{"id":372,"date":"2015-02-06T23:15:42","date_gmt":"2015-02-06T23:15:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ospsych\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=372"},"modified":"2024-05-17T15:15:31","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T15:15:31","slug":"dissociative-disorders","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/dissociative-disorders\/","title":{"raw":"Dissociative Disorders","rendered":"Dissociative Disorders"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify and differentiate the symptoms and potential causes of dissociative amnesia, depersonalization\/ derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4086\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/31032825\/5879429534_90b400b642_z-1.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4086\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/31032825\/5879429534_90b400b642_z-1.jpg\" alt=\"Blurry picture of a man showing a second image of his face detached from the first.\" width=\"351\" height=\"351\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The most well-known\u00a0dissociative disorder is dissociative identity disorder, in which people exhibit more than one identity.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Dissociative disorders<\/strong> are characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from her core sense of self. Memory and identity become disturbed; these disturbances have a psychological rather than physical cause. Dissociative disorders listed in the DSM-5 include dissociative amnesia, depersonalization\/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Dissociative Amnesia<\/h2>\r\nAmnesia refers to the partial or total forgetting of some experience or event. An individual with <strong>dissociative amnesia<\/strong> is unable to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience such as combat, natural disasters, or being the victim of violence. The memory impairments are not caused by ordinary forgetting. Some individuals with dissociative amnesia will also experience <strong>dissociative fugue<\/strong> (from the word \u201cto flee\u201d in French), whereby they suddenly wander away from their home, experience confusion about their identity, and sometimes even adopt a new identity (Carde\u00f1a &amp; Gleaves, 2006). Most fugue episodes last only a few hours or days, but some can last longer. One study of residents in communities in upstate New York reported that about 1.8% experienced dissociative amnesia in the previous year (Johnson, Cohen, Kasen, &amp; Brook, 2006).\r\n\r\nSome have questioned the validity of dissociative amnesia (Pope, Hudson, Bodkin, &amp; Oliva, 1998); it has even been characterized as a \u201cpiece of psychiatric folklore devoid of convincing empirical support\u201d (McNally, 2003, p. 275). Notably, scientific publications regarding dissociative amnesia rose during the 1980s and reached a peak in the mid-1990s, followed by an equally sharp decline by 2003; in fact, only 13 cases of individuals with dissociative amnesia worldwide could be found in the literature that same year (Pope, Barry, Bodkin, &amp; Hudson, 2006). Further, no description of individuals showing dissociative amnesia following a trauma exists in any fictional or nonfictional work prior to 1800 (Pope, Poliakoff, Parker, Boynes, &amp; Hudson, 2006). However, a study of 82 individuals who enrolled for treatment at a psychiatric outpatient hospital found that nearly 10% met the criteria for dissociative amnesia, perhaps suggesting that the condition is underdiagnosed, especially in psychiatric populations (Foote, Smolin, Kaplan, Legatt, &amp; Lipschitz, 2006).\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/97f8a818-70cf-4b11-8b6d-70296776d43f\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Depersonalization\/Derealization Disorder<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Depersonalization\/derealization disorder<\/strong> is characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both. Depersonalization is defined as feelings of \u201cunreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, one\u2019s whole self or from aspects of the self\u201d (APA, 2013, p. 302). Individuals who experience <strong>depersonalization<\/strong> might believe their thoughts and feelings are not their own; they may feel robotic as though they lack control over their movements and speech; they may experience a distorted sense of time and, in extreme cases, they may sense an \u201cout-of-body\u201d experience in which they see themselves from the vantage point of another person. <strong>Derealization<\/strong> is conceptualized as a sense of \u201cunreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, the world, be it individuals, inanimate objects, or all surroundings\u201d (APA, 2013, p. 303). A person who experiences derealization might feel as though he is in a fog or a dream, or that the surrounding world is somehow artificial and unreal. Individuals with depersonalization\/derealization disorder often have difficulty describing their symptoms and may think they are going crazy (APA, 2013).\r\n\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Dissociative Identity Disorder<\/h2>\r\nBy far, the most well-known dissociative disorder is <strong>dissociative identity disorder<\/strong> (formerly called multiple personality disorder). People with dissociative identity disorder exhibit two or more separate personalities or identities, each well-defined and distinct from one another. They also experience memory gaps for the time during which another identity is in charge (e.g., one might find unfamiliar items in her shopping bags or among her possessions), and in some cases may report hearing voices, such as a child\u2019s voice or the sound of somebody crying (APA, 2013). The study of upstate New York residents mentioned above (Johnson et al., 2006) reported that 1.5% of their sample experienced symptoms consistent with dissociative identity disorder in the previous year.\r\n\r\nDissociative identity disorder (DID) is highly controversial. Some believe that people fake symptoms to avoid the consequences of illegal actions (e.g., \u201cI am not responsible for shoplifting because it was my other personality\u201d). In fact, it has been demonstrated that people are generally skilled at adopting the role of a person with different personalities when they believe it might be advantageous to do so. As an example, Kenneth Bianchi was an infamous serial killer who, along with his cousin, murdered over a dozen females around Los Angeles in the late 1970s. Eventually, he and his cousin were apprehended. At Bianchi\u2019s trial, he pled not guilty by reason of insanity, presenting himself as though he had DID and claiming that a different personality (\u201cSteve Walker\u201d) committed the murders. When these claims were scrutinized, he admitted faking the symptoms and was found guilty (Schwartz, 1981).\r\n\r\nA second reason DID is controversial is because rates of the disorder suddenly skyrocketed in the 1980s. More cases of DID were identified during the five years prior to 1986 than in the preceding two centuries (Putnam, Guroff, Silberman, Barban, &amp; Post, 1986). Although this increase may be due to the development of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques, it is also possible that the popularization of DID\u2014helped in part by <em data-effect=\"italics\">Sybil<\/em>, a popular 1970s book (and later film) about a woman with 16 different personalities\u2014may have prompted clinicians to overdiagnose the disorder (Piper &amp; Merskey, 2004). Casting further scrutiny on the existence of multiple personalities or identities is the recent suggestion that the story of Sybil was largely fabricated, and the idea for the book might have been exaggerated (Nathan, 2011).\r\n\r\nDespite its controversial nature, DID is clearly a legitimate and serious disorder, and although some people may fake symptoms, others suffer their entire lives with it. People with this disorder tend to report a history of childhood trauma, some cases having been corroborated through medical or legal records (Carde\u00f1a &amp; Gleaves, 2006). Research by Ross et al. (1990) suggests that in one study about 95% of people with DID were physically and\/or sexually abused as children. Of course, not all reports of childhood abuse can be expected to be valid or accurate. However, there is strong evidence that traumatic experiences can cause people to experience states of dissociation, suggesting that dissociative states\u2014including the adoption of multiple personalities\u2014may serve as a psychologically important coping mechanism for threat and danger (Dalenberg et al., 2012).\r\n\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nReview the differences between schizophrenia and the once-called multiple personality disorder in the\u00a0following episode of CrashCourse Psychology.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uxktavpRdzU?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\" width=\"853\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/SchizophreniaAndDissociativeDisordersCrashCoursePsychology32.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Schizophrenia and Dissociative Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #32\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/604bb540-4635-4f96-a332-fcd759bbcff5\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6f6b0a7e-7e30-4dfc-b68e-ab92048fbde3\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/67384844-691f-4072-aae7-482f99085cd4\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Try to find an example (via a search engine) of a past instance in which a person committed a horrible crime, was apprehended, and later claimed to have dissociative identity disorder during the trial. What was the outcome? Was the person revealed to be faking? If so, how was this determined?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>depersonalization\/derealization disorder:\u00a0<\/strong>dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dissociative amnesia:\u00a0<\/strong>dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dissociative disorders:\u00a0<\/strong>group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from their core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dissociative fugue:\u00a0<\/strong>symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one\u2019s home and experiences confusion about their identity<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dissociative identity disorder:\u00a0<\/strong>dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify and differentiate the symptoms and potential causes of dissociative amnesia, depersonalization\/ derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_4086\" style=\"width: 361px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/31032825\/5879429534_90b400b642_z-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4086\" class=\"wp-image-4086\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/31032825\/5879429534_90b400b642_z-1.jpg\" alt=\"Blurry picture of a man showing a second image of his face detached from the first.\" width=\"351\" height=\"351\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4086\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The most well-known\u00a0dissociative disorder is dissociative identity disorder, in which people exhibit more than one identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Dissociative disorders<\/strong> are characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from her core sense of self. Memory and identity become disturbed; these disturbances have a psychological rather than physical cause. Dissociative disorders listed in the DSM-5 include dissociative amnesia, depersonalization\/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Dissociative Amnesia<\/h2>\n<p>Amnesia refers to the partial or total forgetting of some experience or event. An individual with <strong>dissociative amnesia<\/strong> is unable to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience such as combat, natural disasters, or being the victim of violence. The memory impairments are not caused by ordinary forgetting. Some individuals with dissociative amnesia will also experience <strong>dissociative fugue<\/strong> (from the word \u201cto flee\u201d in French), whereby they suddenly wander away from their home, experience confusion about their identity, and sometimes even adopt a new identity (Carde\u00f1a &amp; Gleaves, 2006). Most fugue episodes last only a few hours or days, but some can last longer. One study of residents in communities in upstate New York reported that about 1.8% experienced dissociative amnesia in the previous year (Johnson, Cohen, Kasen, &amp; Brook, 2006).<\/p>\n<p>Some have questioned the validity of dissociative amnesia (Pope, Hudson, Bodkin, &amp; Oliva, 1998); it has even been characterized as a \u201cpiece of psychiatric folklore devoid of convincing empirical support\u201d (McNally, 2003, p. 275). Notably, scientific publications regarding dissociative amnesia rose during the 1980s and reached a peak in the mid-1990s, followed by an equally sharp decline by 2003; in fact, only 13 cases of individuals with dissociative amnesia worldwide could be found in the literature that same year (Pope, Barry, Bodkin, &amp; Hudson, 2006). Further, no description of individuals showing dissociative amnesia following a trauma exists in any fictional or nonfictional work prior to 1800 (Pope, Poliakoff, Parker, Boynes, &amp; Hudson, 2006). However, a study of 82 individuals who enrolled for treatment at a psychiatric outpatient hospital found that nearly 10% met the criteria for dissociative amnesia, perhaps suggesting that the condition is underdiagnosed, especially in psychiatric populations (Foote, Smolin, Kaplan, Legatt, &amp; Lipschitz, 2006).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_97f8a818-70cf-4b11-8b6d-70296776d43f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/97f8a818-70cf-4b11-8b6d-70296776d43f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_97f8a818-70cf-4b11-8b6d-70296776d43f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Depersonalization\/Derealization Disorder<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Depersonalization\/derealization disorder<\/strong> is characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both. Depersonalization is defined as feelings of \u201cunreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, one\u2019s whole self or from aspects of the self\u201d (APA, 2013, p. 302). Individuals who experience <strong>depersonalization<\/strong> might believe their thoughts and feelings are not their own; they may feel robotic as though they lack control over their movements and speech; they may experience a distorted sense of time and, in extreme cases, they may sense an \u201cout-of-body\u201d experience in which they see themselves from the vantage point of another person. <strong>Derealization<\/strong> is conceptualized as a sense of \u201cunreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, the world, be it individuals, inanimate objects, or all surroundings\u201d (APA, 2013, p. 303). A person who experiences derealization might feel as though he is in a fog or a dream, or that the surrounding world is somehow artificial and unreal. Individuals with depersonalization\/derealization disorder often have difficulty describing their symptoms and may think they are going crazy (APA, 2013).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Dissociative Identity Disorder<\/h2>\n<p>By far, the most well-known dissociative disorder is <strong>dissociative identity disorder<\/strong> (formerly called multiple personality disorder). People with dissociative identity disorder exhibit two or more separate personalities or identities, each well-defined and distinct from one another. They also experience memory gaps for the time during which another identity is in charge (e.g., one might find unfamiliar items in her shopping bags or among her possessions), and in some cases may report hearing voices, such as a child\u2019s voice or the sound of somebody crying (APA, 2013). The study of upstate New York residents mentioned above (Johnson et al., 2006) reported that 1.5% of their sample experienced symptoms consistent with dissociative identity disorder in the previous year.<\/p>\n<p>Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is highly controversial. Some believe that people fake symptoms to avoid the consequences of illegal actions (e.g., \u201cI am not responsible for shoplifting because it was my other personality\u201d). In fact, it has been demonstrated that people are generally skilled at adopting the role of a person with different personalities when they believe it might be advantageous to do so. As an example, Kenneth Bianchi was an infamous serial killer who, along with his cousin, murdered over a dozen females around Los Angeles in the late 1970s. Eventually, he and his cousin were apprehended. At Bianchi\u2019s trial, he pled not guilty by reason of insanity, presenting himself as though he had DID and claiming that a different personality (\u201cSteve Walker\u201d) committed the murders. When these claims were scrutinized, he admitted faking the symptoms and was found guilty (Schwartz, 1981).<\/p>\n<p>A second reason DID is controversial is because rates of the disorder suddenly skyrocketed in the 1980s. More cases of DID were identified during the five years prior to 1986 than in the preceding two centuries (Putnam, Guroff, Silberman, Barban, &amp; Post, 1986). Although this increase may be due to the development of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques, it is also possible that the popularization of DID\u2014helped in part by <em data-effect=\"italics\">Sybil<\/em>, a popular 1970s book (and later film) about a woman with 16 different personalities\u2014may have prompted clinicians to overdiagnose the disorder (Piper &amp; Merskey, 2004). Casting further scrutiny on the existence of multiple personalities or identities is the recent suggestion that the story of Sybil was largely fabricated, and the idea for the book might have been exaggerated (Nathan, 2011).<\/p>\n<p>Despite its controversial nature, DID is clearly a legitimate and serious disorder, and although some people may fake symptoms, others suffer their entire lives with it. People with this disorder tend to report a history of childhood trauma, some cases having been corroborated through medical or legal records (Carde\u00f1a &amp; Gleaves, 2006). Research by Ross et al. (1990) suggests that in one study about 95% of people with DID were physically and\/or sexually abused as children. Of course, not all reports of childhood abuse can be expected to be valid or accurate. However, there is strong evidence that traumatic experiences can cause people to experience states of dissociation, suggesting that dissociative states\u2014including the adoption of multiple personalities\u2014may serve as a psychologically important coping mechanism for threat and danger (Dalenberg et al., 2012).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Review the differences between schizophrenia and the once-called multiple personality disorder in the\u00a0following episode of CrashCourse Psychology.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uxktavpRdzU?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\" width=\"853\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/SchizophreniaAndDissociativeDisordersCrashCoursePsychology32.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Schizophrenia and Dissociative Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #32&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_604bb540-4635-4f96-a332-fcd759bbcff5\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/604bb540-4635-4f96-a332-fcd759bbcff5?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_604bb540-4635-4f96-a332-fcd759bbcff5\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_6f6b0a7e-7e30-4dfc-b68e-ab92048fbde3\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6f6b0a7e-7e30-4dfc-b68e-ab92048fbde3?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_6f6b0a7e-7e30-4dfc-b68e-ab92048fbde3\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_67384844-691f-4072-aae7-482f99085cd4\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/67384844-691f-4072-aae7-482f99085cd4?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_67384844-691f-4072-aae7-482f99085cd4\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Think It Over<\/h3>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<div data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\">\n<ul>\n<li>Try to find an example (via a search engine) of a past instance in which a person committed a horrible crime, was apprehended, and later claimed to have dissociative identity disorder during the trial. What was the outcome? Was the person revealed to be faking? If so, how was this determined?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<div data-type=\"definition\">\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>depersonalization\/derealization disorder:\u00a0<\/strong>dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dissociative amnesia:\u00a0<\/strong>dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dissociative disorders:\u00a0<\/strong>group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from their core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dissociative fugue:\u00a0<\/strong>symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one\u2019s home and experiences confusion about their identity<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"definition\"><strong>dissociative identity disorder:\u00a0<\/strong>dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-372\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification and adaptation, addition of link to learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Dissociative Disorders. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/15-9-dissociative-disorders\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/15-9-dissociative-disorders<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Photo of man. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Ensor. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dbensor\/5879429534\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dbensor\/5879429534<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Schizophrenia &amp; 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