{"id":941,"date":"2016-04-14T15:58:12","date_gmt":"2016-04-14T15:58:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=941"},"modified":"2016-07-25T22:44:51","modified_gmt":"2016-07-25T22:44:51","slug":"active-and-passive-voice","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english-gen\/chapter\/active-and-passive-voice\/","title":{"raw":"Text: Active and Passive Voice","rendered":"Text: Active and Passive Voice"},"content":{"raw":"There are two main \"voices\" in English writing: the active voice and the passive voice. You've probably heard a lot about them\u2014and you've probably been warned away from the passive voice. But what exactly are they?\r\n\r\nIn the simplest terms, an active voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cA does B.\u201d (For example, \"Carmen sings\u00a0the\u00a0song.\") A passive voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cB is done by A.\u201d (For example, \"The song is sung by Carmen.\") Both constructions are grammatically sound and correct.\r\n\r\nLet's look at a couple more examples of the passive voice:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I've been hit! (<em>or<\/em>, I\u00a0have been hit!)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jasper\u00a0was thrown from the car\u00a0when it was struck from behind.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou may have noticed something unique about the previous two sentences: the subject of the sentence is not the person (or thing) performing the action.\u00a0<span class=\"s1\">The passive voice \"hides\" who does the action. Despite these sentences being completely grammatically sound, we don't know who hit \"me\" or\u00a0what struck the car.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe passive is created using the verb\u00a0<em>to be<\/em>\u00a0(e.g., the song <strong>is <\/strong>sung; it <strong>was<\/strong> struck from behind). Remember that <em>to be <\/em>conjugates irregularly. Its forms include\u00a0<em>am, are, is,\u00a0was, were,<\/em>\u00a0and <em>will be<\/em>, which we learned about earlier in the course.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0<em>To be<\/em>\u00a0also has\u00a0more complex forms\u00a0like\u00a0<em>had been<\/em>,\u00a0<em>is being<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>was being.<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Mirella <strong>is being<\/strong> pulled away from everything she loves.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pietro <strong>had been<\/strong> pushed; I knew it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Unfortunately, my car <strong>was being<\/strong> towed away\u00a0by the time I got to it.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nBecause\u00a0<em>to be\u00a0<\/em>has other uses than just creating the passive voice, we need to be careful when we identify passive sentences. It's easy to mistake a sentence like \"She was falling.\" or \"He is\u00a0short.\" for a passive sentence. However, in \"She was falling,\" <em>was<\/em>\u00a0simply indicates that the sentence takes\u00a0place in the past. In \"He is\u00a0short,\" <em>is<\/em> is a linking verb. If there is no \"real\" action taking place, <em>is<\/em> is simply acting as a linking verb.\r\n\r\nThere are two key features that will help you identify a passive sentence:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Something is happening (the sentence has a verb that is not a linking verb).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The subject of the sentence is not doing that thing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Usage<\/h2>\r\nAs you read\u00a0at the two sentences below, think about the how the different voice may affect the meaning or implications of the sentence:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Passive voice:<\/strong> The rate of evaporation is controlled by the size of an opening.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Active voice:<\/strong> The size of an opening controls the rate of evaporation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe passive choice slightly emphasizes \u201cthe rate of evaporation,\u201d while the active choice emphasizes \u201cthe size of an opening.\u201d Simple. So why all the fuss? Because passive constructions can\u00a0produce grammatically tangled sentences such as this:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Groundwater flow is influenced by zones of fracture concentration, as can be recognized by the two model simulations (see Figures 1 and 2), by which one can see . . .<\/p>\r\nThe sentence is becoming a burden for the reader, and probably for the writer too. As often happens, the passive voice here has smothered potential verbs and kicked off a runaway train of prepositions. But the reader\u2019s task gets much easier in the revised version below:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Two model simulations (Figures 1 and 2) illustrate how zones of fracture concentration influence groundwater flow. These simulations show . . .<\/p>\r\nTo revise the above, all I did was look for the two buried things (simulations and zones) in the original version that could actually <em>do <\/em>something, and I made the sentence clearly about these two nouns by placing them in front of active verbs. This is the general principle to follow as you compose in the active voice: Place concrete nouns that can perform work in front of active verbs.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nAre the following sentences in the active or passive voice?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Jayden drank more\u00a0sodas than anyone else at the party.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The samples were prepared in a clean room before being sent out for further examination.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karen was dancing with Joshua when she suddenly realized she needed to leave.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carlos was a very serious scientist with unique interests.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When I returned to my room,\u00a0my luggage had been stolen.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"206851\"]Click to Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"206851\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>This sentence uses the active voice.\u00a0<strong>Jayden<\/strong> does the action (<strong>drank<\/strong>) to the object (<strong>more sodas<\/strong>). If this sentence were written in the passive it would read \"More sodas were drunk by Jayden than by anyone else at the party.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence uses the passive\u00a0voice. The action (prepared) was done to the subject of the sentence (samples). If this sentence were written in the active it would be something like this: \"[Actor] prepared the samples in a clean room before sending them out for further examination.\" Since we do not know who prepared the samples, the active sentence is incomplete.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence uses the active voice. In this case\u00a0<em>was<\/em> indicates that the sentence happened in the past; it does not indicate the passive voice in this instance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence uses the active voice. In this case\u00a0<em>was<\/em>\u00a0is acting as a linking verb. It links\u00a0<strong>Carlos<\/strong> with the phrase\u00a0<em>very serious\u00a0scientist<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The introductory phrase to the sentence (When I returned to my room) is in the active voice.\u00a0The second phrase\u00a0(my luggage had been stolen)\u00a0uses the passive\u00a0voice.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Revise Weak Passive-Voice Sentences<\/h2>\r\nAs we've mentioned, the passive voice can be a shifty operator\u2014it can cover up its source, that is, who's doing the acting, as this example shows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Passive:\u00a0<\/strong>The papers <strong>will be graded<\/strong> according to the criteria stated in the syllabus.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Graded by whom though?<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Active:\u00a0The teacher<\/strong> will grade the papers according to the criteria stated in the syllabus.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIt's this ability to cover the actor or agent of the sentence that makes the passive voice a favorite of people in authority\u2014policemen, city officials, and, yes, teachers. At any rate, you can see how the passive voice can cause wordiness, indirectness, and comprehension problems.\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th width=\"36%\">Passive<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"28%\">Question<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"36%\">Active<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Your figures <strong>have been reanalyzed<\/strong> in order to determine the coefficient of error. The results <strong>will be announced<\/strong> when the situation is judged appropriate.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who analyzes, and who will announce?<\/td>\r\n<td><strong>We<\/strong> have reanalyzed your figures in order to determine the range of error. <strong>We<\/strong> will announce the results when the time is right.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, those loans\u00a0<strong>cannot be paid<\/strong> off in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who can't pay the loans off?<\/td>\r\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, <strong>homeowners<\/strong> cannot pay off those loans in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>After the arm of the hand-held stapler <strong>is pushed<\/strong> down, the blade from the magazine <strong>is raised by<\/strong> the top-leaf spring, and the magazine and base.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who pushes it down, and who or what raises it?<\/td>\r\n<td>After <strong>you<\/strong> push down on the arm of the hand-held stapler, <strong>the top-leaf spring<\/strong> raises the blade from the magazine, and the magazine and base move apart.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>However, market share <strong>is being lost by<\/strong> 5.25-inch diskettes as is shown in the graph in Figure 2.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who or what is losing market share, who or what shows it?<\/td>\r\n<td>However, <strong>5.25-inch diskettes<\/strong> are losing market share as the graph in <strong>Figure 2<\/strong> shows.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>For many years, federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping <strong>have been ignored<\/strong>. Only recently <strong>have<\/strong> tighter restrictions <strong>been imposed<\/strong> on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who has ignored the regulations, and who is now imposing them?<\/td>\r\n<td>For many years, <strong>government officials<\/strong> have ignored federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping. Only recently has<strong> the federal government<\/strong> imposed tighter restrictions on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nDon't get the idea that the passive voice is always wrong and should never be used. It is a good writing technique when we don't want to be bothered with an obvious or too-often-repeated subject and when we need to rearrange words in a sentence for emphasis. Notice that the passive voice is really all right in some of the examples above.\u00a0The next page will focus more on how and why to use the passive voice.\r\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2><div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1l32-h2kWO45DT7Ta3YIZO5t6gme-wadVP8ddbXVE8Sc\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\">Learn More<\/a>","rendered":"<p>There are two main &#8220;voices&#8221; in English writing: the active voice and the passive voice. You&#8217;ve probably heard a lot about them\u2014and you&#8217;ve probably been warned away from the passive voice. But what exactly are they?<\/p>\n<p>In the simplest terms, an active voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cA does B.\u201d (For example, &#8220;Carmen sings\u00a0the\u00a0song.&#8221;) A passive voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cB is done by A.\u201d (For example, &#8220;The song is sung by Carmen.&#8221;) Both constructions are grammatically sound and correct.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at a couple more examples of the passive voice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I&#8217;ve been hit! (<em>or<\/em>, I\u00a0have been hit!)<\/li>\n<li>Jasper\u00a0was thrown from the car\u00a0when it was struck from behind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You may have noticed something unique about the previous two sentences: the subject of the sentence is not the person (or thing) performing the action.\u00a0<span class=\"s1\">The passive voice &#8220;hides&#8221; who does the action. Despite these sentences being completely grammatically sound, we don&#8217;t know who hit &#8220;me&#8221; or\u00a0what struck the car.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The passive is created using the verb\u00a0<em>to be<\/em>\u00a0(e.g., the song <strong>is <\/strong>sung; it <strong>was<\/strong> struck from behind). Remember that <em>to be <\/em>conjugates irregularly. Its forms include\u00a0<em>am, are, is,\u00a0was, were,<\/em>\u00a0and <em>will be<\/em>, which we learned about earlier in the course.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0<em>To be<\/em>\u00a0also has\u00a0more complex forms\u00a0like\u00a0<em>had been<\/em>,\u00a0<em>is being<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>was being.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mirella <strong>is being<\/strong> pulled away from everything she loves.<\/li>\n<li>Pietro <strong>had been<\/strong> pushed; I knew it.<\/li>\n<li>Unfortunately, my car <strong>was being<\/strong> towed away\u00a0by the time I got to it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Because\u00a0<em>to be\u00a0<\/em>has other uses than just creating the passive voice, we need to be careful when we identify passive sentences. It&#8217;s easy to mistake a sentence like &#8220;She was falling.&#8221; or &#8220;He is\u00a0short.&#8221; for a passive sentence. However, in &#8220;She was falling,&#8221; <em>was<\/em>\u00a0simply indicates that the sentence takes\u00a0place in the past. In &#8220;He is\u00a0short,&#8221; <em>is<\/em> is a linking verb. If there is no &#8220;real&#8221; action taking place, <em>is<\/em> is simply acting as a linking verb.<\/p>\n<p>There are two key features that will help you identify a passive sentence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Something is happening (the sentence has a verb that is not a linking verb).<\/li>\n<li>The subject of the sentence is not doing that thing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Usage<\/h2>\n<p>As you read\u00a0at the two sentences below, think about the how the different voice may affect the meaning or implications of the sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Passive voice:<\/strong> The rate of evaporation is controlled by the size of an opening.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Active voice:<\/strong> The size of an opening controls the rate of evaporation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The passive choice slightly emphasizes \u201cthe rate of evaporation,\u201d while the active choice emphasizes \u201cthe size of an opening.\u201d Simple. So why all the fuss? Because passive constructions can\u00a0produce grammatically tangled sentences such as this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Groundwater flow is influenced by zones of fracture concentration, as can be recognized by the two model simulations (see Figures 1 and 2), by which one can see . . .<\/p>\n<p>The sentence is becoming a burden for the reader, and probably for the writer too. As often happens, the passive voice here has smothered potential verbs and kicked off a runaway train of prepositions. But the reader\u2019s task gets much easier in the revised version below:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Two model simulations (Figures 1 and 2) illustrate how zones of fracture concentration influence groundwater flow. These simulations show . . .<\/p>\n<p>To revise the above, all I did was look for the two buried things (simulations and zones) in the original version that could actually <em>do <\/em>something, and I made the sentence clearly about these two nouns by placing them in front of active verbs. This is the general principle to follow as you compose in the active voice: Place concrete nouns that can perform work in front of active verbs.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Are the following sentences in the active or passive voice?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Jayden drank more\u00a0sodas than anyone else at the party.<\/li>\n<li>The samples were prepared in a clean room before being sent out for further examination.<\/li>\n<li>Karen was dancing with Joshua when she suddenly realized she needed to leave.<\/li>\n<li>Carlos was a very serious scientist with unique interests.<\/li>\n<li>When I returned to my room,\u00a0my luggage had been stolen.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q206851\">Click to Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q206851\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>This sentence uses the active voice.\u00a0<strong>Jayden<\/strong> does the action (<strong>drank<\/strong>) to the object (<strong>more sodas<\/strong>). If this sentence were written in the passive it would read &#8220;More sodas were drunk by Jayden than by anyone else at the party.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>This sentence uses the passive\u00a0voice. The action (prepared) was done to the subject of the sentence (samples). If this sentence were written in the active it would be something like this: &#8220;[Actor] prepared the samples in a clean room before sending them out for further examination.&#8221; Since we do not know who prepared the samples, the active sentence is incomplete.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence uses the active voice. In this case\u00a0<em>was<\/em> indicates that the sentence happened in the past; it does not indicate the passive voice in this instance.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence uses the active voice. In this case\u00a0<em>was<\/em>\u00a0is acting as a linking verb. It links\u00a0<strong>Carlos<\/strong> with the phrase\u00a0<em>very serious\u00a0scientist<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The introductory phrase to the sentence (When I returned to my room) is in the active voice.\u00a0The second phrase\u00a0(my luggage had been stolen)\u00a0uses the passive\u00a0voice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Revise Weak Passive-Voice Sentences<\/h2>\n<p>As we&#8217;ve mentioned, the passive voice can be a shifty operator\u2014it can cover up its source, that is, who&#8217;s doing the acting, as this example shows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Passive:\u00a0<\/strong>The papers <strong>will be graded<\/strong> according to the criteria stated in the syllabus.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Graded by whom though?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Active:\u00a0The teacher<\/strong> will grade the papers according to the criteria stated in the syllabus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It&#8217;s this ability to cover the actor or agent of the sentence that makes the passive voice a favorite of people in authority\u2014policemen, city officials, and, yes, teachers. At any rate, you can see how the passive voice can cause wordiness, indirectness, and comprehension problems.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 36%;\">Passive<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 28%;\">Question<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 36%;\">Active<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Your figures <strong>have been reanalyzed<\/strong> in order to determine the coefficient of error. The results <strong>will be announced<\/strong> when the situation is judged appropriate.<\/td>\n<td>Who analyzes, and who will announce?<\/td>\n<td><strong>We<\/strong> have reanalyzed your figures in order to determine the range of error. <strong>We<\/strong> will announce the results when the time is right.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, those loans\u00a0<strong>cannot be paid<\/strong> off in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\n<td>Who can&#8217;t pay the loans off?<\/td>\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, <strong>homeowners<\/strong> cannot pay off those loans in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>After the arm of the hand-held stapler <strong>is pushed<\/strong> down, the blade from the magazine <strong>is raised by<\/strong> the top-leaf spring, and the magazine and base.<\/td>\n<td>Who pushes it down, and who or what raises it?<\/td>\n<td>After <strong>you<\/strong> push down on the arm of the hand-held stapler, <strong>the top-leaf spring<\/strong> raises the blade from the magazine, and the magazine and base move apart.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>However, market share <strong>is being lost by<\/strong> 5.25-inch diskettes as is shown in the graph in Figure 2.<\/td>\n<td>Who or what is losing market share, who or what shows it?<\/td>\n<td>However, <strong>5.25-inch diskettes<\/strong> are losing market share as the graph in <strong>Figure 2<\/strong> shows.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>For many years, federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping <strong>have been ignored<\/strong>. Only recently <strong>have<\/strong> tighter restrictions <strong>been imposed<\/strong> on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\n<td>Who has ignored the regulations, and who is now imposing them?<\/td>\n<td>For many years, <strong>government officials<\/strong> have ignored federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping. Only recently has<strong> the federal government<\/strong> imposed tighter restrictions on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Don&#8217;t get the idea that the passive voice is always wrong and should never be used. It is a good writing technique when we don&#8217;t want to be bothered with an obvious or too-often-repeated subject and when we need to rearrange words in a sentence for emphasis. Notice that the passive voice is really all right in some of the examples above.\u00a0The next page will focus more on how and why to use the passive voice.<\/p>\n<h2>Contribute!<\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Did you have an idea for improving this content? We\u2019d love your input.<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1l32-h2kWO45DT7Ta3YIZO5t6gme-wadVP8ddbXVE8Sc\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 600; color: #077fab; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid #077fab; border-radius: 7px; padding: 5px 25px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.5em;\">Improve this page<\/a><a style=\"margin-left: 16px;\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vy-T6DtTF-BbMfpVEI7VP_R7w2A4anzYZLXR8Pk4Fu4\">Learn More<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-941\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Passive versus Active Voice Dilemma. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joe Schall. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Pennsylvania State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c1_p11.html\">https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c1_p11.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Power-Revision Techniques: Sentence-Level Revision. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/hirev2.html#passive\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/hirev2.html#passive<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":63,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Passive versus Active Voice Dilemma\",\"author\":\"Joe Schall\",\"organization\":\"The Pennsylvania State University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/c1_p11.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen 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