{"id":106,"date":"2015-02-06T23:15:46","date_gmt":"2015-02-06T23:15:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ospsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=106"},"modified":"2024-05-17T02:19:18","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T02:19:18","slug":"the-endocrine-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/the-endocrine-system\/","title":{"raw":"The Endocrine System","rendered":"The Endocrine System"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the endocrine system and explain its primary responsibilities within the\u00a0body<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe <strong>endocrine system<\/strong> consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as <strong>hormones<\/strong> (Figure 1). Like neurotransmitters, hormones are chemical messengers that must bind to a receptor in order to send their signal. However, unlike neurotransmitters, which are released in close proximity to cells with their receptors, hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body, affecting any cells that contain receptors for them. Thus, whereas neurotransmitters\u2019 effects are localized, the effects of hormones are widespread. Also, hormones are slower to take effect, and tend to be longer lasting.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6664\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"460\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/27224752\/2dd33ed5be2a0f2d1feface5f793dcf43580ffa3.jpeg\"><img class=\" wp-image-6664\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/27224752\/2dd33ed5be2a0f2d1feface5f793dcf43580ffa3-300x274.jpeg\" alt=\"A diagram of the human body illustrates the locations of the thymus, several parts within the brain (pineal gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland), several parts within the thyroid (cartilage of the larynx, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, trachea), the adrenal glands, pancreas, uterus (female), ovaries (female), and testes (male).\" width=\"460\" height=\"420\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The major glands of the endocrine system are shown.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0study of psychology and the endocrine system\u00a0is called behavioral endocrinology, which is the scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior. This interaction is bidirectional: hormones can influence behavior, and behavior can sometimes influence hormone concentrations. Hormones regulate behaviors such as aggression, mating, and parenting of individuals.\u00a0Hormones are involved in regulating all sorts of bodily functions, and they are ultimately controlled through interactions between the hypothalamus (in the central nervous system) and the pituitary gland (in the endocrine system). Imbalances in hormones are related to a number of disorders. This section explores some of the major glands that make up the endocrine system and the hormones secreted by these glands.\r\n\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Major Glands<\/h2>\r\nThe <strong>pituitary gland<\/strong> descends from the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and acts in close association with it. The pituitary is often referred to as the \u201cmaster gland\u201d because its messenger hormones control all the other glands in the endocrine system, although it mostly carries out instructions from the hypothalamus. In addition to messenger hormones, the pituitary also secretes growth hormone, endorphins for pain relief, and a number of key hormones that regulate fluid levels in the body.\r\n\r\nLocated in the neck, the <strong>thyroid gland<\/strong> releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite. In hyperthyroidism, or Grave\u2019s disease, the thyroid secretes too much of the hormone thyroxine, causing agitation, bulging eyes, and weight loss. In hypothyroidism, reduced hormone levels cause sufferers to experience tiredness, and they often complain of feeling cold. Fortunately, thyroid disorders are often treatable with medications that help reestablish a balance in the hormones secreted by the thyroid.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>adrenal glands<\/strong> sit atop our kidneys and secrete hormones involved in the stress response, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The <strong>pancreas<\/strong> is an internal organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels: insulin and glucagon. These pancreatic hormones are essential for maintaining stable levels of blood sugar throughout the day by lowering blood glucose levels (insulin) or raising them (glucagon). People who suffer from <strong>diabetes<\/strong> do not produce enough insulin; therefore, they must take medications that stimulate or replace insulin production, and they must closely control the amount of sugars and carbohydrates they consume.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>gonads<\/strong> secrete sexual hormones, which are important in reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior. The female gonads are the ovaries; the male gonads are the testis. Ovaries secrete estrogens and progesterone, and the testes secrete androgens, such as testosterone.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/f973ca12-84cf-4fd6-baf8-71abe58547c1\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/972263b3-2f38-40ca-981b-3a0d2dd2bf49\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/502b13ae-395b-49cd-b77b-8e4115cea97e\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/67d9b971-4782-4fc3-9a91-60b24eff9364\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/8add79b1-f93c-4934-b0b0-4e5285ccc637\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Dig Deeper: Athletes and Anabolic Steroids<\/h3>\r\nAlthough it is against most laws to do so, many professional athletes and bodybuilders use anabolic steroid drugs to improve their athletic performance and physique. Anabolic steroid drugs mimic the effects of the body\u2019s own steroid hormones, like testosterone and its derivatives. These drugs have the potential to provide a competitive edge by increasing muscle mass, strength, and endurance, although not all users may experience these results. Moreover, the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) does not come without risks. Anabolic steroid use has been linked with a wide variety of potentially negative outcomes, ranging in severity from largely cosmetic (acne) to life-threatening (heart attack). Furthermore, the use of these substances can result in profound changes in mood and can increase aggressive behavior (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2001).\r\n\r\nBaseball player Alex Rodriguez (A-Rod) has been at the center of a media storm regarding his use of illegal PEDs. Rodriguez\u2019s performance on the field was unparalleled while using the drugs; his success played a large role in negotiating a contract that made him the highest-paid player in professional baseball. Although Rodriguez maintains that he had not used PEDs, he was suspended for the entire 2014 regular season and postseason, costing him more than 20 million dollars in earnings (Gaines, 2013). What are your thoughts on athletes and doping? Do you believe the use of PEDs should be banned? Why or why not? What advice would you give an athlete who was considering using PEDs?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Hormones and Behavior<\/h2>\r\nHow might behaviors affect hormones? Extensive studies on male zebra finches and their singing (only male finches sing) demonstrate that the hormones testosterone and estradiol affect their singing, but the reciprocal relation also occurs; that is, behavior can affect hormone concentrations. For example, the sight of a territorial intruder may elevate blood testosterone concentrations in resident male birds and thereby stimulate singing or fighting behavior. Similarly, male mice or rhesus monkeys that lose a fight decrease circulating testosterone concentrations for several days or even weeks afterward. Comparable results have also been reported in humans. Testosterone concentrations are affected not only in humans involved in physical combat, but also in those involved in simulated battles. For example, testosterone concentrations were elevated in winners and reduced in losers of regional chess tournaments.\r\n<figure data-align=\"left\"><\/figure>\r\nPeople do not have to be directly involved in a contest to have their hormones affected by the outcome of the contest. Male fans of both the Brazilian and Italian teams were recruited to provide saliva samples to be assayed for testosterone before and after the final game of the World Cup soccer match in 1994. Brazil and Italy were tied going into the final game, but Brazil won on a penalty kick at the last possible moment. The Brazilian fans were elated and the Italian fans were crestfallen. When the samples were assayed, 11 of 12 Brazilian fans who were sampled had increased testosterone concentrations, and 9 of 9 Italian fans had decreased testosterone concentrations, compared with pre-game baseline values (Dabbs, 2000).\r\n\r\nIn some cases, hormones can be affected by anticipation of behavior. For example, testosterone concentrations also influence sexual motivation and behavior in women. In one study, the interaction between sexual intercourse and testosterone was compared with other activities (cuddling or exercise) in women (van Anders, Hamilton, Schmidt, &amp; Watson, 2007). On three separate occasions, women provided a pre-activity, post-activity, and next-morning saliva sample. After analysis, the women\u2019s testosterone was determined to be elevated prior to intercourse as compared to other times. Thus, an anticipatory relationship exists between sexual behavior and testosterone. Testosterone values were higher post-intercourse compared to exercise, suggesting that engaging in sexual behavior may also influence hormone concentrations in women.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nLearn more about endocrinology from <a href=\"http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/textbooks\/wendy-king-introduction-to-psychology-the-full-noba-collection\/modules\/hormones-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The Noba Psychology<\/em> article, \"Hormones and Behavior.\"<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ae6a25fa-0e6d-4d70-8cb6-a8812bb3b163\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/53f2a084-ac4b-4d84-8652-f840e66a9529\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/97303f7f-f847-4375-8bce-711785bd45af\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div data-type=\"problem\">\r\n\r\nGiven the negative health consequences associated with the use of anabolic steroids, what kinds of considerations might be involved in a person\u2019s decision to use them?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div data-type=\"term\"><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>adrenal gland:\u00a0<\/strong>sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>diabetes:\u00a0<\/strong>disease related to insufficient insulin production<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>endocrine system:\u00a0<\/strong>series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>gonad:\u00a0<\/strong>secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>hormone:\u00a0<\/strong>chemical messenger released by endocrine glands<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>pancreas:\u00a0<\/strong>secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>pituitary gland:\u00a0<\/strong>secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>thyroid:\u00a0<\/strong>secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the endocrine system and explain its primary responsibilities within the\u00a0body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The <strong>endocrine system<\/strong> consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as <strong>hormones<\/strong> (Figure 1). Like neurotransmitters, hormones are chemical messengers that must bind to a receptor in order to send their signal. However, unlike neurotransmitters, which are released in close proximity to cells with their receptors, hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body, affecting any cells that contain receptors for them. Thus, whereas neurotransmitters\u2019 effects are localized, the effects of hormones are widespread. Also, hormones are slower to take effect, and tend to be longer lasting.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6664\" style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/27224752\/2dd33ed5be2a0f2d1feface5f793dcf43580ffa3.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6664\" class=\"wp-image-6664\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/27224752\/2dd33ed5be2a0f2d1feface5f793dcf43580ffa3-300x274.jpeg\" alt=\"A diagram of the human body illustrates the locations of the thymus, several parts within the brain (pineal gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland), several parts within the thyroid (cartilage of the larynx, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, trachea), the adrenal glands, pancreas, uterus (female), ovaries (female), and testes (male).\" width=\"460\" height=\"420\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6664\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The major glands of the endocrine system are shown.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The\u00a0study of psychology and the endocrine system\u00a0is called behavioral endocrinology, which is the scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior. This interaction is bidirectional: hormones can influence behavior, and behavior can sometimes influence hormone concentrations. Hormones regulate behaviors such as aggression, mating, and parenting of individuals.\u00a0Hormones are involved in regulating all sorts of bodily functions, and they are ultimately controlled through interactions between the hypothalamus (in the central nervous system) and the pituitary gland (in the endocrine system). Imbalances in hormones are related to a number of disorders. This section explores some of the major glands that make up the endocrine system and the hormones secreted by these glands.<\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Major Glands<\/h2>\n<p>The <strong>pituitary gland<\/strong> descends from the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and acts in close association with it. The pituitary is often referred to as the \u201cmaster gland\u201d because its messenger hormones control all the other glands in the endocrine system, although it mostly carries out instructions from the hypothalamus. In addition to messenger hormones, the pituitary also secretes growth hormone, endorphins for pain relief, and a number of key hormones that regulate fluid levels in the body.<\/p>\n<p>Located in the neck, the <strong>thyroid gland<\/strong> releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite. In hyperthyroidism, or Grave\u2019s disease, the thyroid secretes too much of the hormone thyroxine, causing agitation, bulging eyes, and weight loss. In hypothyroidism, reduced hormone levels cause sufferers to experience tiredness, and they often complain of feeling cold. Fortunately, thyroid disorders are often treatable with medications that help reestablish a balance in the hormones secreted by the thyroid.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>adrenal glands<\/strong> sit atop our kidneys and secrete hormones involved in the stress response, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The <strong>pancreas<\/strong> is an internal organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels: insulin and glucagon. These pancreatic hormones are essential for maintaining stable levels of blood sugar throughout the day by lowering blood glucose levels (insulin) or raising them (glucagon). People who suffer from <strong>diabetes<\/strong> do not produce enough insulin; therefore, they must take medications that stimulate or replace insulin production, and they must closely control the amount of sugars and carbohydrates they consume.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>gonads<\/strong> secrete sexual hormones, which are important in reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior. The female gonads are the ovaries; the male gonads are the testis. Ovaries secrete estrogens and progesterone, and the testes secrete androgens, such as testosterone.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_f973ca12-84cf-4fd6-baf8-71abe58547c1\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/f973ca12-84cf-4fd6-baf8-71abe58547c1?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_f973ca12-84cf-4fd6-baf8-71abe58547c1\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_972263b3-2f38-40ca-981b-3a0d2dd2bf49\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/972263b3-2f38-40ca-981b-3a0d2dd2bf49?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_972263b3-2f38-40ca-981b-3a0d2dd2bf49\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_502b13ae-395b-49cd-b77b-8e4115cea97e\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/502b13ae-395b-49cd-b77b-8e4115cea97e?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_502b13ae-395b-49cd-b77b-8e4115cea97e\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_67d9b971-4782-4fc3-9a91-60b24eff9364\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/67d9b971-4782-4fc3-9a91-60b24eff9364?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_67d9b971-4782-4fc3-9a91-60b24eff9364\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_8add79b1-f93c-4934-b0b0-4e5285ccc637\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/8add79b1-f93c-4934-b0b0-4e5285ccc637?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_8add79b1-f93c-4934-b0b0-4e5285ccc637\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Dig Deeper\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Dig Deeper: Athletes and Anabolic Steroids<\/h3>\n<p>Although it is against most laws to do so, many professional athletes and bodybuilders use anabolic steroid drugs to improve their athletic performance and physique. Anabolic steroid drugs mimic the effects of the body\u2019s own steroid hormones, like testosterone and its derivatives. These drugs have the potential to provide a competitive edge by increasing muscle mass, strength, and endurance, although not all users may experience these results. Moreover, the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) does not come without risks. Anabolic steroid use has been linked with a wide variety of potentially negative outcomes, ranging in severity from largely cosmetic (acne) to life-threatening (heart attack). Furthermore, the use of these substances can result in profound changes in mood and can increase aggressive behavior (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2001).<\/p>\n<p>Baseball player Alex Rodriguez (A-Rod) has been at the center of a media storm regarding his use of illegal PEDs. Rodriguez\u2019s performance on the field was unparalleled while using the drugs; his success played a large role in negotiating a contract that made him the highest-paid player in professional baseball. Although Rodriguez maintains that he had not used PEDs, he was suspended for the entire 2014 regular season and postseason, costing him more than 20 million dollars in earnings (Gaines, 2013). What are your thoughts on athletes and doping? Do you believe the use of PEDs should be banned? Why or why not? What advice would you give an athlete who was considering using PEDs?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Hormones and Behavior<\/h2>\n<p>How might behaviors affect hormones? Extensive studies on male zebra finches and their singing (only male finches sing) demonstrate that the hormones testosterone and estradiol affect their singing, but the reciprocal relation also occurs; that is, behavior can affect hormone concentrations. For example, the sight of a territorial intruder may elevate blood testosterone concentrations in resident male birds and thereby stimulate singing or fighting behavior. Similarly, male mice or rhesus monkeys that lose a fight decrease circulating testosterone concentrations for several days or even weeks afterward. Comparable results have also been reported in humans. Testosterone concentrations are affected not only in humans involved in physical combat, but also in those involved in simulated battles. For example, testosterone concentrations were elevated in winners and reduced in losers of regional chess tournaments.<\/p>\n<figure data-align=\"left\"><\/figure>\n<p>People do not have to be directly involved in a contest to have their hormones affected by the outcome of the contest. Male fans of both the Brazilian and Italian teams were recruited to provide saliva samples to be assayed for testosterone before and after the final game of the World Cup soccer match in 1994. Brazil and Italy were tied going into the final game, but Brazil won on a penalty kick at the last possible moment. The Brazilian fans were elated and the Italian fans were crestfallen. When the samples were assayed, 11 of 12 Brazilian fans who were sampled had increased testosterone concentrations, and 9 of 9 Italian fans had decreased testosterone concentrations, compared with pre-game baseline values (Dabbs, 2000).<\/p>\n<p>In some cases, hormones can be affected by anticipation of behavior. For example, testosterone concentrations also influence sexual motivation and behavior in women. In one study, the interaction between sexual intercourse and testosterone was compared with other activities (cuddling or exercise) in women (van Anders, Hamilton, Schmidt, &amp; Watson, 2007). On three separate occasions, women provided a pre-activity, post-activity, and next-morning saliva sample. After analysis, the women\u2019s testosterone was determined to be elevated prior to intercourse as compared to other times. Thus, an anticipatory relationship exists between sexual behavior and testosterone. Testosterone values were higher post-intercourse compared to exercise, suggesting that engaging in sexual behavior may also influence hormone concentrations in women.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Learn more about endocrinology from <a href=\"http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/textbooks\/wendy-king-introduction-to-psychology-the-full-noba-collection\/modules\/hormones-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The Noba Psychology<\/em> article, &#8220;Hormones and Behavior.&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_ae6a25fa-0e6d-4d70-8cb6-a8812bb3b163\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ae6a25fa-0e6d-4d70-8cb6-a8812bb3b163?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_ae6a25fa-0e6d-4d70-8cb6-a8812bb3b163\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_53f2a084-ac4b-4d84-8652-f840e66a9529\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/53f2a084-ac4b-4d84-8652-f840e66a9529?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_53f2a084-ac4b-4d84-8652-f840e66a9529\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_97303f7f-f847-4375-8bce-711785bd45af\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/97303f7f-f847-4375-8bce-711785bd45af?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_97303f7f-f847-4375-8bce-711785bd45af\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\">\n<p>Given the negative health consequences associated with the use of anabolic steroids, what kinds of considerations might be involved in a person\u2019s decision to use them?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div data-type=\"term\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>adrenal gland:\u00a0<\/strong>sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>diabetes:\u00a0<\/strong>disease related to insufficient insulin production<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>endocrine system:\u00a0<\/strong>series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>gonad:\u00a0<\/strong>secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>hormone:\u00a0<\/strong>chemical messenger released by endocrine glands<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>pancreas:\u00a0<\/strong>secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>pituitary gland:\u00a0<\/strong>secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>thyroid:\u00a0<\/strong>secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-106\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Endocrine System. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/3-5-the-endocrine-system\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/3-5-the-endocrine-system<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction.<\/li><li>Hormones and Behavior and introductory section and part on endocrinology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Randy J. Nelson. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Ohio State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/textbooks\/wendy-king-introduction-to-psychology-the-full-noba-collection\/modules\/hormones-behavior\">http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/textbooks\/wendy-king-introduction-to-psychology-the-full-noba-collection\/modules\/hormones-behavior<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: The Noba Project. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5797,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Endocrine System\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/3-5-the-endocrine-system\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction.\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Hormones and Behavior and introductory section and part on endocrinology\",\"author\":\"Randy J. 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