{"id":1778,"date":"2016-10-12T12:43:33","date_gmt":"2016-10-12T12:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1778"},"modified":"2024-05-17T02:12:38","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T02:12:38","slug":"reading-mental-and-physical-health-pillar","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/reading-mental-and-physical-health-pillar\/","title":{"raw":"The Mental and Physical Health Domain","rendered":"The Mental and Physical Health Domain"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the basic interests and applications of abnormal, clinical, and health psychology<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3756\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"381\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/02\/17042719\/Screen-Shot-2017-02-16-at-4.43.27-PM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-3756\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/02\/17042719\/Screen-Shot-2017-02-16-at-4.43.27-PM.png\" alt=\"Image of five pillars, showing the biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, and mental and physical health.\" width=\"381\" height=\"239\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The mental and physical health domain of psychology covers mental disorders, treatments for disorders, as well as the study of health and happiness.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThis domain of psychology is what many people think of when they think about psychology\u2014mental disorders and counseling. This includes the study of abnormal psychology, with its focus on abnormal thoughts and behaviors, as well as counseling and treatment methods, and recommendations for coping with stress and living a healthy life.\r\n\r\nThe names and classifications of mental\u00a0disorders are listed in the <em data-id=\"fusible_text_tag_8xdf1o2it\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/em> (DSM). The DSM is currently in its 5th edition (DSM-V) and has been designed for use in a wide variety of contexts and across clinical settings (including inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, clinic, private practice, and primary care).\u00a0The diagnostic manual includes a total of 237 specific diagnosable disorders, each described in detail, including its symptoms, prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidity. Over time, the number of diagnosable conditions listed in the DSM has grown steadily, prompting criticism from some. Nevertheless, the diagnostic criteria in the DSM are more explicit than those of any other system, which makes the DSM system highly desirable for both clinical diagnosis and research.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1772\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"680\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1772 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/10\/12122942\/convert-crop-0-0-972-581.jpe\" alt=\"Graph of DSM disorders showing lifetime prevalence rates. Appropriate alternative text can be found in the data table displayed below this image. Major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, and drug abuse top the list, followed by post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and dysthymia.\" width=\"680\" height=\"406\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Lifetime prevalence rates for major psychological disorders.[\/caption]\r\n<table><caption>Table 1. DSM Disorder Lifetime Prevalence Rates<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">DSM Disorder<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Total<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Females<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Males<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Major Depressive Disorder<\/th>\r\n<td>17%<\/td>\r\n<td>20%<\/td>\r\n<td>13%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Alcohol Abuse<\/th>\r\n<td>13%<\/td>\r\n<td>7%<\/td>\r\n<td>20%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Specific Phobia<\/th>\r\n<td>13%<\/td>\r\n<td>16%<\/td>\r\n<td>8%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Social Anxiety Disorder<\/th>\r\n<td>12%<\/td>\r\n<td>13%<\/td>\r\n<td>11%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Drug Abuse<\/th>\r\n<td>8%<\/td>\r\n<td>5%<\/td>\r\n<td>12%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Post-traumatic Stress Disorder<\/th>\r\n<td>7%<\/td>\r\n<td>10%<\/td>\r\n<td>3%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Generalized Anxiety Disorder<\/th>\r\n<td>6%<\/td>\r\n<td>7%<\/td>\r\n<td>4%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Panic Disorder<\/th>\r\n<td>5%<\/td>\r\n<td>6%<\/td>\r\n<td>3%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder<\/th>\r\n<td>3%<\/td>\r\n<td>3%<\/td>\r\n<td>2%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\">Persistent Depressive Disorder<\/th>\r\n<td>3%<\/td>\r\n<td>3%<\/td>\r\n<td>2%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Clinical Psychology<\/h2>\r\n<div><strong>Clinical psychology<\/strong> is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. As such, it is generally considered to be a more applied area within psychology; however, some clinicians are also actively engaged in scientific research. Counseling psychology is a similar discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. As mentioned earlier, both Freud and Rogers provided perspectives that have been influential in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy. While aspects of the psychoanalytic theory are still found among some of today\u2019s therapists who are trained from a psychodynamic perspective, Roger\u2019s ideas about client-centered therapy have been especially influential in shaping how many clinicians operate. Furthermore, both behaviorism and the cognitive revolution have shaped clinical practice in the forms of behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Issues related to the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior will be discussed in detail later in this textbook.<\/div>\r\n<section>\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"386\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224452\/CNX_Psych_01_03_CogBehav.jpg\" alt=\"The points of an equilateral triangle are labeled \u201cthoughts,\u201d \u201cbehaviors,\u201d and \u201cemotions.\u201d There are arrows running along the sides of the triangle with points on both ends, pointing to the labels.\" width=\"386\" height=\"264\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Cognitive-behavioral therapists take cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy. This is one of several strategies that may be used by practicing clinical psychologists.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nBy far, this is the area of psychology that receives the most attention in popular media, and many people mistakenly assume that all psychology is clinical psychology.\r\n<h2>Health Psychology<\/h2>\r\nHealth psychology focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. This particular approach is known as the <strong>biopsychosocial model<\/strong>. Health psychologists are interested in helping individuals achieve better health through public policy, education, intervention, and research. Health psychologists might conduct research that explores the relationship between one\u2019s genetic makeup, patterns of behavior, relationships, psychological stress, and health. They may research effective ways to motivate people to address patterns of behavior that contribute to poorer health (MacDonald, 2013).\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"417\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224450\/CNX_Psych_01_03_BioPsych.jpg\" alt=\"Three circles overlap in the middle. The circles are labeled Biological, Psychological, and Social.\" width=\"417\" height=\"391\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The biopsychosocial model suggests that health\/illness is determined by an interaction of these three factors.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7573d9e1-10a9-48f9-a0b4-51397558a3ce\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/331254ca-8fd0-48de-be16-76822684c9f4\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<section>\r\n<div><strong>biopsychosocial model:\u00a0<\/strong>perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual\u2019s health<\/div>\r\n<div><strong>clinical psychology:\u00a0<\/strong>area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the basic interests and applications of abnormal, clinical, and health psychology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3756\" style=\"width: 391px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/02\/17042719\/Screen-Shot-2017-02-16-at-4.43.27-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3756\" class=\"wp-image-3756\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/02\/17042719\/Screen-Shot-2017-02-16-at-4.43.27-PM.png\" alt=\"Image of five pillars, showing the biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, and mental and physical health.\" width=\"381\" height=\"239\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3756\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The mental and physical health domain of psychology covers mental disorders, treatments for disorders, as well as the study of health and happiness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>This domain of psychology is what many people think of when they think about psychology\u2014mental disorders and counseling. This includes the study of abnormal psychology, with its focus on abnormal thoughts and behaviors, as well as counseling and treatment methods, and recommendations for coping with stress and living a healthy life.<\/p>\n<p>The names and classifications of mental\u00a0disorders are listed in the <em data-id=\"fusible_text_tag_8xdf1o2it\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/em> (DSM). The DSM is currently in its 5th edition (DSM-V) and has been designed for use in a wide variety of contexts and across clinical settings (including inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, clinic, private practice, and primary care).\u00a0The diagnostic manual includes a total of 237 specific diagnosable disorders, each described in detail, including its symptoms, prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidity. Over time, the number of diagnosable conditions listed in the DSM has grown steadily, prompting criticism from some. Nevertheless, the diagnostic criteria in the DSM are more explicit than those of any other system, which makes the DSM system highly desirable for both clinical diagnosis and research.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1772\" style=\"width: 690px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1772\" class=\"wp-image-1772 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/10\/12122942\/convert-crop-0-0-972-581.jpe\" alt=\"Graph of DSM disorders showing lifetime prevalence rates. Appropriate alternative text can be found in the data table displayed below this image. Major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, and drug abuse top the list, followed by post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and dysthymia.\" width=\"680\" height=\"406\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1772\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Lifetime prevalence rates for major psychological disorders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table>\n<caption>Table 1. DSM Disorder Lifetime Prevalence Rates<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">DSM Disorder<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Total<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Females<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Males<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Major Depressive Disorder<\/th>\n<td>17%<\/td>\n<td>20%<\/td>\n<td>13%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Alcohol Abuse<\/th>\n<td>13%<\/td>\n<td>7%<\/td>\n<td>20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Specific Phobia<\/th>\n<td>13%<\/td>\n<td>16%<\/td>\n<td>8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Social Anxiety Disorder<\/th>\n<td>12%<\/td>\n<td>13%<\/td>\n<td>11%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Drug Abuse<\/th>\n<td>8%<\/td>\n<td>5%<\/td>\n<td>12%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Post-traumatic Stress Disorder<\/th>\n<td>7%<\/td>\n<td>10%<\/td>\n<td>3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Generalized Anxiety Disorder<\/th>\n<td>6%<\/td>\n<td>7%<\/td>\n<td>4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Panic Disorder<\/th>\n<td>5%<\/td>\n<td>6%<\/td>\n<td>3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder<\/th>\n<td>3%<\/td>\n<td>3%<\/td>\n<td>2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Persistent Depressive Disorder<\/th>\n<td>3%<\/td>\n<td>3%<\/td>\n<td>2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Clinical Psychology<\/h2>\n<div><strong>Clinical psychology<\/strong> is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. As such, it is generally considered to be a more applied area within psychology; however, some clinicians are also actively engaged in scientific research. Counseling psychology is a similar discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. As mentioned earlier, both Freud and Rogers provided perspectives that have been influential in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy. While aspects of the psychoanalytic theory are still found among some of today\u2019s therapists who are trained from a psychodynamic perspective, Roger\u2019s ideas about client-centered therapy have been especially influential in shaping how many clinicians operate. Furthermore, both behaviorism and the cognitive revolution have shaped clinical practice in the forms of behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Issues related to the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior will be discussed in detail later in this textbook.<\/div>\n<section>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 396px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224452\/CNX_Psych_01_03_CogBehav.jpg\" alt=\"The points of an equilateral triangle are labeled \u201cthoughts,\u201d \u201cbehaviors,\u201d and \u201cemotions.\u201d There are arrows running along the sides of the triangle with points on both ends, pointing to the labels.\" width=\"386\" height=\"264\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Cognitive-behavioral therapists take cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy. This is one of several strategies that may be used by practicing clinical psychologists.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>By far, this is the area of psychology that receives the most attention in popular media, and many people mistakenly assume that all psychology is clinical psychology.<\/p>\n<h2>Health Psychology<\/h2>\n<p>Health psychology focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. This particular approach is known as the <strong>biopsychosocial model<\/strong>. Health psychologists are interested in helping individuals achieve better health through public policy, education, intervention, and research. Health psychologists might conduct research that explores the relationship between one\u2019s genetic makeup, patterns of behavior, relationships, psychological stress, and health. They may research effective ways to motivate people to address patterns of behavior that contribute to poorer health (MacDonald, 2013).<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 427px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224450\/CNX_Psych_01_03_BioPsych.jpg\" alt=\"Three circles overlap in the middle. The circles are labeled Biological, Psychological, and Social.\" width=\"417\" height=\"391\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The biopsychosocial model suggests that health\/illness is determined by an interaction of these three factors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7573d9e1-10a9-48f9-a0b4-51397558a3ce\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7573d9e1-10a9-48f9-a0b4-51397558a3ce?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7573d9e1-10a9-48f9-a0b4-51397558a3ce\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_331254ca-8fd0-48de-be16-76822684c9f4\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/331254ca-8fd0-48de-be16-76822684c9f4?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_331254ca-8fd0-48de-be16-76822684c9f4\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<section>\n<div><strong>biopsychosocial model:\u00a0<\/strong>perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual\u2019s health<\/div>\n<div><strong>clinical psychology:\u00a0<\/strong>area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1778\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Contemporary Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-3-contemporary-psychology\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-3-contemporary-psychology<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Abnormal Psychology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/introduction-to-psychology-1\/theoretical-perspectives-in-modern-psychology-23\/abnormal-psychology-512-16738\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/introduction-to-psychology-1\/theoretical-perspectives-in-modern-psychology-23\/abnormal-psychology-512-16738\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Contemporary Psychology\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-3-contemporary-psychology\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Abnormal Psychology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Boundless\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/introduction-to-psychology-1\/theoretical-perspectives-in-modern-psychology-23\/abnormal-psychology-512-16738\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"1df72957-19b2-45b6-9f14-114ade7b0054, 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