{"id":195,"date":"2015-02-06T23:15:46","date_gmt":"2015-02-06T23:15:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ospsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=195"},"modified":"2024-05-17T02:44:38","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T02:44:38","slug":"observational-learning-modeling","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/observational-learning-modeling\/","title":{"raw":"Observational Learning","rendered":"Observational Learning"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain\u00a0observational learning and\u00a0the steps in the modeling process<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nPrevious sections of this chapter focused on classical and operant conditioning, which are forms of associative learning. In <strong>observational learning<\/strong>, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. For instance, have you ever gone to YouTube to find a video showing you how to do something? The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called <strong>models<\/strong>. Research suggests that this imitative learning involves a specific type of neuron, called a mirror neuron (Hickock, 2010; Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Fogassi, &amp; Gallese, 2002; Rizzolatti, Fogassi, &amp; Gallese, 2006).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nHumans and other animals are capable of observational learning. As you will see, the phrase \u201cmonkey see, monkey do\u201d really is accurate (Figure 1). The same could be said about other animals. For example, in a study of social learning in chimpanzees, researchers gave juice boxes with straws to two groups of captive chimpanzees. The first group dipped the straw into the juice box, and then sucked on the small amount of juice at the end of the straw. The second group sucked through the straw directly, getting much more juice. When the first group, the \u201cdippers,\u201d observed the second group, \u201cthe suckers,\u201d what do you think happened? All of the \u201cdippers\u201d in the first group switched to sucking through the straws directly. By simply observing the other chimps and modeling their behavior, they learned that this was a more efficient method of getting juice (Yamamoto, Humle, and Tanaka, 2013).\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"460\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224815\/CNX_Psych_06_04_Monkey.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows a person drinking from a water bottle, and a monkey next to the person drinking water from a bottle in the same manner.\" width=\"460\" height=\"251\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This spider monkey learned to drink water from a plastic bottle by seeing the behavior modeled by a human. (credit: U.S. Air Force, Senior Airman Kasey Close)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nImitation is much more obvious in humans, but is imitation really the sincerest form of flattery? Consider Claire\u2019s experience with observational learning. Claire\u2019s nine-year-old son, Jay, was getting into trouble at school and was defiant at home. Claire feared that Jay would end up like her brothers, two of whom were in prison. One day, after yet another bad day at school and another negative note from the teacher, Claire, at her wit\u2019s end, beat her son with a belt to get him to behave. Later that night, as she put her children to bed, Claire witnessed her four-year-old daughter, Anna, take a belt to her teddy bear and whip it. Claire was horrified, realizing that Anna was imitating her mother. It was then that Claire knew she wanted to discipline her children in a different manner.\r\n\r\nLike Tolman, whose experiments with rats suggested a cognitive component to learning, psychologist Albert Bandura\u2019s ideas about learning were different from those of strict behaviorists. Bandura and other researchers proposed a brand of behaviorism called <strong>social learning theory<\/strong>, which took cognitive processes into account. According to Bandura, pure behaviorism could not explain why learning can take place in the absence of external reinforcement. He felt that internal mental states must also have a role in learning and that observational learning involves much more than imitation. In imitation, a person simply copies what the model does. Observational learning is much more complex. According to Lefran\u00e7ois (2012) there are several ways that observational learning can occur: You learn a new response. After watching your coworker get chewed out by your boss for coming in late, you start leaving home 10 minutes earlier so that you won\u2019t be late. You choose whether or not to imitate the model depending on what you saw happen to the model. Remember Julian and his father? When learning to surf, Julian might watch how his father pops up successfully on his surfboard and then attempt to do the same thing. On the other hand, Julian might learn not to touch a hot stove after watching his father get burned on a stove. You learn a general rule that you can apply to other situations.\r\n\r\nBandura identified three kinds of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. A live model demonstrates a behavior in person, as when Ben stood up on his surfboard so that Julian could see how he did it. A verbal instructional model does not perform the behavior, but instead explains or describes the behavior, as when a soccer coach tells his young players to kick the ball with the side of the foot, not with the toe. A symbolic model can be fictional characters or real people who demonstrate behaviors in books, movies, television shows, video games, or Internet sources (Figure 2).\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"594\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224816\/CNX_Psych_06_04_Yoga.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph A shows a yoga instructor demonstrating a yoga pose while a group of students observes her and copies the pose. Photo B shows a child watching television.\" width=\"594\" height=\"296\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. (a) Yoga students learn by observation as their yoga instructor demonstrates the correct stance and movement for her students (live model). (b) Models don\u2019t have to be present for learning to occur: through symbolic modeling, this child can learn a behavior by watching someone demonstrate it on television. (credit a: modification of work by Tony Cecala; credit b: modification of work by Andrew Hyde)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nLatent learning and modeling are used all the time in the world of marketing and advertising. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5j5Xr1t6DJc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This commercial<\/a> played for months across the New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut areas, Derek Jeter\u2014an award-winning baseball player for the New York Yankees, is advertising a Ford. The commercial aired in a part of the country where Jeter is an incredibly well-known athlete. He is wealthy, and considered very loyal and good looking. What message are the advertisers sending by having him featured in the ad? How effective do you think it is?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b4b39db1-3bea-4ac8-8ef8-d23684f402e2\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/31f10179-cedb-494c-8b7d-74a2ee1f73f8\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Steps in the Modeling Process<\/h2>\r\nOf course, we don\u2019t learn a behavior simply by observing a model. Bandura described specific steps in the process of modeling that must be followed if learning is to be successful: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. First, you must be focused on what the model is doing\u2014you have to pay attention. Next, you must be able to retain, or remember, what you observed; this is retention. Then, you must be able to perform the behavior that you observed and committed to memory; this is reproduction. Finally, you must have motivation. You need to want to copy the behavior, and whether or not you are motivated depends on what happened to the model. If you saw that the model was reinforced for her behavior, you will be more motivated to copy her. This is known as vicarious reinforcement. On the other hand, if you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy her. This is called vicarious punishment. For example, imagine that four-year-old Allison watched her older sister Kaitlyn playing in their mother\u2019s makeup, and then saw Kaitlyn get a time out when their mother came in. After their mother left the room, Allison was tempted to play in the make-up, but she did not want to get a time-out from her mother. What do you think she did? Once you actually demonstrate the new behavior, the reinforcement you receive plays a part in whether or not you will repeat the behavior.\r\n\r\nBandura researched modeling behavior, particularly children\u2019s modeling of adults\u2019 aggressive and violent behaviors (Bandura, Ross, &amp; Ross, 1961). He conducted an experiment with a five-foot inflatable doll that he called a Bobo doll. In the experiment, children\u2019s aggressive behavior was influenced by whether the teacher was punished for her behavior. In one scenario, a teacher acted aggressively with the doll, hitting, throwing, and even punching the doll, while a child watched. There were two types of responses by the children to the teacher\u2019s behavior. When the teacher was punished for her bad behavior, the children decreased their tendency to act as she had. When the teacher was praised or ignored (and not punished for her behavior), the children imitated what she did, and even what she said. They punched, kicked, and yelled at the doll.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch the following\u00a0to see a portion of the famous Bobo doll experiment, including an interview with Albert Bandura.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=4323938&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=573&amp;video_id=Z0iWpSNu3NU&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-pfhtsdkj-Z0iWpSNu3NU\" width=\"800px\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/AlbertBanduraBoboDollExperiment.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment.mp4\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhat are the implications of this study? Bandura concluded that we watch and learn, and that this learning can have both prosocial and antisocial effects. Prosocial (positive) models can be used to encourage socially acceptable behavior. Parents in particular should take note of this finding. If you want your children to read, then read to them. Let them see you reading. Keep books in your home. Talk about your favorite books. If you want your children to be healthy, then let them see you eat right and exercise, and spend time engaging in physical fitness activities together. The same holds true for qualities like kindness, courtesy, and honesty. The main idea is that children observe and learn from their parents, even their parents\u2019 morals, so be consistent and toss out the old adage \u201cDo as I say, not as I do,\u201d because children tend to copy what you do instead of what you say. Besides parents, many public figures, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi, are viewed as prosocial models who are able to inspire global social change. Can you think of someone who has been a prosocial model in your life?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"325\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224818\/CNX_Psych_06_04_Videogames.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows two children playing a video game and pointing a gun-like object toward a screen.\" width=\"325\" height=\"217\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Can video games make us violent? Psychological researchers study this topic. (credit: \"woodleywonderworks\"\/Flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe antisocial effects of observational learning are also worth mentioning. As you saw from the example of Claire at the beginning of this section, her daughter viewed Claire\u2019s aggressive behavior and copied it. Research suggests that this may help to explain why abused children often grow up to be abusers themselves (Murrell, Christoff, &amp; Henning, 2007). In fact, about 30% of abused children become abusive parents (U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services, 2013). We tend to do what we know. Abused children, who grow up witnessing their parents deal with anger and frustration through violent and aggressive acts, often learn to behave in that manner themselves. Sadly, it\u2019s a vicious cycle that\u2019s difficult to break.\r\n\r\nSome studies suggest that violent television shows, movies, and video games may also have antisocial effects (Figure 3) although further research needs to be done to understand the correlational and causational aspects of media violence and behavior. Some studies have found a link between viewing violence and aggression seen in children (Anderson &amp; Gentile, 2008; Kirsch, 2010; Miller, Grabell, Thomas, Bermann, &amp; Graham-Bermann, 2012). These findings may not be surprising, given that a child graduating from high school has been exposed to around 200,000 violent acts including murder, robbery, torture, bombings, beatings, and rape through various forms of media (Huston et al., 1992). Not only might viewing media violence affect aggressive behavior by teaching people to act that way in real life situations, but it has also been suggested that repeated exposure to violent acts also desensitizes people to it. Psychologists are working to understand this dynamic.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>what do you think?<\/h3>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Violent Media and Aggression<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\nDoes watching violent media or playing violent video games cause aggression? Albert Bandura's early studies suggested television violence increased aggression in children, and more recent studies support these findings. For example, research by Craig Anderson and colleagues (Anderson, Bushman, Donnerstein, Hummer, &amp; Warbuten, 2015; Anderson et al., 2010; Bushman et al., 2016) found extensive evidence to suggest a causal link between hours of exposure to violent media and aggressive thoughts and behaviors. However, studies by Christopher Ferguson and others suggests that while there may be a link between violent media exposure and aggression, research to date has not accounted for other risk factors for aggression including mental health and family life (Ferguson, 2011; Gentile, 2016). What do you think?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nWatch the Crash Course video <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=128Ts5r9NRE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bobo Beatdown<\/a><\/em> for further\u00a0explanation on observational learning.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/32a2eb2d-d234-4065-b371-56d5888841ab\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/e968e7e6-4f97-460d-bb1c-e8c239329b45\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/14be3266-74d9-45b6-870f-494275f24fdf\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/fdec4ad0-07e6-4146-9c21-d479f5e95af2\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div data-type=\"problem\">\r\n\r\nWhat is something you have learned how to do after watching someone else?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>model:\u00a0<\/strong>person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>observational learning:\u00a0<\/strong>type of learning that occurs by watching others<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>vicarious punishment:\u00a0<\/strong>process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model\u2019s behavior<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>vicarious reinforcement:\u00a0<\/strong>process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model\u2019s behavior<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section>","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain\u00a0observational learning and\u00a0the steps in the modeling process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Previous sections of this chapter focused on classical and operant conditioning, which are forms of associative learning. In <strong>observational learning<\/strong>, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. For instance, have you ever gone to YouTube to find a video showing you how to do something? The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called <strong>models<\/strong>. Research suggests that this imitative learning involves a specific type of neuron, called a mirror neuron (Hickock, 2010; Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Fogassi, &amp; Gallese, 2002; Rizzolatti, Fogassi, &amp; Gallese, 2006).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Humans and other animals are capable of observational learning. As you will see, the phrase \u201cmonkey see, monkey do\u201d really is accurate (Figure 1). The same could be said about other animals. For example, in a study of social learning in chimpanzees, researchers gave juice boxes with straws to two groups of captive chimpanzees. The first group dipped the straw into the juice box, and then sucked on the small amount of juice at the end of the straw. The second group sucked through the straw directly, getting much more juice. When the first group, the \u201cdippers,\u201d observed the second group, \u201cthe suckers,\u201d what do you think happened? All of the \u201cdippers\u201d in the first group switched to sucking through the straws directly. By simply observing the other chimps and modeling their behavior, they learned that this was a more efficient method of getting juice (Yamamoto, Humle, and Tanaka, 2013).<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224815\/CNX_Psych_06_04_Monkey.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows a person drinking from a water bottle, and a monkey next to the person drinking water from a bottle in the same manner.\" width=\"460\" height=\"251\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This spider monkey learned to drink water from a plastic bottle by seeing the behavior modeled by a human. (credit: U.S. Air Force, Senior Airman Kasey Close)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Imitation is much more obvious in humans, but is imitation really the sincerest form of flattery? Consider Claire\u2019s experience with observational learning. Claire\u2019s nine-year-old son, Jay, was getting into trouble at school and was defiant at home. Claire feared that Jay would end up like her brothers, two of whom were in prison. One day, after yet another bad day at school and another negative note from the teacher, Claire, at her wit\u2019s end, beat her son with a belt to get him to behave. Later that night, as she put her children to bed, Claire witnessed her four-year-old daughter, Anna, take a belt to her teddy bear and whip it. Claire was horrified, realizing that Anna was imitating her mother. It was then that Claire knew she wanted to discipline her children in a different manner.<\/p>\n<p>Like Tolman, whose experiments with rats suggested a cognitive component to learning, psychologist Albert Bandura\u2019s ideas about learning were different from those of strict behaviorists. Bandura and other researchers proposed a brand of behaviorism called <strong>social learning theory<\/strong>, which took cognitive processes into account. According to Bandura, pure behaviorism could not explain why learning can take place in the absence of external reinforcement. He felt that internal mental states must also have a role in learning and that observational learning involves much more than imitation. In imitation, a person simply copies what the model does. Observational learning is much more complex. According to Lefran\u00e7ois (2012) there are several ways that observational learning can occur: You learn a new response. After watching your coworker get chewed out by your boss for coming in late, you start leaving home 10 minutes earlier so that you won\u2019t be late. You choose whether or not to imitate the model depending on what you saw happen to the model. Remember Julian and his father? When learning to surf, Julian might watch how his father pops up successfully on his surfboard and then attempt to do the same thing. On the other hand, Julian might learn not to touch a hot stove after watching his father get burned on a stove. You learn a general rule that you can apply to other situations.<\/p>\n<p>Bandura identified three kinds of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. A live model demonstrates a behavior in person, as when Ben stood up on his surfboard so that Julian could see how he did it. A verbal instructional model does not perform the behavior, but instead explains or describes the behavior, as when a soccer coach tells his young players to kick the ball with the side of the foot, not with the toe. A symbolic model can be fictional characters or real people who demonstrate behaviors in books, movies, television shows, video games, or Internet sources (Figure 2).<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224816\/CNX_Psych_06_04_Yoga.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph A shows a yoga instructor demonstrating a yoga pose while a group of students observes her and copies the pose. Photo B shows a child watching television.\" width=\"594\" height=\"296\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. (a) Yoga students learn by observation as their yoga instructor demonstrates the correct stance and movement for her students (live model). (b) Models don\u2019t have to be present for learning to occur: through symbolic modeling, this child can learn a behavior by watching someone demonstrate it on television. (credit a: modification of work by Tony Cecala; credit b: modification of work by Andrew Hyde)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Latent learning and modeling are used all the time in the world of marketing and advertising. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5j5Xr1t6DJc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This commercial<\/a> played for months across the New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut areas, Derek Jeter\u2014an award-winning baseball player for the New York Yankees, is advertising a Ford. The commercial aired in a part of the country where Jeter is an incredibly well-known athlete. He is wealthy, and considered very loyal and good looking. What message are the advertisers sending by having him featured in the ad? How effective do you think it is?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_b4b39db1-3bea-4ac8-8ef8-d23684f402e2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b4b39db1-3bea-4ac8-8ef8-d23684f402e2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_b4b39db1-3bea-4ac8-8ef8-d23684f402e2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_31f10179-cedb-494c-8b7d-74a2ee1f73f8\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/31f10179-cedb-494c-8b7d-74a2ee1f73f8?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_31f10179-cedb-494c-8b7d-74a2ee1f73f8\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Steps in the Modeling Process<\/h2>\n<p>Of course, we don\u2019t learn a behavior simply by observing a model. Bandura described specific steps in the process of modeling that must be followed if learning is to be successful: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. First, you must be focused on what the model is doing\u2014you have to pay attention. Next, you must be able to retain, or remember, what you observed; this is retention. Then, you must be able to perform the behavior that you observed and committed to memory; this is reproduction. Finally, you must have motivation. You need to want to copy the behavior, and whether or not you are motivated depends on what happened to the model. If you saw that the model was reinforced for her behavior, you will be more motivated to copy her. This is known as vicarious reinforcement. On the other hand, if you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy her. This is called vicarious punishment. For example, imagine that four-year-old Allison watched her older sister Kaitlyn playing in their mother\u2019s makeup, and then saw Kaitlyn get a time out when their mother came in. After their mother left the room, Allison was tempted to play in the make-up, but she did not want to get a time-out from her mother. What do you think she did? Once you actually demonstrate the new behavior, the reinforcement you receive plays a part in whether or not you will repeat the behavior.<\/p>\n<p>Bandura researched modeling behavior, particularly children\u2019s modeling of adults\u2019 aggressive and violent behaviors (Bandura, Ross, &amp; Ross, 1961). He conducted an experiment with a five-foot inflatable doll that he called a Bobo doll. In the experiment, children\u2019s aggressive behavior was influenced by whether the teacher was punished for her behavior. In one scenario, a teacher acted aggressively with the doll, hitting, throwing, and even punching the doll, while a child watched. There were two types of responses by the children to the teacher\u2019s behavior. When the teacher was punished for her bad behavior, the children decreased their tendency to act as she had. When the teacher was praised or ignored (and not punished for her behavior), the children imitated what she did, and even what she said. They punched, kicked, and yelled at the doll.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch the following\u00a0to see a portion of the famous Bobo doll experiment, including an interview with Albert Bandura.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=4323938&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=573&amp;video_id=Z0iWpSNu3NU&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-pfhtsdkj-Z0iWpSNu3NU\" width=\"800px\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/AlbertBanduraBoboDollExperiment.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment.mp4&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>What are the implications of this study? Bandura concluded that we watch and learn, and that this learning can have both prosocial and antisocial effects. Prosocial (positive) models can be used to encourage socially acceptable behavior. Parents in particular should take note of this finding. If you want your children to read, then read to them. Let them see you reading. Keep books in your home. Talk about your favorite books. If you want your children to be healthy, then let them see you eat right and exercise, and spend time engaging in physical fitness activities together. The same holds true for qualities like kindness, courtesy, and honesty. The main idea is that children observe and learn from their parents, even their parents\u2019 morals, so be consistent and toss out the old adage \u201cDo as I say, not as I do,\u201d because children tend to copy what you do instead of what you say. Besides parents, many public figures, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi, are viewed as prosocial models who are able to inspire global social change. Can you think of someone who has been a prosocial model in your life?<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 335px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224818\/CNX_Psych_06_04_Videogames.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows two children playing a video game and pointing a gun-like object toward a screen.\" width=\"325\" height=\"217\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Can video games make us violent? Psychological researchers study this topic. (credit: &#8220;woodleywonderworks&#8221;\/Flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The antisocial effects of observational learning are also worth mentioning. As you saw from the example of Claire at the beginning of this section, her daughter viewed Claire\u2019s aggressive behavior and copied it. Research suggests that this may help to explain why abused children often grow up to be abusers themselves (Murrell, Christoff, &amp; Henning, 2007). In fact, about 30% of abused children become abusive parents (U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services, 2013). We tend to do what we know. Abused children, who grow up witnessing their parents deal with anger and frustration through violent and aggressive acts, often learn to behave in that manner themselves. Sadly, it\u2019s a vicious cycle that\u2019s difficult to break.<\/p>\n<p>Some studies suggest that violent television shows, movies, and video games may also have antisocial effects (Figure 3) although further research needs to be done to understand the correlational and causational aspects of media violence and behavior. Some studies have found a link between viewing violence and aggression seen in children (Anderson &amp; Gentile, 2008; Kirsch, 2010; Miller, Grabell, Thomas, Bermann, &amp; Graham-Bermann, 2012). These findings may not be surprising, given that a child graduating from high school has been exposed to around 200,000 violent acts including murder, robbery, torture, bombings, beatings, and rape through various forms of media (Huston et al., 1992). Not only might viewing media violence affect aggressive behavior by teaching people to act that way in real life situations, but it has also been suggested that repeated exposure to violent acts also desensitizes people to it. Psychologists are working to understand this dynamic.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>what do you think?<\/h3>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Violent Media and Aggression<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Does watching violent media or playing violent video games cause aggression? Albert Bandura&#8217;s early studies suggested television violence increased aggression in children, and more recent studies support these findings. For example, research by Craig Anderson and colleagues (Anderson, Bushman, Donnerstein, Hummer, &amp; Warbuten, 2015; Anderson et al., 2010; Bushman et al., 2016) found extensive evidence to suggest a causal link between hours of exposure to violent media and aggressive thoughts and behaviors. However, studies by Christopher Ferguson and others suggests that while there may be a link between violent media exposure and aggression, research to date has not accounted for other risk factors for aggression including mental health and family life (Ferguson, 2011; Gentile, 2016). What do you think?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Link to Learning\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Watch the Crash Course video <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=128Ts5r9NRE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bobo Beatdown<\/a><\/em> for further\u00a0explanation on observational learning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_32a2eb2d-d234-4065-b371-56d5888841ab\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/32a2eb2d-d234-4065-b371-56d5888841ab?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_32a2eb2d-d234-4065-b371-56d5888841ab\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_e968e7e6-4f97-460d-bb1c-e8c239329b45\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/e968e7e6-4f97-460d-bb1c-e8c239329b45?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_e968e7e6-4f97-460d-bb1c-e8c239329b45\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_14be3266-74d9-45b6-870f-494275f24fdf\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/14be3266-74d9-45b6-870f-494275f24fdf?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_14be3266-74d9-45b6-870f-494275f24fdf\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_fdec4ad0-07e6-4146-9c21-d479f5e95af2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/fdec4ad0-07e6-4146-9c21-d479f5e95af2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_fdec4ad0-07e6-4146-9c21-d479f5e95af2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\">\n<p>What is something you have learned how to do after watching someone else?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>model:\u00a0<\/strong>person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>observational learning:\u00a0<\/strong>type of learning that occurs by watching others<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>vicarious punishment:\u00a0<\/strong>process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model\u2019s behavior<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>vicarious reinforcement:\u00a0<\/strong>process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model\u2019s behavior<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-195\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Psychology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/6-4-observational-learning-modeling\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/6-4-observational-learning-modeling<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: kpharden. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z0iWpSNu3NU\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z0iWpSNu3NU<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48<\/li><li>Modification and adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5797,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psychology\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/6-4-observational-learning-modeling\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment\",\"author\":\"kpharden\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z0iWpSNu3NU\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Modification and adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen 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