{"id":1488,"date":"2016-04-28T22:59:57","date_gmt":"2016-04-28T22:59:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1488"},"modified":"2022-08-12T17:15:18","modified_gmt":"2022-08-12T17:15:18","slug":"text-basic-parts-of-a-sentence-4-7-0","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/chapter\/text-basic-parts-of-a-sentence-4-7-0\/","title":{"raw":"Text: Basic Parts of a Sentence","rendered":"Text: Basic Parts of a Sentence"},"content":{"raw":"Every sentence has\u00a0a subject and a predicate.\u00a0The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or phrase or clause the sentence is about:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Einstein's general <strong>theory<\/strong> of relativity has been subjected to many tests of validity over the years.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Although a majority of caffeine drinkers think of it as a stimulant, heavy <strong>users<\/strong> of caffeine say the substance relaxes them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In a secure landfill, the <strong>soil<\/strong> on top and the <strong>cover<\/strong> block storm water intrusion into the landfill.\u00a0<em>(compound subject)<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe predicate is the rest of the sentence after the subject:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The pressure in a pressured water reactor <strong>varies from system to system.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The pressure <strong>is maintained at about 2250 pounds per square inch to prevent steam from forming.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The pressure <strong>is then lowered to form steam at about 600 pounds per square inch.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In contrast, a boiling water reactor <strong>operates at constant pressure.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the subject and predicate of each sentence:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Daniel and I are going to go to Hawaii for three weeks.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Raquel will\u00a0watch the dogs while we're on vacation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"510252\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"510252\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\"Daniel and I\" is the subject. The rest of the sentence, \"are going to go to Hawaii for three weeks,\" is the predicate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"Raquel\" is the subject. The rest of the sentence, \"will\u00a0watch the dogs while we're on vacation,\" is the predicate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nA predicate\u00a0can include the verb, a direct object, and an indirect object.\r\n<h2>Direct Object<\/h2>\r\nA direct object\u2014a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun\u2014takes the action of the main verb. A direct object can be identified by putting <em>what?<\/em>, <em>which?<\/em>, or <em>whom?<\/em> in its place.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The housing assembly of a mechanical pencil contains the mechanical <strong>workings<\/strong> of the pencil.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The action (<em>contains<\/em>) is directly happening to the object (<em>workings<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lavoisier used curved glass <strong>discs<\/strong> fastened together at their rims, with wine filling the space between, to focus the sun's rays to attain temperatures of 3000\u00b0 F.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The action (<em>used<\/em>) is directly happening to the object (<em>discs<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A 20 percent fluctuation in average global temperature could reduce biological <strong>activity<\/strong>, shift weather <strong>patterns<\/strong>, and ruin <strong>agriculture<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>(compound direct object)<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The actions are\u00a0directly happening to multiple\u00a0objects:\u00a0<em>reduce activity<\/em>,\u00a0<em>shift patterns<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>ruin agriculture<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On Mariners 6 and 7, the two-axis scan platforms provided much more <strong>capability<\/strong> and <strong>flexibility<\/strong> for the scientific payload than those of Mariner 4.\u00a0<em>(compound direct object)<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The action (<em>provided<\/em>) is directly happening to multiple\u00a0objects (<em>capability\u00a0<\/em>and<em> flexibility<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Indirect Object<\/h2>\r\nAn indirect object\u2014a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun\u2014receives the action expressed in the sentence. It can be identified by inserting <em>to<\/em> or <em>for<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The company is designing\u00a0senior <strong>citizens<\/strong> a new walkway to the park area.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The company is not designing new models of senior citizens; they are designing a new walkway\u00a0<em>for<\/em> senior citizens. Thus, senior citizens is the indirect object of this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Walkway<\/em>\u00a0is the direct object of this sentence, since it is the thing being designed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Please\u00a0send\u00a0the personnel <strong>office<\/strong> a resume so we can further review your candidacy.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You are not being asked to send the office somewhere; you're being asked to send a resume\u00a0<em>to<\/em> the office. Thus, the personnel office is the indirect object of this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Resume<\/em>\u00a0is the direct object of this sentence, since it is the thing you should send.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nAre the bolded words in the\u00a0sentences below direct or indirect objects?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>We all got together to throw <strong>Caitlin<\/strong>\u00a0a surprise birthday <strong>party<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Francisco\u00a0was in charge of getting <strong>decorations<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Harrison distracted <strong>her<\/strong> while we hid.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"963665\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"963665\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><em>Caitlin<\/em> is an indirect object;\u00a0<em>party<\/em> is a direct object.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Decorations <\/em>is a direct object.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Her<\/em>\u00a0is a direct object.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Phrases and Clauses<\/h2>\r\nPhrases and clauses are groups of words that act as a unit and perform a single function within a sentence. A phrase may have a partial subject or verb but not both; a dependent clause has both a subject and a verb (but is not a complete sentence). Here are a few examples (not all phrases are highlighted because some are embedded in others):\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Phrases<\/th>\r\n<th>Clauses<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Electricity has to do <strong>with those physical phenomena<\/strong> involving electrical charges and their effects when <strong>in motion<\/strong> and when <strong>at rest<\/strong>.(<em>involving electrical charges and their effects<\/em> is also a phrase.)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Electricity manifests itself as a force of attraction, independent of gravitational and short-range nuclear attraction, <strong>when two oppositely charged bodies are brought close to one another<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>In 1833<\/strong>, Faraday's experimentation\u00a0<strong>with electrolysis<\/strong> indicated a natural unit <strong>of electrical charge<\/strong>, thus\u00a0<strong>pointing to a discrete rather than continuous charge<\/strong>.\u00a0(<em>to a discrete rather than continuous charge<\/em> is also a phrase.)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Since the frequency is the speed of sound divided by the wavelength<\/strong>, a shorter wavelength means a higher wavelength.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">The symbol that denotes a connection <strong>to the grounding conductor<\/strong> is three parallel horizontal lines, each of the lower ones <strong>being shorter than the one above it<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Nuclear units planned or in construction have a total capacity of 186,998 KW, <strong>which, if current plans hold, will bring nuclear capacity to about 22% of all electrical capacity by 1995<\/strong>.\u00a0(<em>if current plans hold<\/em> is a clause within a clause)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nThere are two types of clauses: dependent and independent. A dependent clauses is dependent on something else: it cannot stand on its own. An independent clause, on the other hand, is free to stand by itself.\r\n\r\nSo how can you tell if a clause is dependent or independent?\u00a0Let's take a look at the clauses from the table above:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>when two oppositely charged bodies are brought close to one another<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Since the frequency is the speed of sound divided by the wavelength<\/li>\r\n \t<li>which, if current plans hold, will bring nuclear capacity to about 22% of all electrical capacity by 1995<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAll of these clauses are dependent clauses. We can tell because of the words\u00a0<em>when<\/em>,\u00a0<em>since<\/em>, and <em>which<\/em>.\u00a0Words like\u00a0<em>since<\/em>,\u00a0<em>when<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>because<\/em> turn an independent clause into a dependent clause. For example \"I was a little girl in 1995\" is an independent clause, but \"Because I was a little girl in 1995\" is a dependent clause. This class of word includes the following:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>after<\/td>\r\n<td>although<\/td>\r\n<td>as<\/td>\r\n<td>as far as<\/td>\r\n<td>as if<\/td>\r\n<td>as long as<\/td>\r\n<td>as soon as<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as though<\/td>\r\n<td>because<\/td>\r\n<td>before<\/td>\r\n<td>even if<\/td>\r\n<td>even though<\/td>\r\n<td>every time<\/td>\r\n<td>if<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>in order that<\/td>\r\n<td>since<\/td>\r\n<td>so<\/td>\r\n<td>so that<\/td>\r\n<td>than<\/td>\r\n<td>though<\/td>\r\n<td>unless<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>until<\/td>\r\n<td>when<\/td>\r\n<td>whenever<\/td>\r\n<td>where<\/td>\r\n<td>whereas<\/td>\r\n<td>wherever<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0while<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nAre the following items phrases, dependent clauses, or independent clauses?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Because Dante\u00a0won the classical performance\u00a0competition<\/li>\r\n \t<li>That thing over there looks really suspicious<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why can't I do that<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Swimming across the English Channel in nearly twenty-three hours<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Whenever I\u00a0see Alice and Armando's Instagram account,\u00a0<em>The Two of Us<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"674149\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"674149\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>This is a dependent clause; the conjunction\u00a0<em>because<\/em>\u00a0turns an independent clause into a dependent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This is an independent clause. It can stand as its own as a sentence, which means there should be a period at the end.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This is an independent clause. It can stand as its own as a sentence. It is also a question, which means it should have a question mark at the end.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This is a phrase; there is only a subject, not a verb. (Remember, <em>swimming<\/em> in this phrase is a gerund, which acts as a noun!)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This is a dependent clause; the conjunction <em>whenever<\/em>\u00a0turns an independent clause into a dependent.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div>\r\n<a style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ydSfc8_CSNi1Md-ssELBk1FBijVXq-BD-78gMxQSDjA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a>","rendered":"<p>Every sentence has\u00a0a subject and a predicate.\u00a0The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or phrase or clause the sentence is about:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einstein&#8217;s general <strong>theory<\/strong> of relativity has been subjected to many tests of validity over the years.<\/li>\n<li>Although a majority of caffeine drinkers think of it as a stimulant, heavy <strong>users<\/strong> of caffeine say the substance relaxes them.<\/li>\n<li>In a secure landfill, the <strong>soil<\/strong> on top and the <strong>cover<\/strong> block storm water intrusion into the landfill.\u00a0<em>(compound subject)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The predicate is the rest of the sentence after the subject:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The pressure in a pressured water reactor <strong>varies from system to system.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The pressure <strong>is maintained at about 2250 pounds per square inch to prevent steam from forming.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The pressure <strong>is then lowered to form steam at about 600 pounds per square inch.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In contrast, a boiling water reactor <strong>operates at constant pressure.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the subject and predicate of each sentence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Daniel and I are going to go to Hawaii for three weeks.<\/li>\n<li>Raquel will\u00a0watch the dogs while we&#8217;re on vacation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q510252\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q510252\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>&#8220;Daniel and I&#8221; is the subject. The rest of the sentence, &#8220;are going to go to Hawaii for three weeks,&#8221; is the predicate.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Raquel&#8221; is the subject. The rest of the sentence, &#8220;will\u00a0watch the dogs while we&#8217;re on vacation,&#8221; is the predicate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A predicate\u00a0can include the verb, a direct object, and an indirect object.<\/p>\n<h2>Direct Object<\/h2>\n<p>A direct object\u2014a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun\u2014takes the action of the main verb. A direct object can be identified by putting <em>what?<\/em>, <em>which?<\/em>, or <em>whom?<\/em> in its place.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The housing assembly of a mechanical pencil contains the mechanical <strong>workings<\/strong> of the pencil.\n<ul>\n<li>The action (<em>contains<\/em>) is directly happening to the object (<em>workings<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lavoisier used curved glass <strong>discs<\/strong> fastened together at their rims, with wine filling the space between, to focus the sun&#8217;s rays to attain temperatures of 3000\u00b0 F.\n<ul>\n<li>The action (<em>used<\/em>) is directly happening to the object (<em>discs<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>A 20 percent fluctuation in average global temperature could reduce biological <strong>activity<\/strong>, shift weather <strong>patterns<\/strong>, and ruin <strong>agriculture<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>(compound direct object)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>The actions are\u00a0directly happening to multiple\u00a0objects:\u00a0<em>reduce activity<\/em>,\u00a0<em>shift patterns<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>ruin agriculture<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>On Mariners 6 and 7, the two-axis scan platforms provided much more <strong>capability<\/strong> and <strong>flexibility<\/strong> for the scientific payload than those of Mariner 4.\u00a0<em>(compound direct object)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>The action (<em>provided<\/em>) is directly happening to multiple\u00a0objects (<em>capability\u00a0<\/em>and<em> flexibility<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Indirect Object<\/h2>\n<p>An indirect object\u2014a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun\u2014receives the action expressed in the sentence. It can be identified by inserting <em>to<\/em> or <em>for<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The company is designing\u00a0senior <strong>citizens<\/strong> a new walkway to the park area.\n<ul>\n<li>The company is not designing new models of senior citizens; they are designing a new walkway\u00a0<em>for<\/em> senior citizens. Thus, senior citizens is the indirect object of this sentence.<\/li>\n<li><em>Walkway<\/em>\u00a0is the direct object of this sentence, since it is the thing being designed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Please\u00a0send\u00a0the personnel <strong>office<\/strong> a resume so we can further review your candidacy.\n<ul>\n<li>You are not being asked to send the office somewhere; you&#8217;re being asked to send a resume\u00a0<em>to<\/em> the office. Thus, the personnel office is the indirect object of this sentence.<\/li>\n<li><em>Resume<\/em>\u00a0is the direct object of this sentence, since it is the thing you should send.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Are the bolded words in the\u00a0sentences below direct or indirect objects?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>We all got together to throw <strong>Caitlin<\/strong>\u00a0a surprise birthday <strong>party<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Francisco\u00a0was in charge of getting <strong>decorations<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Harrison distracted <strong>her<\/strong> while we hid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q963665\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q963665\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li><em>Caitlin<\/em> is an indirect object;\u00a0<em>party<\/em> is a direct object.<\/li>\n<li><em>Decorations <\/em>is a direct object.<\/li>\n<li><em>Her<\/em>\u00a0is a direct object.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Phrases and Clauses<\/h2>\n<p>Phrases and clauses are groups of words that act as a unit and perform a single function within a sentence. A phrase may have a partial subject or verb but not both; a dependent clause has both a subject and a verb (but is not a complete sentence). Here are a few examples (not all phrases are highlighted because some are embedded in others):<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Phrases<\/th>\n<th>Clauses<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Electricity has to do <strong>with those physical phenomena<\/strong> involving electrical charges and their effects when <strong>in motion<\/strong> and when <strong>at rest<\/strong>.(<em>involving electrical charges and their effects<\/em> is also a phrase.)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Electricity manifests itself as a force of attraction, independent of gravitational and short-range nuclear attraction, <strong>when two oppositely charged bodies are brought close to one another<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>In 1833<\/strong>, Faraday&#8217;s experimentation\u00a0<strong>with electrolysis<\/strong> indicated a natural unit <strong>of electrical charge<\/strong>, thus\u00a0<strong>pointing to a discrete rather than continuous charge<\/strong>.\u00a0(<em>to a discrete rather than continuous charge<\/em> is also a phrase.)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Since the frequency is the speed of sound divided by the wavelength<\/strong>, a shorter wavelength means a higher wavelength.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">The symbol that denotes a connection <strong>to the grounding conductor<\/strong> is three parallel horizontal lines, each of the lower ones <strong>being shorter than the one above it<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Nuclear units planned or in construction have a total capacity of 186,998 KW, <strong>which, if current plans hold, will bring nuclear capacity to about 22% of all electrical capacity by 1995<\/strong>.\u00a0(<em>if current plans hold<\/em> is a clause within a clause)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>There are two types of clauses: dependent and independent. A dependent clauses is dependent on something else: it cannot stand on its own. An independent clause, on the other hand, is free to stand by itself.<\/p>\n<p>So how can you tell if a clause is dependent or independent?\u00a0Let&#8217;s take a look at the clauses from the table above:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>when two oppositely charged bodies are brought close to one another<\/li>\n<li>Since the frequency is the speed of sound divided by the wavelength<\/li>\n<li>which, if current plans hold, will bring nuclear capacity to about 22% of all electrical capacity by 1995<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>All of these clauses are dependent clauses. We can tell because of the words\u00a0<em>when<\/em>,\u00a0<em>since<\/em>, and <em>which<\/em>.\u00a0Words like\u00a0<em>since<\/em>,\u00a0<em>when<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>because<\/em> turn an independent clause into a dependent clause. For example &#8220;I was a little girl in 1995&#8221; is an independent clause, but &#8220;Because I was a little girl in 1995&#8221; is a dependent clause. This class of word includes the following:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>after<\/td>\n<td>although<\/td>\n<td>as<\/td>\n<td>as far as<\/td>\n<td>as if<\/td>\n<td>as long as<\/td>\n<td>as soon as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as though<\/td>\n<td>because<\/td>\n<td>before<\/td>\n<td>even if<\/td>\n<td>even though<\/td>\n<td>every time<\/td>\n<td>if<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>in order that<\/td>\n<td>since<\/td>\n<td>so<\/td>\n<td>so that<\/td>\n<td>than<\/td>\n<td>though<\/td>\n<td>unless<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>until<\/td>\n<td>when<\/td>\n<td>whenever<\/td>\n<td>where<\/td>\n<td>whereas<\/td>\n<td>wherever<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0while<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Are the following items phrases, dependent clauses, or independent clauses?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Because Dante\u00a0won the classical performance\u00a0competition<\/li>\n<li>That thing over there looks really suspicious<\/li>\n<li>Why can&#8217;t I do that<\/li>\n<li>Swimming across the English Channel in nearly twenty-three hours<\/li>\n<li>Whenever I\u00a0see Alice and Armando&#8217;s Instagram account,\u00a0<em>The Two of Us<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q674149\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q674149\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>This is a dependent clause; the conjunction\u00a0<em>because<\/em>\u00a0turns an independent clause into a dependent.<\/li>\n<li>This is an independent clause. It can stand as its own as a sentence, which means there should be a period at the end.<\/li>\n<li>This is an independent clause. It can stand as its own as a sentence. It is also a question, which means it should have a question mark at the end.<\/li>\n<li>This is a phrase; there is only a subject, not a verb. (Remember, <em>swimming<\/em> in this phrase is a gerund, which acts as a noun!)<\/li>\n<li>This is a dependent clause; the conjunction <em>whenever<\/em>\u00a0turns an independent clause into a dependent.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div>\n<p><a style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ydSfc8_CSNi1Md-ssELBk1FBijVXq-BD-78gMxQSDjA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1488\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision, Adaptation, and Original Content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":54,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence\",\"author\":\"David McMurrey\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision, Adaptation, and Original Content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"747b6653-4091-40aa-8864-564246ce70f9, b1b2415a-22a8-43f4-bbda-36a1ea2ac214","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1488","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3285,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1488\/revisions\/3285"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1488\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1488"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1488"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}