However, in English the infinitive (or at least the\u00a0<em>to<\/em>-infinitive) is two words, and a split infinitive is a perfectly natural construction.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the infinitives in the following sentences:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Paulina is\u00a0the girl to beat.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It was really nice to hear from you again.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It looks like Dash wants to fail.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"875706\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"875706\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The infinitive<em> to beat<\/em> is used in this instance. It acts as an adjective, describing what kind of girl Paulina is.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The infinitive<em> hear<\/em> is used in this instance. It acts as the object of the sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The infinitive\u00a0<em>to fail is used in this instance.<\/em>\u00a0It\u00a0works along with the verb\u00a0<em>want<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>The Bare Infinitive<\/h3>\r\nAs we mentioned previously, the infinitive can sometimes occur without the word <em>to<\/em>.\u00a0The form without <i>to<\/i> is called the <b>bare infinitive<\/b>\u00a0(the form with <i>to<\/i> is called the\u00a0<b><i>to<\/i>-infinitive<\/b>). In the following sentences both <em>sit<\/em> and\u00a0<em>to sit<\/em>\u00a0would each be considered an infinitive:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I want <b>to sit<\/b> on the other chair.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I can <b>sit<\/b> here all day.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nInfinitives have a variety of uses in English. Certain contexts call for the <em>to<\/em>-infinitive form, and certain contexts call for the bare infinitive; they are not normally interchangeable, except in occasional instances like after the verb <i>help<\/i>, where either can be used.\r\n\r\nAs we mentioned earlier, some verbs require the bare infinitive instead of the\u00a0<em>to<\/em>-infinitive:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The helping verb\u00a0<i>do<\/i>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Does she <strong>dance<\/strong>?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Zi doesn't <strong>sing<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Helping\u00a0verbs that express tense, possibility, or ability like\u00a0<em>will<\/em>,\u00a0<em>can, could, should, would,<\/em>\u00a0and<em>\u00a0might<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The bears will <strong>eat<\/strong> you if they catch you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lucas and Gerardo might <strong>go<\/strong> to the dance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You should <strong>give<\/strong> it a try.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Verbs of perception, permission, or causation, such as\u00a0<i>see<\/i>, <i>watch<\/i>,\u00a0<i>hear,\u00a0<i>make<\/i>, <i>let<\/i>, and <i>have<\/i><\/i>\u00a0(after a direct object)\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Look at Caroline <strong>go<\/strong>!<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You can't make me <strong>talk<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It's so hard to let someone else <strong>finish<\/strong> my work.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe bare infinitive can be used as the object in such sentences like \"What you should do is <b>make<\/b> a list.\"\u00a0It can also be used after the word\u00a0<em>why<\/em>\u00a0to ask a question: \"Why <strong>reveal<\/strong> it?\"\r\n\r\nThe bare infinitive can be tricky, because it often looks exactly like the present tense of a verb. Look at the following\u00a0sentences for an example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You <strong>lose<\/strong> things so often.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You\u00a0can <strong>lose<\/strong> things at the drop of a hat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn both of these sentences, we have the word\u00a0<em>lose<\/em>, but in the first sentence it's a present tense verb, while in the second it's a bare infinitive. So how can you tell which is which? The easiest way is to try changing the subject of the sentence and seeing if the verb should change:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>She <strong>loses<\/strong> things so often.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She\u00a0can <strong>lose<\/strong> things at the drop of a hat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the infinitives in the following sentences:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What you should do is stop talking for a moment and listen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oh, that must be\u00a0Lebo at the door.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why walk when I could run?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"875787\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"875787\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What you should do is <strong>stop<\/strong> talking for a moment and <strong>listen<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>There are two infinitives in this sentence:\u00a0<em>stop<\/em> and\u00a0<em>listen. <\/em>They are both the objects of the sentence. This sentence also includes the gerund\u00a0<em>talking<\/em>, which the object in the phrase \"stop talking.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oh, that must <strong>be<\/strong>\u00a0Lebo at the door.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The infinitive <em>be<\/em> works with the helping verb\u00a0<em>must.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why\u00a0<strong>walk<\/strong> when I could <strong>run<\/strong>?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>There are two infinitives in this sentence:\u00a0<em>walk<\/em> and\u00a0<em>run<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Walk<\/em> follows the word\u00a0<em>why,<\/em> and it is asking a question.\u00a0<em>Run<\/em> works with the helping verb\u00a0<em>could<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2><div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-ewL0i50GS60FNm_-DrYBN1VClXu-fXNar_CVpYh_NY\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\">Learn More<\/a>","rendered":"<p>Just when we thought we had verbs figured out, we&#8217;re brought face-to-face\u00a0with a new animal:\u00a0the non-finite verbs. These words <em>look<\/em> similar to verbs we&#8217;ve already been talking about, but they <em>act<\/em> quite different than those other verbs.<\/p>\n<p>By definition, a non-finite verb cannot serve as the root of an independent clause. In practical terms, this\u00a0means that they don&#8217;t serve as the action of a sentence. They also don&#8217;t have a tense. While the sentence around them may be past, present, or future tense, the non-finite verbs themselves are neutral. There are three types of non-finite verbs: gerunds, participles, and infinitives.<\/p>\n<h2>Gerunds<\/h2>\n<p>Gerunds all end in\u00a0<i>-ing<\/i>: <em>skiing<\/em>, <em>reading<\/em>, <em>dancing<\/em>, <em>singing<\/em>, etc.\u00a0Gerunds <strong>act like nouns<\/strong> and can serve as subjects or objects of sentences. Let&#8217;s take a look at a few examples:<\/p>\n<p>The following sentences illustrate some uses of gerunds:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Swimming<\/b> is fun.\n<ul>\n<li>Here, the subject is <em>swimming<\/em>, the gerund.<\/li>\n<li>The verb is the linking verb\u00a0<em>is<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>I like <b>swimming<\/b>.\n<ul>\n<li>This time, the subject of this sentence is the pronoun <em>I<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The verb is <em>like<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The gerund <em>swimming<\/em> becomes the direct object.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>I never gave <b>swimming<\/b> all that much effort.<\/li>\n<li>Do you fancy <b>going out<\/b>?<\/li>\n<li>After\u00a0<b>being elected president<\/b>, he moved with his family to the capital.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gerunds\u00a0can be created using helping\u00a0verbs as well:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Being deceived<\/b> can make someone feel angry.<\/li>\n<li><b>Having read the book once before<\/b> makes me more prepared.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Often the &#8220;doer&#8221; of the gerund is clearly signaled:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>We enjoyed <strong>singing<\/strong> yesterday (we ourselves sang)<\/li>\n<li>The cat responded by <strong>licking<\/strong> the cream (the cat licked the cream)<\/li>\n<li>His heart is set on <strong>being<\/strong> awarded the prize (he hopes that he himself will be awarded the prize)<\/li>\n<li>Tom\u00e1s likes <strong>eating<\/strong> apricots (Tom\u00e1s himself\u00a0eats apricots)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, sometimes the &#8220;doer&#8221; must be overtly specified, typically in a position immediately before the non-finite verb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>We enjoyed their\u00a0<strong>singing.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>We were delighted at Bianca <strong>being<\/strong> awarded the prize.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the gerunds and their roles in the following sentences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sam\u00a0was really bad at gardening.<\/li>\n<li>Studying is one of Jazz&#8217;s favorite things to do.<\/li>\n<li>Danny just wanted to go skateboarding.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q274304\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q274304\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Sam\u00a0was really bad at <strong>gardening<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>Gardening<\/em> is the object of the prepositional phrase &#8220;bad at gardening.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Studying<\/strong> is one of Jazz&#8217;s favorite things to do. <em>Studying<\/em> is the subject of the sentence.<\/li>\n<li>Danny just wanted to go <strong>skateboarding<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>Skateboarding<\/em> is the direct object of the sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Participles<\/h2>\n<p>A <b>participle<\/b> is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.\u00a0It is one of the types of nonfinite verb forms.<\/p>\n<p>The two types of participle in English are traditionally called the <b>present participle<\/b> (forms such as <i>writing<\/i>, <i>singing<\/i> and <i>raising<\/i>) and the <b>past participle<\/b> (forms such as <i>written<\/i>, <i>sung<\/i> and <i>raised<\/i>).<\/p>\n<h3>The Present Participle<\/h3>\n<p>Even though they look exactly the same, gerunds and present participles do different things. As we just learned, the gerund acts as a noun: e.g., &#8220;I like <i>sleeping<\/i>&#8220;; &#8220;<i>Sleeping\u00a0<\/i>is not allowed.&#8221; Present participles, on the other hand, act similarly to\u00a0an adjective or adverb: e.g., &#8220;The\u00a0<em>sleeping<\/em> girl\u00a0over there is my sister&#8221;; &#8220;<em>Breathing<\/em> heavily, she finished the race in first place.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The present participle, or participial phrases (clauses) formed from it, are used as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>as an adjective phrase modifying a noun phrase: <i>The man <b>sitting<\/b> over there is my uncle.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>adverbially, the subject being understood to be the same as that of the main clause: <i><b>Looking<\/b> at the plans, I gradually came to see where the problem lay.<\/i> <i>He shot the man, <b>killing<\/b> him.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>more generally as a clause or sentence modifier: <i>Broadly <b>speaking<\/b>, the project was successful.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The present participle can also be used\u00a0with the helping verb <em>to be<\/em>\u00a0to<span class=\"s1\">\u00a0form a type of present tense: <i>Jim was <\/i><b><i>sleeping<\/i><\/b><i>.\u00a0<\/i>This is something we learned a little bit about in helping verbs and tense.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>The Past Participle<\/h3>\n<p>Past participles often look very similar to the simple past tense of a verb:\u00a0<em>finished,\u00a0danced<\/em>,\u00a0etc. However, some verbs have different forms. Reference lists will be your best help in finding the correct past participle.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/Developmental+Reading+and+Writing\/Irregular_Past_Participles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Here is one such list of\u00a0participles<\/a>. Here&#8217;s a short list of some of the most common irregular past participles you&#8217;ll use:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Verb<\/th>\n<th>Simple Past<\/th>\n<th>Past Participle<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>to be<\/td>\n<td>was\/were<\/td>\n<td>been<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to become<\/td>\n<td>became<\/td>\n<td>become<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to begin<\/td>\n<td>began<\/td>\n<td>begun<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to come<\/td>\n<td>came<\/td>\n<td>come<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to do<\/td>\n<td>did<\/td>\n<td>done<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to drink<\/td>\n<td>drank<\/td>\n<td>drunk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to eat<\/td>\n<td>ate<\/td>\n<td>eaten<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to get<\/td>\n<td>got<\/td>\n<td>gotten<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to give<\/td>\n<td>gave<\/td>\n<td>given<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to go<\/td>\n<td>went<\/td>\n<td>gone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to know<\/td>\n<td>knew<\/td>\n<td>know<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to run<\/td>\n<td>ran<\/td>\n<td>run<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to see<\/td>\n<td>saw<\/td>\n<td>seen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to show<\/td>\n<td>showed<\/td>\n<td>shown<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to speak<\/td>\n<td>spoke<\/td>\n<td>spoken<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to take<\/td>\n<td>took<\/td>\n<td>taken<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to throw<\/td>\n<td>threw<\/td>\n<td>thrown<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>to write<\/td>\n<td>wrote<\/td>\n<td>written<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Words\u00a0like\u00a0<em>bought<\/em> and\u00a0<em>caught<\/em> are the correct past participles\u2014not\u00a0<em>boughten<\/em> or\u00a0<em>caughten<\/em>.<\/div>\n<p>Past participles are used\u00a0in a couple of different ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>as an adjective phrase: <i>The chicken <b>eaten<\/b> by the children was contaminated.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>adverbially: <i><b>Seen<\/b> from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution.<\/i><\/li>\n<li>in a nominative absolute construction, with a subject: <i>The task <b>finished<\/b>, we returned home.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The past participle can also be used with the helping verb <em>to have<\/em>\u00a0to form a type of past tense: <i>The chicken has <b>eaten<\/b>. <\/i>This is something we learned about in helping verbs and tense.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the participles in the following sentences, as well as the functions they perform:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tucker had always wanted a pet dog.<\/li>\n<li>Having been born in the 1990s, Amber often found herself surrounded by nostalgia.<\/li>\n<li>Rayssa was practicing her flute when everything suddenly went wrong.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q397305\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q397305\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>The past participle is\u00a0<em>wanted<\/em>. In this case, it is used alongside the helping verb\u00a0<em>had<\/em> to form the past tense.<\/li>\n<li><em>Having been born in the 1990s<\/em> is a present participle phrase. It is used adverbially, and the subject is the same as the subject of the main phrase: Amber. Additionally,\u00a0<em>been<\/em> is the past participle. It is used alongside the helping verb\u00a0<em>having<\/em> to give a sense of the past tense.<\/li>\n<li><i>Practicing<\/i>\u00a0is the present participle. It, along with the helping verb\u00a0<em>was<\/em>, create a sense of continuity or process.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> The past participle\u00a0can also be used to form the passive voice: <i>The chicken was <b>eaten<\/b>. <\/i>We&#8217;ll discuss the passive voice more in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/chapter\/active-and-passive-voice\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Active and Passive Voice<\/a>.<\/div>\n<h2>Infinitives<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>To be or not to be, that is the question.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014Hamlet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><b><\/b>The infinitive is the basic dictionary form of a verb, usually preceded by\u00a0<i>to<\/i> (when it&#8217;s not, it&#8217;s called the\u00a0<strong>bare infinitive<\/strong>, which we&#8217;ll discuss more later). Thus <i>to go<\/i> is an infinitive.\u00a0There are several different uses of the infinitive. They can be used alongside verbs, as a noun phrase, as a modifier, or in a question.<\/p>\n<h3>With\u00a0Other Verbs<\/h3>\n<p>The <i>to<\/i>-infinitive is used with other verbs (we&#8217;ll discuss exceptions when we talk about the bare infinitive):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I aim <strong>to convince<\/strong> him of our plan&#8217;s\u00a0ingenuity.<\/li>\n<li>You already know that he&#8217;ll fail <strong>to complete<\/strong> the task.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You can also use multiple infinitives in a single sentence: &#8220;Today, I plan\u00a0<strong>to run<\/strong> three miles, <strong>to clean<\/strong> my room, and <strong>to update<\/strong> my budget.&#8221; All three of these infinitives follow the verb\u00a0<em>plan<\/em>. Other verbs that often come before infinitives include\u00a0<em>want<\/em>, <em>convince<\/em>, <em>try<\/em>, <em>able<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>like<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>As a Noun Phrase<\/h3>\n<p>The infinitive can also be used to express an\u00a0action in an abstract, general way:\u00a0&#8220;<b>To err<\/b> is human&#8221;; &#8220;<b>To know\u00a0<\/b>me is <b>to love me<\/b>.&#8221; No one in particular is completing these actions. In these sentences, the infinitives act as the subjects.<\/p>\n<p>Infinitives can also serve as the object of a sentence. One\u00a0common construction\u00a0involves a dummy subject (<i>it<\/i>): &#8220;It was nice <b>to meet<\/b> you.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>As a Modifier<\/h3>\n<p>Infinitives can be\u00a0used as an adjective (e.g., &#8220;A\u00a0request <b>to see<\/b> someone&#8221; or &#8220;The man <b>to save<\/b> us&#8221;)\u00a0or as an adverb (e.g., &#8220;Keen <strong>to get<\/strong> on,&#8221; &#8220;Nice <b>to listen<\/b> to,&#8221; or &#8220;In order <strong>to\u00a0win<\/strong>&#8220;).<\/p>\n<h3>In Questions<\/h3>\n<p>Infinitives can be\u00a0used in elliptical questions as well, as in &#8220;I don&#8217;t know where <b>to go<\/b>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> The infinitive is also the usual dictionary form or citation form of a verb. The form listed in dictionaries is the bare infinitive, although the <i>to<\/i>-infinitive is often used in referring to verbs or in defining other verbs: &#8220;The word <em>amble<\/em> means &#8216;to walk slowly'&#8221;; &#8220;How do we conjugate the verb <i>to go<\/i>?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Certain helping\u00a0verbs\u00a0do not have infinitives, such <em>will<\/em>,\u00a0<em>can<\/em>,\u00a0and<i> <i>may<\/i><\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Split Infinitives?<\/h3>\n<p>One of the biggest\u00a0controversies among grammarians and style writers has been the appropriateness of separating the two words of the <i>to<\/i>-infinitive as in &#8220;to <em>boldly<\/em> go.&#8221; Despite what a\u00a0lot of people have\u00a0declared\u00a0over the years, there is absolutely nothing wrong with this construction. It is 100 percent grammatically sound.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Part of the reason so many authorities have been against this construction is likely the fact that in languages such as Latin, the infinitive is a single word, and cannot be split. However, in English the infinitive (or at least the\u00a0<em>to<\/em>-infinitive) is two words, and a split infinitive is a perfectly natural construction.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the infinitives in the following sentences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Paulina is\u00a0the girl to beat.<\/li>\n<li>It was really nice to hear from you again.<\/li>\n<li>It looks like Dash wants to fail.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q875706\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q875706\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>The infinitive<em> to beat<\/em> is used in this instance. It acts as an adjective, describing what kind of girl Paulina is.<\/li>\n<li>The infinitive<em> hear<\/em> is used in this instance. It acts as the object of the sentence.<\/li>\n<li>The infinitive\u00a0<em>to fail is used in this instance.<\/em>\u00a0It\u00a0works along with the verb\u00a0<em>want<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>The Bare Infinitive<\/h3>\n<p>As we mentioned previously, the infinitive can sometimes occur without the word <em>to<\/em>.\u00a0The form without <i>to<\/i> is called the <b>bare infinitive<\/b>\u00a0(the form with <i>to<\/i> is called the\u00a0<b><i>to<\/i>-infinitive<\/b>). In the following sentences both <em>sit<\/em> and\u00a0<em>to sit<\/em>\u00a0would each be considered an infinitive:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I want <b>to sit<\/b> on the other chair.<\/li>\n<li>I can <b>sit<\/b> here all day.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Infinitives have a variety of uses in English. Certain contexts call for the <em>to<\/em>-infinitive form, and certain contexts call for the bare infinitive; they are not normally interchangeable, except in occasional instances like after the verb <i>help<\/i>, where either can be used.<\/p>\n<p>As we mentioned earlier, some verbs require the bare infinitive instead of the\u00a0<em>to<\/em>-infinitive:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The helping verb\u00a0<i>do<\/i>\n<ul>\n<li>Does she <strong>dance<\/strong>?<\/li>\n<li>Zi doesn&#8217;t <strong>sing<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Helping\u00a0verbs that express tense, possibility, or ability like\u00a0<em>will<\/em>,\u00a0<em>can, could, should, would,<\/em>\u00a0and<em>\u00a0might<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>The bears will <strong>eat<\/strong> you if they catch you.<\/li>\n<li>Lucas and Gerardo might <strong>go<\/strong> to the dance.<\/li>\n<li>You should <strong>give<\/strong> it a try.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Verbs of perception, permission, or causation, such as\u00a0<i>see<\/i>, <i>watch<\/i>,\u00a0<i>hear,\u00a0<i>make<\/i>, <i>let<\/i>, and <i>have<\/i><\/i>\u00a0(after a direct object)\n<ul>\n<li>Look at Caroline <strong>go<\/strong>!<\/li>\n<li>You can&#8217;t make me <strong>talk<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>It&#8217;s so hard to let someone else <strong>finish<\/strong> my work.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The bare infinitive can be used as the object in such sentences like &#8220;What you should do is <b>make<\/b> a list.&#8221;\u00a0It can also be used after the word\u00a0<em>why<\/em>\u00a0to ask a question: &#8220;Why <strong>reveal<\/strong> it?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The bare infinitive can be tricky, because it often looks exactly like the present tense of a verb. Look at the following\u00a0sentences for an example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You <strong>lose<\/strong> things so often.<\/li>\n<li>You\u00a0can <strong>lose<\/strong> things at the drop of a hat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In both of these sentences, we have the word\u00a0<em>lose<\/em>, but in the first sentence it&#8217;s a present tense verb, while in the second it&#8217;s a bare infinitive. So how can you tell which is which? The easiest way is to try changing the subject of the sentence and seeing if the verb should change:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>She <strong>loses<\/strong> things so often.<\/li>\n<li>She\u00a0can <strong>lose<\/strong> things at the drop of a hat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the infinitives in the following sentences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>What you should do is stop talking for a moment and listen.<\/li>\n<li>Oh, that must be\u00a0Lebo at the door.<\/li>\n<li>Why walk when I could run?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q875787\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q875787\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>What you should do is <strong>stop<\/strong> talking for a moment and <strong>listen<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>There are two infinitives in this sentence:\u00a0<em>stop<\/em> and\u00a0<em>listen. <\/em>They are both the objects of the sentence. This sentence also includes the gerund\u00a0<em>talking<\/em>, which the object in the phrase &#8220;stop talking.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Oh, that must <strong>be<\/strong>\u00a0Lebo at the door.\n<ul>\n<li>The infinitive <em>be<\/em> works with the helping verb\u00a0<em>must.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Why\u00a0<strong>walk<\/strong> when I could <strong>run<\/strong>?\n<ul>\n<li>There are two infinitives in this sentence:\u00a0<em>walk<\/em> and\u00a0<em>run<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Walk<\/em> follows the word\u00a0<em>why,<\/em> and it is asking a question.\u00a0<em>Run<\/em> works with the helping verb\u00a0<em>could<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-ewL0i50GS60FNm_-DrYBN1VClXu-fXNar_CVpYh_NY\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\">Learn More<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1226\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation of Wikipedia Content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Nonfinite verb. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nonfinite_verb\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nonfinite_verb<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Gerund. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerund\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerund<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Participle. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Participle\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Participle<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Infinitive. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infinitive\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infinitive<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":24,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation of Wikipedia Content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Nonfinite 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