{"id":698,"date":"2016-04-11T14:43:44","date_gmt":"2016-04-11T14:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=698"},"modified":"2016-07-15T18:32:49","modified_gmt":"2016-07-15T18:32:49","slug":"text-lower-order-concerns","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/chapter\/text-lower-order-concerns\/","title":{"raw":"Text: Lower-Order Concerns","rendered":"Text: Lower-Order Concerns"},"content":{"raw":"<h2><strong>What to Look for in the Later\u00a0Proofreading Pass(es): Lower-Order\u00a0Concerns<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nOnce you have fully addressed the higher-order concerns with an essay draft, you can\u00a0focus on more local fixes\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>lower-order concerns<\/strong>. Lower-order concerns include writing style, wording, typos, and grammar issues.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-699\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/11144145\/grammar-389907_1280-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"magnifying glass held over the word &quot;grammar&quot; in a dictionary\" width=\"500\" height=\"331\" \/>\r\n\r\nYes,\u00a0it\u2019s true: grammar is a lower-order concern! Even though students are often very concerned that their grammar needs to be fixed, it is actually more important to focus on the quality of your ideas and the logic of how they are presented first. \u00a0That\u2019s not to say you shouldn\u2019t worry about grammar; it\u2019s just that you shouldn\u2019t make\u00a0it a main focus until closer to the end of the writing process.\r\n\r\nSome typical lower-order concerns are listed below, along with some questions that can help you recognize aspects in need of revision:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Style<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are you using an appropriate tone?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are you following the\u00a0conventions that are typical of your discipline?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are you using\u00a0the required style for formatting?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Wording<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are you always picking the word that has the precise meaning you want?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are there any places where your wording is confusing or where your sentences are long and hard to follow?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are there any awkward phrases?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are you writing as simply and concisely as possible?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are there any redundant words or sentences that should be removed?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Grammar<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Do you have any sentence fragments or run-on sentences?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are your subjects and verbs in agreement?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are you handling your plurals and possessives correctly?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are\u00a0there any punctuation errors?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Typos<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are there missing words?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are any words misspelled (be especially careful to watch out for words that spell-check won\u2019t catch, for example typing \u201ccan\u201d when you meant \u201cvan\u201d)?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are there any extra spaces that need to be removed?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCleaning up these local issues is the final stage in the writing process. \u00a0Think of this as polishing up your writing, so that the quality of your prose matches the quality of your ideas.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2><strong>Other Tips for Proofreading<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><img class=\"wp-image-2064 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/07182453\/16792284082_43426d2cc1_z.jpg\" alt=\"Metal-headed pins arranged in a spiral sequence\" width=\"297\" height=\"298\" \/>Always read slowly and carefully when proofreading. \u00a0Don\u2019t rush! If you try to go too fast, you will probably miss errors you would otherwise catch.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Read your paper out loud. This can be very helpful for catching typos, missing words, awkward phrasings, and overly long or confusing sentences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pretend you are the reader, not the author of the paper. \u00a0Try to look at what you wrote from the perspective of someone who does not know all the things you know. \u00a0Would a reasonably intelligent audience be able to understand your prose and be convinced by your argument?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Keep track of any errors you consistently make (within a single paper or in multiple papers).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Get feedback on your paper from your teacher, a classmate or friend, a tutor,\u00a0or all of the above.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2><div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1sDwizEX6_X-dKhsbaPU6mnAaIw40h4HC_T4xLGo4B-8\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\">Learn More<\/a>","rendered":"<h2><strong>What to Look for in the Later\u00a0Proofreading Pass(es): Lower-Order\u00a0Concerns<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Once you have fully addressed the higher-order concerns with an essay draft, you can\u00a0focus on more local fixes\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>lower-order concerns<\/strong>. Lower-order concerns include writing style, wording, typos, and grammar issues.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-699\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/11144145\/grammar-389907_1280-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"magnifying glass held over the word &quot;grammar&quot; in a dictionary\" width=\"500\" height=\"331\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Yes,\u00a0it\u2019s true: grammar is a lower-order concern! Even though students are often very concerned that their grammar needs to be fixed, it is actually more important to focus on the quality of your ideas and the logic of how they are presented first. \u00a0That\u2019s not to say you shouldn\u2019t worry about grammar; it\u2019s just that you shouldn\u2019t make\u00a0it a main focus until closer to the end of the writing process.<\/p>\n<p>Some typical lower-order concerns are listed below, along with some questions that can help you recognize aspects in need of revision:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Style<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Are you using an appropriate tone?<\/li>\n<li>Are you following the\u00a0conventions that are typical of your discipline?<\/li>\n<li>Are you using\u00a0the required style for formatting?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wording<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Are you always picking the word that has the precise meaning you want?<\/li>\n<li>Are there any places where your wording is confusing or where your sentences are long and hard to follow?<\/li>\n<li>Are there any awkward phrases?<\/li>\n<li>Are you writing as simply and concisely as possible?<\/li>\n<li>Are there any redundant words or sentences that should be removed?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Grammar<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Do you have any sentence fragments or run-on sentences?<\/li>\n<li>Are your subjects and verbs in agreement?<\/li>\n<li>Are you handling your plurals and possessives correctly?<\/li>\n<li>Are\u00a0there any punctuation errors?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Typos<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Are there missing words?<\/li>\n<li>Are any words misspelled (be especially careful to watch out for words that spell-check won\u2019t catch, for example typing \u201ccan\u201d when you meant \u201cvan\u201d)?<\/li>\n<li>Are there any extra spaces that need to be removed?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cleaning up these local issues is the final stage in the writing process. \u00a0Think of this as polishing up your writing, so that the quality of your prose matches the quality of your ideas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Other Tips for Proofreading<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2064 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/07182453\/16792284082_43426d2cc1_z.jpg\" alt=\"Metal-headed pins arranged in a spiral sequence\" width=\"297\" height=\"298\" \/>Always read slowly and carefully when proofreading. \u00a0Don\u2019t rush! If you try to go too fast, you will probably miss errors you would otherwise catch.<\/li>\n<li>Read your paper out loud. This can be very helpful for catching typos, missing words, awkward phrasings, and overly long or confusing sentences.<\/li>\n<li>Pretend you are the reader, not the author of the paper. \u00a0Try to look at what you wrote from the perspective of someone who does not know all the things you know. \u00a0Would a reasonably intelligent audience be able to understand your prose and be convinced by your argument?<\/li>\n<li>Keep track of any errors you consistently make (within a single paper or in multiple papers).<\/li>\n<li>Get feedback on your paper from your teacher, a classmate or friend, a tutor,\u00a0or all of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1sDwizEX6_X-dKhsbaPU6mnAaIw40h4HC_T4xLGo4B-8\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\">Learn More<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-698\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Image of grammar. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: PDPics. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/grammar-magnifier-magnifying-glass-389907\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/en\/grammar-magnifier-magnifying-glass-389907\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Proofreading and Revising. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CUNY School of Professional Studies. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bacwritingfellows.commons.gc.cuny.edu\/proofreading\/\">https:\/\/bacwritingfellows.commons.gc.cuny.edu\/proofreading\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Writing Fellows. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of pins. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: duncan c. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/rzSR2m\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/rzSR2m<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":40,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of 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