{"id":2523,"date":"2016-11-09T01:46:48","date_gmt":"2016-11-09T01:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2523"},"modified":"2024-05-17T15:09:51","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T15:09:51","slug":"seeing-emotion","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/seeing-emotion\/","title":{"raw":"Seeing Emotion","rendered":"Seeing Emotion"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Classify and explain how emotions are recognized and expressed<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Facial Expression and Recognition of Emotions<\/h2>\r\nCulture can impact the way in which people display emotion. A <strong>cultural display rule<\/strong> is one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable (Malatesta &amp; Haviland, 1982). Therefore, people from varying cultural backgrounds can have very different cultural display rules of emotion. For example, research has shown that individuals from the United States express negative emotions like fear, anger, and disgust both alone and in the presence of others, while Japanese individuals only do so while alone (Matsumoto, 1990). Furthermore, individuals from cultures that tend to emphasize social cohesion are more likely to engage in suppression of emotional reaction so they can evaluate which response is most appropriate in a given context (Matsumoto, Yoo, &amp; Nakagawa, 2008).\r\n\r\nOther distinct cultural characteristics might be involved in emotionality. For instance, there may be gender differences involved in emotional processing. While research into gender differences in emotional display is equivocal, there is some evidence that men and women may differ in regulation of emotions (McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, &amp; Gross, 2008).\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nEven babies are good at reading emotions! Watch<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=apzXGEbZht0&amp;list=PLsjOSJm46miabqNKVfh8VrzHtKZym3lQs&amp;index=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> this clip from the Still Face Experiment<\/a> to see an example of how a baby responds to a sudden change in emotion from his mother.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">Paul Ekman (1972) researched a New Guinea man who was living in a preliterate culture using stone implements, and which was isolated and had never seen any outsiders before. Ekman asked the man to show what his facial expression would be if: (1) friends visited, (2) his child had just died, (3) he was about to fight, (4) he stepped on a smelly dead pig. After Ekman\u2019s return from New Guinea, he researched facial expressions for more than four decades. Despite different emotional display rules, our ability to recognize and produce facial expressions of emotion appears to be universal. In fact, even congenitally blind individuals produce the same facial expression of emotions, despite their never having the opportunity to observe these facial displays of emotion in other people. This would seem to suggest that the pattern of activity in facial muscles involved in generating emotional expressions is universal, and indeed, this idea was suggested in the late 19th century in Charles Darwin\u2019s book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). In fact, there is substantial evidence for seven universal emotions that are each associated with distinct facial expressions. These include: happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger (Figure 10.24) (Ekman &amp; Keltner, 1997).\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"975\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225000\/CNX_Psych_10_04_Expressions.jpg\" alt=\"Each of seven photographs includes a person demonstrating a different facial expression: happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger.\" width=\"975\" height=\"538\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The seven universal facial expressions of emotion are shown. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nDoes smiling make you happy? Or does being happy make you smile? The <strong>facial feedback hypothesis<\/strong> asserts that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier (Buck, 1980; Soussignan, 2001; Strack, Martin, &amp; Stepper, 1988). Recent research explored how Botox, which paralyzes facial muscles and limits facial expression, might affect emotion. Havas, Glenberg, Gutowski, Lucarelli, and Davidson (2010) discovered that depressed individuals reported less depression after paralysis of their frowning muscles with Botox injections.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning: Catching Liars<\/h3>\r\nThe television program <em>Lie to Me<\/em> was based off of the idea that people can learn to read facial microexpressions and detect when another person is telling a lie. Although many criticize the human ability to actually detect lies through visual cues, psychologist <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulekman.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Ekman<\/a> has done extensive research on the human face and how to better read emotions through even the slightest facial movements.\r\n\r\nAnother way to spot lies is through language. Watch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H0-WkpmTPrM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this TEDEd video<\/a> to learn more.\r\n\r\nClick through the following interactive to learn more about some of the techniques psychologists use in efforts to understand differences in behavior and expression when we lie.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291024672385057578\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nOf course, emotion is not only displayed through facial expression. We also use the tone of our voices, various behaviors, and body language to communicate information about our emotional states. <strong>Body language<\/strong> is the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement. Research suggests that we are quite sensitive to the emotional information communicated through body language, even if we\u2019re not consciously aware of it (de Gelder, 2006; Tamietto et al., 2009).\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nLearn more about body language in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ks-_Mh1QhMc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Cuddy's Ted Talk<\/a>, \"Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are.\"\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Connect the Concepts\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Connect the Concepts: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Expression of Emotions<\/h3>\r\nAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social problems. Children who have autism spectrum disorders have difficulty recognizing the emotional states of others, and research has shown that this may stem from an inability to distinguish various nonverbal expressions of emotion (i.e., facial expressions) from one another (Hobson, 1986). In addition, there is evidence to suggest that autistic individuals also have difficulty expressing emotion through tone of voice and by producing facial expressions (Macdonald et al., 1989). Difficulties with emotional recognition and expression may contribute to the impaired social interaction and communication that characterize autism; therefore, various therapeutic approaches have been explored to address these difficulties. Various educational curricula, cognitive-behavioral therapies, and pharmacological therapies have shown some promise in helping autistic individuals process emotionally relevant information (Bauminger, 2002; Golan &amp; Baron-Cohen, 2006; Guastella et al., 2010).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5c1b5bed-9a61-4dbd-9593-249d4b83767c\r\n\r\nClick through the following presentation to review some of the ways people express emotion.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291068293301355868\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\"><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>cultural display rule:\u00a0<\/strong>one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>emotion:\u00a0<\/strong>subjective state of being often described as feelings<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>facial feedback hypothesis<\/strong>: facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Classify and explain how emotions are recognized and expressed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Facial Expression and Recognition of Emotions<\/h2>\n<p>Culture can impact the way in which people display emotion. A <strong>cultural display rule<\/strong> is one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable (Malatesta &amp; Haviland, 1982). Therefore, people from varying cultural backgrounds can have very different cultural display rules of emotion. For example, research has shown that individuals from the United States express negative emotions like fear, anger, and disgust both alone and in the presence of others, while Japanese individuals only do so while alone (Matsumoto, 1990). Furthermore, individuals from cultures that tend to emphasize social cohesion are more likely to engage in suppression of emotional reaction so they can evaluate which response is most appropriate in a given context (Matsumoto, Yoo, &amp; Nakagawa, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>Other distinct cultural characteristics might be involved in emotionality. For instance, there may be gender differences involved in emotional processing. While research into gender differences in emotional display is equivocal, there is some evidence that men and women may differ in regulation of emotions (McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, &amp; Gross, 2008).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Even babies are good at reading emotions! Watch<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=apzXGEbZht0&amp;list=PLsjOSJm46miabqNKVfh8VrzHtKZym3lQs&amp;index=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> this clip from the Still Face Experiment<\/a> to see an example of how a baby responds to a sudden change in emotion from his mother.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">Paul Ekman (1972) researched a New Guinea man who was living in a preliterate culture using stone implements, and which was isolated and had never seen any outsiders before. Ekman asked the man to show what his facial expression would be if: (1) friends visited, (2) his child had just died, (3) he was about to fight, (4) he stepped on a smelly dead pig. After Ekman\u2019s return from New Guinea, he researched facial expressions for more than four decades. Despite different emotional display rules, our ability to recognize and produce facial expressions of emotion appears to be universal. In fact, even congenitally blind individuals produce the same facial expression of emotions, despite their never having the opportunity to observe these facial displays of emotion in other people. This would seem to suggest that the pattern of activity in facial muscles involved in generating emotional expressions is universal, and indeed, this idea was suggested in the late 19th century in Charles Darwin\u2019s book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). In fact, there is substantial evidence for seven universal emotions that are each associated with distinct facial expressions. These include: happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger (Figure 10.24) (Ekman &amp; Keltner, 1997).<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 985px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225000\/CNX_Psych_10_04_Expressions.jpg\" alt=\"Each of seven photographs includes a person demonstrating a different facial expression: happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger.\" width=\"975\" height=\"538\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The seven universal facial expressions of emotion are shown. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Does smiling make you happy? Or does being happy make you smile? The <strong>facial feedback hypothesis<\/strong> asserts that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier (Buck, 1980; Soussignan, 2001; Strack, Martin, &amp; Stepper, 1988). Recent research explored how Botox, which paralyzes facial muscles and limits facial expression, might affect emotion. Havas, Glenberg, Gutowski, Lucarelli, and Davidson (2010) discovered that depressed individuals reported less depression after paralysis of their frowning muscles with Botox injections.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning: Catching Liars<\/h3>\n<p>The television program <em>Lie to Me<\/em> was based off of the idea that people can learn to read facial microexpressions and detect when another person is telling a lie. Although many criticize the human ability to actually detect lies through visual cues, psychologist <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulekman.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Ekman<\/a> has done extensive research on the human face and how to better read emotions through even the slightest facial movements.<\/p>\n<p>Another way to spot lies is through language. Watch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H0-WkpmTPrM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this TEDEd video<\/a> to learn more.<\/p>\n<p>Click through the following interactive to learn more about some of the techniques psychologists use in efforts to understand differences in behavior and expression when we lie.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291024672385057578\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Of course, emotion is not only displayed through facial expression. We also use the tone of our voices, various behaviors, and body language to communicate information about our emotional states. <strong>Body language<\/strong> is the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement. Research suggests that we are quite sensitive to the emotional information communicated through body language, even if we\u2019re not consciously aware of it (de Gelder, 2006; Tamietto et al., 2009).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Learn more about body language in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ks-_Mh1QhMc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Cuddy&#8217;s Ted Talk<\/a>, &#8220;Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Connect the Concepts\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Connect the Concepts: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Expression of Emotions<\/h3>\n<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social problems. Children who have autism spectrum disorders have difficulty recognizing the emotional states of others, and research has shown that this may stem from an inability to distinguish various nonverbal expressions of emotion (i.e., facial expressions) from one another (Hobson, 1986). In addition, there is evidence to suggest that autistic individuals also have difficulty expressing emotion through tone of voice and by producing facial expressions (Macdonald et al., 1989). Difficulties with emotional recognition and expression may contribute to the impaired social interaction and communication that characterize autism; therefore, various therapeutic approaches have been explored to address these difficulties. Various educational curricula, cognitive-behavioral therapies, and pharmacological therapies have shown some promise in helping autistic individuals process emotionally relevant information (Bauminger, 2002; Golan &amp; Baron-Cohen, 2006; Guastella et al., 2010).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_5c1b5bed-9a61-4dbd-9593-249d4b83767c\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5c1b5bed-9a61-4dbd-9593-249d4b83767c?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_5c1b5bed-9a61-4dbd-9593-249d4b83767c\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Click through the following presentation to review some of the ways people express emotion.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291068293301355868\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>cultural display rule:\u00a0<\/strong>one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>emotion:\u00a0<\/strong>subjective state of being often described as feelings<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>facial feedback hypothesis<\/strong>: facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2523\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification and adaptation, addition of link to learning and content on lie detection. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Emotion interactive. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jessica Traylor for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Emotion. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/10-4-emotion\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/10-4-emotion<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":17,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Emotion\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/10-4-emotion\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification and adaptation, addition of link to learning and content on lie detection\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Emotion interactive\",\"author\":\"Jessica Traylor for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"3f9aac0a-1613-4103-b4ae-8c00b8439fef, 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