{"id":2628,"date":"2016-11-11T03:05:55","date_gmt":"2016-11-11T03:05:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2628"},"modified":"2024-05-17T15:18:28","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T15:18:28","slug":"humanistic-theory","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/humanistic-theory\/","title":{"raw":"Evaluating Psychotherapy","rendered":"Evaluating Psychotherapy"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Compare and evaluate various forms of psychotherapy<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Evaluating Various Forms of Psychotherapy<\/h2>\r\nHow can we assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy? Is one technique more effective than another? For anyone considering therapy, these are important questions. According to the American Psychological Association, three factors work together to produce successful treatment. The first is the use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for your particular issue. The second important factor is the clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist. The third factor is your own characteristics, values, preferences, and culture. Many people begin psychotherapy feeling like their problem will never be resolved; however, psychotherapy helps people see that they can do things to make their situation better. Psychotherapy can help reduce a person\u2019s anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors. Through psychotherapy, individuals can learn to engage in healthy behaviors designed to help them better express emotions, improve relationships, think more positively, and perform more effectively at work or school. In discussing therapeutic orientations, it is important to note that many\u00a0clinicians incorporate techniques from multiple approaches, a practice known as integrative or <strong>eclectic psychotherapy<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4164\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"507\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05205823\/Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4164\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05205823\/Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\" alt=\"Two people having a conversation in a library.\" width=\"507\" height=\"264\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Therapy comes in many different forms and settings, but one critical factor in its success is the relationship between the therapist and client.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nConsider the following\u00a0advantages and disadvantages of some of the major forms of psychotherapy:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Psychoanalysis<\/strong>: Psychoanalysis was once the only type of psychotherapy available, but presently the number of therapists practicing this approach is decreasing around the world. Psychoanalysis is not appropriate for some types of patients, including those with severe psychopathology or mental retardation. Further, psychoanalysis is often expensive because treatment usually lasts many years. Still, some patients and therapists find the prolonged and detailed analysis very rewarding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy<\/strong>: CBT interventions tend to be relatively brief, making them cost-effective for the average consumer. In addition, CBT is an intuitive treatment that makes logical sense to patients. It can also be adapted to suit the needs of many different populations. One disadvantage, however, is that CBT does involve significant effort on the patient\u2019s part, because the patient is an active participant in treatment. Therapists often assign \u201chomework\u201d (e.g., worksheets for recording one\u2019s thoughts and behaviors) between sessions to maintain the cognitive and behavioral habits the patient is working on. The greatest strength of CBT is the abundance of empirical support for its effectiveness.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Humanistic Therapy<\/strong>: One key advantage of person-centered therapy is that it is highly acceptable to patients. In other words, people tend to find the supportive, flexible environment of this approach very rewarding. Furthermore, some of the themes of PCT translate well to other therapeutic approaches. For example, most therapists of any orientation find that clients respond well to being treated with nonjudgmental empathy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMany studies have explored the effectiveness of psychotherapy. For example, one large-scale study that examined 16 meta-analyses of CBT reported that it was equally effective or more effective than other therapies in treating PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and social anxiety disorder (Butlera, Chapmanb, Formanc, &amp; Becka, 2006). Another study found that CBT was as effective at treating depression (43% success rate) as prescription medication (50% success rate) compared to the placebo rate of 25% (DeRubeis et al., 2005). Another meta-analysis found that psychodynamic therapy was also as effective at treating these types of psychological issues as CBT (Shedler, 2010). However, no studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another (Abbass, Kisely, &amp; Kroenke, 2006; Chorpita et al., 2011), nor have they shown any relationship between a client\u2019s treatment outcome and the level of the clinician\u2019s training or experience (Wampold, 2007). Regardless of which type of psychotherapy an individual chooses, one critical factor that determines the success of treatment is the person\u2019s relationship with the psychologist or therapist.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nReview each of the types of psychotherapy you've learned about in this lesson in the following CrashCourse video.\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6nEL44QkL9w?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\" width=\"853\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/GettingHelpPsychotherapyCrashCoursePsychology35.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Getting Help - Psychotherapy: Crash Course Psychology #35\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/33738586-1326-4322-9911-bc30c333e3ec\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/bd2c63b2-5eda-4288-b985-f58a47fdd125\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/3c2fde15-c936-4f35-b1aa-cc6e42862bfd\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>eclectic psychotherapy<\/strong>: also called integrative psychotherapy, this term refers to approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Compare and evaluate various forms of psychotherapy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Evaluating Various Forms of Psychotherapy<\/h2>\n<p>How can we assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy? Is one technique more effective than another? For anyone considering therapy, these are important questions. According to the American Psychological Association, three factors work together to produce successful treatment. The first is the use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for your particular issue. The second important factor is the clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist. The third factor is your own characteristics, values, preferences, and culture. Many people begin psychotherapy feeling like their problem will never be resolved; however, psychotherapy helps people see that they can do things to make their situation better. Psychotherapy can help reduce a person\u2019s anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors. Through psychotherapy, individuals can learn to engage in healthy behaviors designed to help them better express emotions, improve relationships, think more positively, and perform more effectively at work or school. In discussing therapeutic orientations, it is important to note that many\u00a0clinicians incorporate techniques from multiple approaches, a practice known as integrative or <strong>eclectic psychotherapy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4164\" style=\"width: 517px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05205823\/Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4164\" class=\"wp-image-4164\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/04\/05205823\/Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\" alt=\"Two people having a conversation in a library.\" width=\"507\" height=\"264\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4164\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Therapy comes in many different forms and settings, but one critical factor in its success is the relationship between the therapist and client.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Consider the following\u00a0advantages and disadvantages of some of the major forms of psychotherapy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Psychoanalysis<\/strong>: Psychoanalysis was once the only type of psychotherapy available, but presently the number of therapists practicing this approach is decreasing around the world. Psychoanalysis is not appropriate for some types of patients, including those with severe psychopathology or mental retardation. Further, psychoanalysis is often expensive because treatment usually lasts many years. Still, some patients and therapists find the prolonged and detailed analysis very rewarding.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy<\/strong>: CBT interventions tend to be relatively brief, making them cost-effective for the average consumer. In addition, CBT is an intuitive treatment that makes logical sense to patients. It can also be adapted to suit the needs of many different populations. One disadvantage, however, is that CBT does involve significant effort on the patient\u2019s part, because the patient is an active participant in treatment. Therapists often assign \u201chomework\u201d (e.g., worksheets for recording one\u2019s thoughts and behaviors) between sessions to maintain the cognitive and behavioral habits the patient is working on. The greatest strength of CBT is the abundance of empirical support for its effectiveness.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Humanistic Therapy<\/strong>: One key advantage of person-centered therapy is that it is highly acceptable to patients. In other words, people tend to find the supportive, flexible environment of this approach very rewarding. Furthermore, some of the themes of PCT translate well to other therapeutic approaches. For example, most therapists of any orientation find that clients respond well to being treated with nonjudgmental empathy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many studies have explored the effectiveness of psychotherapy. For example, one large-scale study that examined 16 meta-analyses of CBT reported that it was equally effective or more effective than other therapies in treating PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and social anxiety disorder (Butlera, Chapmanb, Formanc, &amp; Becka, 2006). Another study found that CBT was as effective at treating depression (43% success rate) as prescription medication (50% success rate) compared to the placebo rate of 25% (DeRubeis et al., 2005). Another meta-analysis found that psychodynamic therapy was also as effective at treating these types of psychological issues as CBT (Shedler, 2010). However, no studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another (Abbass, Kisely, &amp; Kroenke, 2006; Chorpita et al., 2011), nor have they shown any relationship between a client\u2019s treatment outcome and the level of the clinician\u2019s training or experience (Wampold, 2007). Regardless of which type of psychotherapy an individual chooses, one critical factor that determines the success of treatment is the person\u2019s relationship with the psychologist or therapist.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Review each of the types of psychotherapy you&#8217;ve learned about in this lesson in the following CrashCourse video.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6nEL44QkL9w?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\" width=\"853\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/GettingHelpPsychotherapyCrashCoursePsychology35.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Getting Help &#8211; Psychotherapy: Crash Course Psychology #35&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_33738586-1326-4322-9911-bc30c333e3ec\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/33738586-1326-4322-9911-bc30c333e3ec?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_33738586-1326-4322-9911-bc30c333e3ec\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_bd2c63b2-5eda-4288-b985-f58a47fdd125\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/bd2c63b2-5eda-4288-b985-f58a47fdd125?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_bd2c63b2-5eda-4288-b985-f58a47fdd125\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_3c2fde15-c936-4f35-b1aa-cc6e42862bfd\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/3c2fde15-c936-4f35-b1aa-cc6e42862bfd?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_3c2fde15-c936-4f35-b1aa-cc6e42862bfd\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>eclectic psychotherapy<\/strong>: also called integrative psychotherapy, this term refers to approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2628\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Types of Treatment. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/16-2-types-of-treatment\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/16-2-types-of-treatment<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Definition of eclectic therapy and summaries about advantages and disadvantages of treatments from Therapeutic Orientations. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Hannah Boettcher, Stefan G. Hofmann, and Q. Jade Wu. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boston University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/therapeutic-orientations\">http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/therapeutic-orientations<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: The Noba Project. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Counseling image. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jefferyrauschert. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Getting Help - Psychotherapy: Crash Course Psychology #35. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Hank Green. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CrashCourse. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6nEL44QkL9w&#038;index=35&#038;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6nEL44QkL9w&#038;index=35&#038;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Types of Treatment\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/16-2-types-of-treatment\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Getting Help - Psychotherapy: Crash Course Psychology #35\",\"author\":\"Hank Green\",\"organization\":\"CrashCourse\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6nEL44QkL9w&index=35&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Definition of eclectic therapy and summaries about advantages and disadvantages of treatments from Therapeutic Orientations\",\"author\":\"Hannah Boettcher, Stefan G. Hofmann, and Q. Jade Wu\",\"organization\":\"Boston University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/therapeutic-orientations\",\"project\":\"The Noba Project\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Counseling image\",\"author\":\"Jefferyrauschert\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Delta_College_Counseling_and_Career_Services.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"be244429-f83c-4108-94df-4738f159f9bd, 94c09fe1-b670-439a-824d-e7135c177bb5","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2628","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":526,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2628","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2628\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8394,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2628\/revisions\/8394"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/526"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2628\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2628"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2628"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2628"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}