{"id":1316,"date":"2015-09-17T03:08:55","date_gmt":"2015-09-17T03:08:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/intropsychmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1316"},"modified":"2024-05-17T02:11:57","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T02:11:57","slug":"psychological-perspectives","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/psychological-perspectives\/","title":{"raw":"The Five Psychological Domains","rendered":"The Five Psychological Domains"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>List and define the five major domains, or pillars, of contemporary psychology<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Introduction to Contemporary Psychology<\/h2>\r\n<div>Contemporary psychology is a diverse field that is influenced by all of the historical perspectives described in the previous\u00a0section of reading. Reflective of the discipline\u2019s diversity is the diversity seen within the <strong>American Psychological Association<\/strong> (APA). The APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the United States. The APA is the largest organization of psychologists in the world, and its mission is to advance and disseminate psychological knowledge for the betterment of people. There are 56 divisions within the APA, representing a wide variety of specialties that range from Societies for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality to Exercise and Sport Psychology to Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology. Reflecting the diversity of the field of psychology itself, members, affiliate members, and associate members span the spectrum from students to doctoral-level psychologists, and come from a variety of places including educational settings, criminal justice, hospitals, the armed forces, and industry (American Psychological Association, 2014).<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nPlease visit this\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/division\/index\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">APA divisions\u00a0website<\/a> to see a list of all the divisions and to learn more about them. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/students\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Student resources are also available through the APA.<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nPsychologists agree that there is no\u00a0<em>one<\/em> right way to study the way people think or behave. There are, however, various schools of thought that evolved throughout the development of psychology that continue to shape the way we\u00a0investigate human behavior. For example, some psychologists might attribute a\u00a0certain behavior to biological factors such as genetics while another psychologist might consider early childhood experiences to be\u00a0a more likely explanation for the behavior. Many expert psychologists focus their entire careers on just one facet of psychology, such as developmental psychology or cognitive\u00a0psychology, or even more specifically, newborn intelligence or language processing.\r\n\r\nWhile\u00a0the field of study is large and vast, this text\u00a0aims to introduce you to the main topics with psychology. You'll get exposure to the various branches and sub-fields within the discipline and come to understand how they are all interconnected and essential in understanding behavior and mental processes. The five main psychological pillars, or domains, as we will refer to them, are:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Domain\u00a01: Biological (includes neuroscience, consciousness, and sensation)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Domain\u00a02: Cognitive (includes the study of perception, cognition, memory, and intelligence)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Domain 3: Development (includes learning and conditioning, lifespan development, and language)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Domain\u00a04: Social and Personality (includes the study of personality, emotion, motivation, gender, and culture)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Domain\u00a05: Mental and Physical Health (includes abnormal psychology, therapy, and health psychology)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3778\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1106\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1509\/2017\/02\/17032857\/Screen-Shot-2017-02-16-at-4.42.25-PM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-3778 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1509\/2017\/02\/17032857\/Screen-Shot-2017-02-16-at-4.42.25-PM.png\" alt=\"Image of five pillars, showing the biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, and mental and physical health.\" width=\"1106\" height=\"730\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The five pillars, or domains, of psychology. Image adapted from Gurung, R. A., Hackathorn, J., Enns, C., Frantz, S., Cacioppo, J. T., Loop, T., &amp; Freeman, J. E. (2016) article \"Strengthening introductory psychology: A new model for teaching the introductory course\" from\u00a0<i>American Psychologist.<\/i>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThese five domains cover the main viewpoints, or perspectives, of psychology. These perspectives emphasize certain assumptions about behavior and provide a framework for psychologists\u00a0in conducting research and analyzing behavior. They include some you have already read\u00a0about, including Freud's psychodynamic perspective, behaviorism, humanism, and the cognitive approach. Other perspectives include the biological perspective, evolutionary, and socio-cultural perspectives.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Helpful Hints<\/h3>\r\nA neat way to remember the major perspectives in psychology is to think about your hand and associate\u00a0each finger with a prominent psychological approach:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Index Finger<\/strong>: Tap your finger to the temple of your head as if you were <em>thinking<\/em> about something. This is the <strong>cognitive<\/strong> perspective.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Middle Finger:<\/strong> If you stuck up your middle finger to flip someone off, that would be bad <em>behavior<\/em> in many cultures. This represents the behavioral perspective, which falls under the <strong>developmental<\/strong> domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ring Finger:<\/strong> This is typically where you would wear a wedding band. For some people this is a healthy <em>lifestyle<\/em> choice, and for others this is a cause of <em>stress<\/em>. For some, the thought of marriage causes <em>anxiety<\/em>, which may lead to <em>therapy<\/em>. This represents the <strong>mental and physical health domain<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\">Pinky Finger:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\"> This little finger was born this way\u2014short. You can thank your <em>biology<\/em> for that. This represents the <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\">biological<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\"> perspective.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Palm of hand:<\/strong> In many cultures, giving a high-five is an acceptable greeting. This represents the <strong>social and personality<\/strong> domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bonus: Thumb<\/strong>: your thumb can move around in so many\u00a0ways\u2014it's <em>dynamic<\/em>! This is the <strong>psychodynamic<\/strong> perspective, which is not its own pillar but represents a prominent historical perspective and school of thought in psychology, as explained earlier.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ce1710bb-1619-49d4-ba9d-a4ccdca281e4\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section><section><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>American Psychological Association:\u00a0<\/strong>professional organization representing psychologists in the United States\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>List and define the five major domains, or pillars, of contemporary psychology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Introduction to Contemporary Psychology<\/h2>\n<div>Contemporary psychology is a diverse field that is influenced by all of the historical perspectives described in the previous\u00a0section of reading. Reflective of the discipline\u2019s diversity is the diversity seen within the <strong>American Psychological Association<\/strong> (APA). The APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the United States. The APA is the largest organization of psychologists in the world, and its mission is to advance and disseminate psychological knowledge for the betterment of people. There are 56 divisions within the APA, representing a wide variety of specialties that range from Societies for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality to Exercise and Sport Psychology to Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology. Reflecting the diversity of the field of psychology itself, members, affiliate members, and associate members span the spectrum from students to doctoral-level psychologists, and come from a variety of places including educational settings, criminal justice, hospitals, the armed forces, and industry (American Psychological Association, 2014).<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Please visit this\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/division\/index\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">APA divisions\u00a0website<\/a> to see a list of all the divisions and to learn more about them. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/students\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Student resources are also available through the APA.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Psychologists agree that there is no\u00a0<em>one<\/em> right way to study the way people think or behave. There are, however, various schools of thought that evolved throughout the development of psychology that continue to shape the way we\u00a0investigate human behavior. For example, some psychologists might attribute a\u00a0certain behavior to biological factors such as genetics while another psychologist might consider early childhood experiences to be\u00a0a more likely explanation for the behavior. Many expert psychologists focus their entire careers on just one facet of psychology, such as developmental psychology or cognitive\u00a0psychology, or even more specifically, newborn intelligence or language processing.<\/p>\n<p>While\u00a0the field of study is large and vast, this text\u00a0aims to introduce you to the main topics with psychology. You&#8217;ll get exposure to the various branches and sub-fields within the discipline and come to understand how they are all interconnected and essential in understanding behavior and mental processes. The five main psychological pillars, or domains, as we will refer to them, are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Domain\u00a01: Biological (includes neuroscience, consciousness, and sensation)<\/li>\n<li>Domain\u00a02: Cognitive (includes the study of perception, cognition, memory, and intelligence)<\/li>\n<li>Domain 3: Development (includes learning and conditioning, lifespan development, and language)<\/li>\n<li>Domain\u00a04: Social and Personality (includes the study of personality, emotion, motivation, gender, and culture)<\/li>\n<li>Domain\u00a05: Mental and Physical Health (includes abnormal psychology, therapy, and health psychology)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"attachment_3778\" style=\"width: 1116px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1509\/2017\/02\/17032857\/Screen-Shot-2017-02-16-at-4.42.25-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3778\" class=\"wp-image-3778 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1509\/2017\/02\/17032857\/Screen-Shot-2017-02-16-at-4.42.25-PM.png\" alt=\"Image of five pillars, showing the biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, and mental and physical health.\" width=\"1106\" height=\"730\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3778\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The five pillars, or domains, of psychology. Image adapted from Gurung, R. A., Hackathorn, J., Enns, C., Frantz, S., Cacioppo, J. T., Loop, T., &amp; Freeman, J. E. (2016) article &#8220;Strengthening introductory psychology: A new model for teaching the introductory course&#8221; from\u00a0<i>American Psychologist.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>These five domains cover the main viewpoints, or perspectives, of psychology. These perspectives emphasize certain assumptions about behavior and provide a framework for psychologists\u00a0in conducting research and analyzing behavior. They include some you have already read\u00a0about, including Freud&#8217;s psychodynamic perspective, behaviorism, humanism, and the cognitive approach. Other perspectives include the biological perspective, evolutionary, and socio-cultural perspectives.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Helpful Hints<\/h3>\n<p>A neat way to remember the major perspectives in psychology is to think about your hand and associate\u00a0each finger with a prominent psychological approach:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Index Finger<\/strong>: Tap your finger to the temple of your head as if you were <em>thinking<\/em> about something. This is the <strong>cognitive<\/strong> perspective.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Middle Finger:<\/strong> If you stuck up your middle finger to flip someone off, that would be bad <em>behavior<\/em> in many cultures. This represents the behavioral perspective, which falls under the <strong>developmental<\/strong> domain.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ring Finger:<\/strong> This is typically where you would wear a wedding band. For some people this is a healthy <em>lifestyle<\/em> choice, and for others this is a cause of <em>stress<\/em>. For some, the thought of marriage causes <em>anxiety<\/em>, which may lead to <em>therapy<\/em>. This represents the <strong>mental and physical health domain<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\">Pinky Finger:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\"> This little finger was born this way\u2014short. You can thank your <em>biology<\/em> for that. This represents the <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\">biological<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 0.9em;\"> perspective.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Palm of hand:<\/strong> In many cultures, giving a high-five is an acceptable greeting. This represents the <strong>social and personality<\/strong> domain.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bonus: Thumb<\/strong>: your thumb can move around in so many\u00a0ways\u2014it&#8217;s <em>dynamic<\/em>! This is the <strong>psychodynamic<\/strong> perspective, which is not its own pillar but represents a prominent historical perspective and school of thought in psychology, as explained earlier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_ce1710bb-1619-49d4-ba9d-a4ccdca281e4\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ce1710bb-1619-49d4-ba9d-a4ccdca281e4?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_ce1710bb-1619-49d4-ba9d-a4ccdca281e4\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>American Psychological Association:\u00a0<\/strong>professional organization representing psychologists in the United States<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1316\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Theoretical Perspectives in Modern Psychology . <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/introduction-to-psychology-1\/theoretical-perspectives-in-modern-psychology-23\/biopsychology-117-12654\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/introduction-to-psychology-1\/theoretical-perspectives-in-modern-psychology-23\/biopsychology-117-12654\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>APA information and review question from contemporary psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-3-contemporary-psychology\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-3-contemporary-psychology<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Theoretical Perspectives in Modern Psychology \",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Boundless\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/introduction-to-psychology-1\/theoretical-perspectives-in-modern-psychology-23\/biopsychology-117-12654\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"APA information and review question from contemporary psychology\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-3-contemporary-psychology\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"1df72957-19b2-45b6-9f14-114ade7b0054, 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