{"id":6557,"date":"2020-07-06T05:10:25","date_gmt":"2020-07-06T05:10:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=6557"},"modified":"2024-05-17T15:12:50","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T15:12:50","slug":"learning-hacks-learning-styles","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/chapter\/learning-hacks-learning-styles\/","title":{"raw":"Learning Hacks: Learning Styles","rendered":"Learning Hacks: Learning Styles"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>The Hack<\/h3>\r\nWhile people may prefer to learn in certain ways, learning styles do not exist\r\n\r\nTry to learn new things in many different ways to solidify your learning\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>The Story<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-80 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5340\/2020\/07\/07050746\/learning_styles-300x300.png\" alt=\"text that says &quot;learning styles&quot; with a red circle around it and a slash through it\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/>Visual learners <em>claim<\/em> to be people who learn more effectively through pictures, charts, graphs, and videos. Auditory learners claim to be people who learn more effectively through lectures, audio books, and podcasts. Kinesthetic learners claim to be people who learn more effectively through moving around, working with their hands, or acting things out. The truth is, while people may have a preference for how they learn, learning things with their preferred method of learning does not help them learn more effectively than other methods of learning. This means that everyone is an audio-visual-kinesthetic learner because we can all learn new things from all of these different sources.\r\n<h3>The Research<\/h3>\r\nThere is overwhelming research evidence showing that when instructors adjust their teaching to account for learners\u2019 preferred learning styles, it does not impact learning. This means that there is no such thing as a visual learner. While some people might have a preference to learn visually, anyone* can learn visually, just like anyone* can learn auditorily or kinesthetically. In fact, if you learn about the same thing from many different sources explained in different ways, you will learn more than if you are only exposed to one single explanation or source.\r\n\r\n*some learners may have disabilities that impede learning in certain modes (blindness impairs visual learning, deafness impairs auditory learning), in which case learners can focus on other modes of learning\r\n<h3>The Source<\/h3>\r\nKirschner, P. A. (2017). Stop propagating the learning styles myth. <em>Computers &amp; Education, 106<\/em>, 166-171.\r\n\r\nYou may also review the additional resources below to learn more about why learning styles are a myth.\r\n<h4>Blog articles:<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Cuevas, J. A. (2016, July 11). Is research-based instruction a reality in education? The example of learning styles and dual coding. <em>Psych<\/em><i> Learning Curve<\/i>. <a href=\"http:\/\/psychlearningcurve.org\/learning-styles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/psychlearningcurve.org\/learning-styles\/<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Harvard, B. (2017, July 17). Learning myths vs. learning facts. <i>Psych Learning Curve<\/i>. <a href=\"http:\/\/psychlearningcurve.org\/learning-myths-vs-learning-facts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/psychlearningcurve.org\/learning-myths-vs-learning-facts\/<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nadine. (2020, July 11). You\u2019re not a visual learner: learning styles don\u2019t exist. <i>Illumination<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/illumination\/youre-not-a-visual-learner-learning-styles-don-t-exist-3219ec3203e2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medium.com\/illumination\/youre-not-a-visual-learner-learning-styles-don-t-exist-3219ec3203e2<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ofgang, E. (2022, March 4). Busting the myth of learning styles. <i>Tech &amp; Learning<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techlearning.com\/news\/busting-the-myth-of-learning-styles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.techlearning.com\/news\/busting-the-myth-of-learning-styles<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>YouTube video:<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Veritasium. (2021, July 9). <i>The biggest myth in education<\/i> [Video]. <i>YouTube<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/rhgwIhB58PA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/rhgwIhB58PA<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Journal articles:<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Cuevas, J. A. (2016). An analysis of current evidence supporting two alternate learning models: Learning styles and dual coding. <i>Journal of Educational Sciences &amp; Psychology, 6<\/i>(1). 1-13. <a href=\"http:\/\/jesp.upg-ploiesti.ro\/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&amp;view=category&amp;id=24:journal-vol-vi-lxviii-no-12016&amp;Itemid=16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>http:\/\/jesp.upg-ploiesti.ro\/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&amp;view=category&amp;id=24:journal-vol-vi-lxviii-no-12016&amp;Itemid=16<\/b><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dinsmore, D. L., Fryer, L. K., &amp; Parkinson, M. M. (2022). The learning styles hypothesis is false, but there are patterns of student characteristics that are useful. <em>Theory Into Practice<\/em>. Advance online publication. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00405841.2022.2107333\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00405841.2022.2107333<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Furey, W. (2020). The stubborn myth of \u201cLearning Styles\u201d \u2013 State teacher-license prep materials peddle a debunked theory.<i> Education Next, 20(3), 8-12. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.educationnext.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ednext_XX_3_furey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.educationnext.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ednext_XX_3_furey.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Husmann, P. R., &amp; O\u2019Loughlin, V. D. (2018). Another nail in the coffin for learning styles? Disparities among undergraduate anatomy students\u2019 study strategies, class performance, and reported VARK learning styles. <i>Anatomical Sciences Education,<\/i> <i>12<\/i>(1), 6-19. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.1777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.1777<\/b><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kr\u00e4tzig, G. P., &amp; Arbuthnott, K. D. (2006). Perceptual learning style and learning proficiency: A test of the hypothesis. <i>Journal of Educational Psychology, 98<\/i>(1), 238\u2013246. <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.238\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.238<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nancekivell, S. E., Shah, P., &amp; German, S. A. (2020). Maybe they\u2019re born with it, or maybe it\u2019s experience: Toward a deeper understanding of the learning style myth. <i>Journal of Educational Psychology, 112<\/i>(2), 221\u2013235. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/journals\/releases\/edu-edu0000366.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/journals\/releases\/edu-edu0000366.pdf<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., &amp; Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles concepts and evidence. <i>Psychological Science in the Public Interest,\u00a09<\/i>(3), 105\u2013119. <a href=\"Https:\/\/doi.org\/0.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Https:\/\/doi.org\/0.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Riener, C., &amp; Willingham, D. (2010). The myth of learning styles. <i>Change: The magazine of higher learning<\/i>, 42(5), 32\u201335. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00091383.2010.503139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00091383.2010.503139<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rohrer, D., and Pashler, H. (2012). Learning styles: where\u2019s the evidence? <i>Medical Education, 46<\/i>, 634\u2013635. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04273.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04273.x<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Willingham, D. T., Hughes, E. M., and Dobolyi, D. G. (2015). The scientific status of learning styles theories. <i>Teaching Psychology, 42<\/i>, 266\u2013271. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0098628315589505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0098628315589505<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>The Hack<\/h3>\n<p>While people may prefer to learn in certain ways, learning styles do not exist<\/p>\n<p>Try to learn new things in many different ways to solidify your learning<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>The Story<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-80 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5340\/2020\/07\/07050746\/learning_styles-300x300.png\" alt=\"text that says &quot;learning styles&quot; with a red circle around it and a slash through it\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/>Visual learners <em>claim<\/em> to be people who learn more effectively through pictures, charts, graphs, and videos. Auditory learners claim to be people who learn more effectively through lectures, audio books, and podcasts. Kinesthetic learners claim to be people who learn more effectively through moving around, working with their hands, or acting things out. The truth is, while people may have a preference for how they learn, learning things with their preferred method of learning does not help them learn more effectively than other methods of learning. This means that everyone is an audio-visual-kinesthetic learner because we can all learn new things from all of these different sources.<\/p>\n<h3>The Research<\/h3>\n<p>There is overwhelming research evidence showing that when instructors adjust their teaching to account for learners\u2019 preferred learning styles, it does not impact learning. This means that there is no such thing as a visual learner. While some people might have a preference to learn visually, anyone* can learn visually, just like anyone* can learn auditorily or kinesthetically. In fact, if you learn about the same thing from many different sources explained in different ways, you will learn more than if you are only exposed to one single explanation or source.<\/p>\n<p>*some learners may have disabilities that impede learning in certain modes (blindness impairs visual learning, deafness impairs auditory learning), in which case learners can focus on other modes of learning<\/p>\n<h3>The Source<\/h3>\n<p>Kirschner, P. A. (2017). Stop propagating the learning styles myth. <em>Computers &amp; Education, 106<\/em>, 166-171.<\/p>\n<p>You may also review the additional resources below to learn more about why learning styles are a myth.<\/p>\n<h4>Blog articles:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Cuevas, J. A. (2016, July 11). Is research-based instruction a reality in education? The example of learning styles and dual coding. <em>Psych<\/em><i> Learning Curve<\/i>. <a href=\"http:\/\/psychlearningcurve.org\/learning-styles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/psychlearningcurve.org\/learning-styles\/<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Harvard, B. (2017, July 17). Learning myths vs. learning facts. <i>Psych Learning Curve<\/i>. <a href=\"http:\/\/psychlearningcurve.org\/learning-myths-vs-learning-facts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/psychlearningcurve.org\/learning-myths-vs-learning-facts\/<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Nadine. (2020, July 11). You\u2019re not a visual learner: learning styles don\u2019t exist. <i>Illumination<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/illumination\/youre-not-a-visual-learner-learning-styles-don-t-exist-3219ec3203e2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medium.com\/illumination\/youre-not-a-visual-learner-learning-styles-don-t-exist-3219ec3203e2<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Ofgang, E. (2022, March 4). Busting the myth of learning styles. <i>Tech &amp; Learning<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techlearning.com\/news\/busting-the-myth-of-learning-styles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.techlearning.com\/news\/busting-the-myth-of-learning-styles<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>YouTube video:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Veritasium. (2021, July 9). <i>The biggest myth in education<\/i> [Video]. <i>YouTube<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/rhgwIhB58PA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/rhgwIhB58PA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Journal articles:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Cuevas, J. A. (2016). An analysis of current evidence supporting two alternate learning models: Learning styles and dual coding. <i>Journal of Educational Sciences &amp; Psychology, 6<\/i>(1). 1-13. <a href=\"http:\/\/jesp.upg-ploiesti.ro\/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&amp;view=category&amp;id=24:journal-vol-vi-lxviii-no-12016&amp;Itemid=16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>http:\/\/jesp.upg-ploiesti.ro\/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&amp;view=category&amp;id=24:journal-vol-vi-lxviii-no-12016&amp;Itemid=16<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dinsmore, D. L., Fryer, L. K., &amp; Parkinson, M. M. (2022). The learning styles hypothesis is false, but there are patterns of student characteristics that are useful. <em>Theory Into Practice<\/em>. Advance online publication. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00405841.2022.2107333\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00405841.2022.2107333<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Furey, W. (2020). The stubborn myth of \u201cLearning Styles\u201d \u2013 State teacher-license prep materials peddle a debunked theory.<i> Education Next, 20(3), 8-12. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.educationnext.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ednext_XX_3_furey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.educationnext.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ednext_XX_3_furey.pdf<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li>Husmann, P. R., &amp; O\u2019Loughlin, V. D. (2018). Another nail in the coffin for learning styles? Disparities among undergraduate anatomy students\u2019 study strategies, class performance, and reported VARK learning styles. <i>Anatomical Sciences Education,<\/i> <i>12<\/i>(1), 6-19. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.1777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.1777<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kr\u00e4tzig, G. P., &amp; Arbuthnott, K. D. (2006). Perceptual learning style and learning proficiency: A test of the hypothesis. <i>Journal of Educational Psychology, 98<\/i>(1), 238\u2013246. <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.238\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.238<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Nancekivell, S. E., Shah, P., &amp; German, S. A. (2020). Maybe they\u2019re born with it, or maybe it\u2019s experience: Toward a deeper understanding of the learning style myth. <i>Journal of Educational Psychology, 112<\/i>(2), 221\u2013235. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/journals\/releases\/edu-edu0000366.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/journals\/releases\/edu-edu0000366.pdf<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., &amp; Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles concepts and evidence. <i>Psychological Science in the Public Interest,\u00a09<\/i>(3), 105\u2013119. <a href=\"Https:\/\/doi.org\/0.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Https:\/\/doi.org\/0.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Riener, C., &amp; Willingham, D. (2010). The myth of learning styles. <i>Change: The magazine of higher learning<\/i>, 42(5), 32\u201335. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00091383.2010.503139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00091383.2010.503139<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rohrer, D., and Pashler, H. (2012). Learning styles: where\u2019s the evidence? <i>Medical Education, 46<\/i>, 634\u2013635. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04273.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04273.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Willingham, D. T., Hughes, E. M., and Dobolyi, D. G. (2015). The scientific status of learning styles theories. <i>Teaching Psychology, 42<\/i>, 266\u2013271. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0098628315589505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0098628315589505<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-6557\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Learning Hacks: Learning Styles. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Image - no learning styles. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Stifle, simplified by Sarang, modified by Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:No_icon_red.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:No_icon_red.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":163,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Learning Hacks: Learning Styles\",\"author\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image - no learning styles\",\"author\":\"Stifle, simplified by Sarang, modified by Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:No_icon_red.svg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"3f964f36-2193-43ad-b32c-91629e814479, 6c884c21-8089-4552-899a-12d9b4cdb922","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-6557","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":525,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/6557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/163"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/6557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8356,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/6557\/revisions\/8356"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/525"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/6557\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=6557"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=6557"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-psychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=6557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}